The Influence of the Oval, Lane and Simultaneous Entry on the Performance and Pacing Strategy of Speed Skating Men's 1500 m
Tóm tắt
To explore the influence of the oval (plateau or plain), the lane (inner or outer), and simultaneous entry (long distance or sprint) on the result and pacing strategy in speed skating men’s 1500 m.
Multi-factor analysis of variance, independent sample T test, Spearman correlation coefficient method, paired T test and other statistical methods are used to analyze the relationship and differences between the oval (plateau or plain), the lane (inner or outer), and/or simultaneous entry (long distance or sprint) and the results of the top 8 athletes of the ISU event in the 2019–2020 season. Among the three factors of oval, lane, and simultaneous entry, only the altitude will improve the athlete’s performance of 1500 m, an increase of about 2.52% (2.65 s). Both the oval and the simultaneous entry will affect the athlete’s 1500 m pacing strategy. Athletes tend to adopt a more positive strategy when competing in plateau; the sprint athletes have a faster opening, but a slower ending. At present, the level of speed skating in China and the world is in the highest period. Among the oval factors, the highland oval can significantly improve the athletes’ performance of 1500 m; athletes tend to adopt a more positive pacing strategy in the plateau than in the plain. In the process of preparing for the 2022 Winter Olympic Games, we can predict the competitive level of the opponent through the plateau competition results and carry out targeted preparation. Different lanes do not affect the athlete’s 1500 m performance and pacing strategy but may affect the athlete’s final lap speed. There is no obvious difference between the sprint and long-distance athletes on the performance of 1500 m, but the sprint athletes have a faster opening and a slower ending, and the long-distance athletes have a faster final lap and a smaller drop between each lap.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Chapman RF, Stickford JL, Levine BD. Altitude training considerations for the winter sport athlete. Exp Physiol. 2010;95(3):411–21. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2009.050377.
de Koning JJ, Bobbert MF, Foster C. Determination of optimal pacing strategy in track cycling with an energy flow model. J Sci Med Sport. 1999;2(3):266–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80178-9.
de Koning JJ, Foster C, Lampen J, Hettinga F, Bobbert MF. Experimental evaluation of the power balance model of speed skating. J Appl Physiol. 2005;98(1):227–33. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01095.2003.
Foster C, De Koning JJ, Hettinga F, Lampen J, La Clair KL, Dodge C, Bobbert M, Porcari JP. Pattern of energy expenditure during simulated competition. Med Sci Sports Exercise. 2003;35(5):826–31. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000065001.17658.68.
Gemser H, de Koning JJ, van Ingen Schenau GJ. Handbook of competitive speed skating. Lausanne: International Skating Union; 1999.
Haug WB, Drinkwater EJ, Mitchell LJ, Chapman DW. The relationship between start performance and race outcome in elite 500-m short-track speed skating. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2015;10(7):902–6. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0504.
Hettinga FJ, Konings MJ, Cooper CE. Differences in muscle oxygenation perceived fatigue and recovery between long-track and short-track speed skating. Front Physiol. 2016;7:619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00619.
Huang DW, Chen YL, WU Y, Li Z. The impact of gender, ranks and lanes on pacing strategy in 500 m speed skating. J Beijing Sport Univ. 2013;36:133–8.
ISU. Speed Skating Result. 2020. https://app.isuresults.eu/events. Accessed 15 Dec 2020.
Konings MJ, Elferink-Gemser MT, Stoter IK, van der Meer D, Otten E, Hettinga FJ. Performance characteristics of long-track speed skaters: a literature review. Sports Med. 2015;45(4):505–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0298-z.
Li B, Li H, Li Y. Analysis of race results of speed skating in 2018/2019 seasons and recommendations for training China. Sport Sci Technol. 2020;56:75–81.
Muehlbauer T, Panzer S, Schindler C. Pacing pattern and speed skating performance in competitive long-distance events. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(1):114–9. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c6a04a.
Muehlbauer T, Schindler C, Panzer S. Pacing and performance in competitive middle-distance speed skating. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2010;81(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2010.10599640.
Noordhof DA, Foster C, Hoozemans MJ, de Koning JJ. The association between changes in speed skating technique and changes in skating velocity. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2014;9(1):68–76. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2012-0131.
Smits BL, Pepping GJ, Hettinga FJ. Pacing and decision making in sport and exercise: the roles of perception and action in the regulation of exercise intensity. Sports Med. 2014;44(6):763–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0163-0.
Stangier C, Abel T, Mierau J, Hollmann W, Struder HK. Effects of cycling versus running training on sprint and endurance capacity in inline speed skating. J Sports Sci Med. 2016;15(1):41–9.
Thiel C, Foster C, Banzer W, De Koning J. Pacing in olympic track races: competitive tactics versus best performance strategy. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(11):1107–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.701759.
van Ingen Schenau GJ, de Koning JJ, de Groot G. Optimisation of sprinting performance in running, cycling and speed skating. Sports Med. 1994;17(4):259–75. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199417040-00006.
van Ingen SG, de Groot G, Hollander AP. Some technical, physiological and anthropometrical aspects of speed skating. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1983;50(3):343–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00423240.
Wiersma R, Stoter IK, Visscher C, Hettinga FJ, Elferink-Gemser MT. Development of 1500-m pacing behavior in junior speed skaters: a longitudinal study. Int J Sport Physiol. 2017;12(9):1224–31. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0517.