Nội dung được dịch bởi AI, chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo
Tác Động của Cải Thiện Tài Nguyên Chăm Sóc Y Tế đến Xu Hướng Giết Người: Trường Hợp của Đức (1977–2011)
Tóm tắt
Bài báo này xem xét liệu những cải thiện trong lĩnh vực chăm sóc sức khỏe đã diễn ra từ nửa sau thế kỷ XX có góp phần làm giảm số lượng nạn nhân giết người ở Đức hay không. Nghiên cứu của chúng tôi đã truy cập dữ liệu về tài nguyên y tế, tỷ lệ tử vong và tuổi thọ chủ yếu từ Tổ chức Y tế Thế giới (WHO) và thống kê sức khỏe của Tổ chức Hợp tác và Phát triển Kinh tế (OECD), cũng như dữ liệu tội phạm từ Thống kê Tội phạm Quốc tế của Interpol và Sách Nguồn về Tội phạm và Tư Pháp Hình sự Châu Âu. Kết quả xác nhận giả thuyết khi phân tích xem xét khoảng thời gian dài hơn nửa thế kỷ và vẫn hợp lý khi nó bao quát hai thập kỷ qua.
Từ khóa
#Cải thiện chăm sóc y tế #Tỷ lệ giết người #Đức #Dữ liệu thống kê.Tài liệu tham khảo
Aebi, M. F. (2010). Methodological issues in the comparison of police-recorded crime rates. In S. G. Shoham, P. Knepper, & M. Kett (Eds.), International handbook of criminology (pp. 211–227). Boca Raton/London/New York: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Aebi, M. F., & Linde, A. (2010a). Is there a crime drop in Western Europe? European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 16(4), 251–277.
Aebi, & Linde. (2010b). A review of victimisation in Europe from 1970 to 2010. In J. van Dijk, P. Mayhew, J. van Kesteren, M. F. Aebi, & A. Linde (Eds.), Final report on the study on crime victimisation. Tilburg: Intervict/PrismaPrint.
Aebi, M. F., & Linde, A. (2012a). Conviction statistics as an indicator of crime trends in Europe from 1990 to 2006’. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 18, 103–144.
Aebi, M. F., & Linde, A. (2012b). Crime trends in Western Europe according to official statistics from 1990 to, 2007. In J. van Dijk, A. Tseloni, & G. Farrell (Eds.), The international crime drop: new directions in research. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Aebi, M. F., & Linde, A. (2014). The persistence of lifestyles: rates and correlates of homicide in Western Europe from 1960 to 2010. European Journal of Criminology, 11(5), 552–577.
Aebi, M. F., Aromaa, K., Aubusson de Cavarlay, B., Barclay, G., Gruszczyńska, B., von Hofer, H., & Tavares, C. (2006). European sourcebook of crime and criminal justice statistics-2006 (3rd ed.). Den Haag: Boom Juridische Uitgevers.
Aebi, M. F., Aubusson de Cavarlay, B., Barclay, G., Gruszczyńska, B., Harrendorf, S., Heiskanen, M., & Pórisdóttir, R. (2010). European sourcebook of crime and criminal justice statistics-2010 (4th ed.). Den Haag: Boom Juridische Uitgevers.
Aebi, M. F., Akdeniz, G., Barclay, G., Campistol, C., Caneppele, S., Gruszczyńska, B., & Pórisdóttir, R. (2014). European sourcebook of crime and criminal justice statistics-2014 (4th ed.). Helsinki: Heuni.
Baier, D., & Hanslmaier, M. (2016). Crime in Germany as reflected in the police crime statistics. In D. Baier & C. Pfeiffer (Eds.), Representative studies on victimisation (pp. 13–36). Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Barlow, H., & Barlow, L. (1988). More on the role of weapons in homicide violence. Medicine and Law, 7, 347–358.
Blath, R. (2007). Victimisations Surveys in Comparative Perspective. In Aromaa, K. and Heiskanen, M.. Victimisation Surveys in Comparative Perspective. Stockholm Criminology Symposium. 2007.
Blumstein, A. (2000). Disaggregating the violence trends. In A. Blumstein & J. Wallman (Eds.), The crime drop in America (pp. 13–44). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Bundeskriminalamt (Federal Criminal Police Office). (2013). Police crime statistics report. Federla republic of Germany (English version).
Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend [Federal Ministry of Family Affairs Senior Citizens]. (2005). Action Plan of the Federal Government to combat violence against women. Available online at (last accessed on 15-07-2016):http://www.bmfsfj.de/RedaktionBMFSFJ/Broschuerenstelle/Pdf-Anlagen/actionplan-violence-against-women,property=pdf,bereich=bmfsfj,sprache=de,rwb=true.pdf
Bunker, J. P. (2001). The role of medical care in contributing to health improvements within societies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30(6), 1260–1263.
Catana, C., Drzezga, A., Heiss, W.-D., & Rosen, B. R. (2012). PET/MRI for Neurological Applications. Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine, 53(12).
Chon, D. S. (2010). Medical resources and national homicide rates: a cross‐national assessment. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 34(1), 97–118.
CoE, Council of Europe. (1999). European sourcebook of crime and criminal justice statistics-[1999] (1st ed.). Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Doerner, W. (1983). Why does Johnny Reb die when shot? The impact of medical resources upon lethality. Sociological Inquiry, 53, 1–15.
Doerner, W. (1988). The impact of medical resources upon criminallyinduced lethality: A further examination. Criminology, 26, 171–179.
Doerner, W., & Lab, S. (1998). Victimology. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publication Co.
Doerner, W., & Speir, J. (1986). Stitch and sew: The impact of medical resources upon criminally induced lethality. Criminology, 24, 319–330.
Entorf, H., & Spengler, H. (2000). Socioeconomic and demographic factors of crime in Germany: Evidence from panel data of the German states. International Review of Law and Economics, 20(1), 75–106.
Esmail, N. and Wrona, D. (2008). Medical technology in Canada. Studies in Health Care Policy (August).The Fraser Institute.
Estrada, F. (2006). Trends in violence in Scandinavia according to different indicators an exemplification of the value of Swedish hospital data. British Journal of Criminology, 46(3), 486–504.
Federal Office of Administration. (2015). The German national firearms register: advantages and challenges from the German perspective. Germany: Federal Office of Administration.
Ganpat, S.M; Granath, S.; Hagstedt, J; Kivivuori, J.; Lehti, M.; Liem, M.C.A.; Nieuwbeerta, P. (2011) Homicide in Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden: A first study on the European Homicide Monitor Data. Edita Norstedts Västerås Brottsförebyggande rådet/The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention Data.
Gastil, R. (1971). Homicide and a regional culture of violence. American Sociological Review, 136, 412–427.
Granath, S. (2011). Homicide in Sweden. In Handbook of European homicide research. Liem, M. & Pridemore, W. (eds). (405-419). Springer New York.
Harris, A. R., Thomas, S. H., Fisher, G. A., & Hirsch, D. J. (2002). Murder and medicine the lethality of criminal assault 1960-1999. Homicide Studies, 6(2), 128–166.
INAHTA- The International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment. Available online at (last accessed on 15-07-2016): http://www.inahta.org/
Jehle, J.-M. (2015). Criminal justice in Germany: facts and figures (6th ed.). Berlin: Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection.
Killias, M. and Markwalder, N (2011). Firearms and Homicide in Europe. In Handbook of European homicide research. Liem, M. & Pridemore, W. (eds). (261-272). Springer New York.
Killias, M., Barclay, G., Smit, P., Aebi, M. F., Tavares, C., Aubusson de Cavarlay, B., & Aromaa, K. (2003). European sourcebook of crime and criminal justice statistics-2003 (2nd ed.). Den Haag: Boom Juridische Uitgevers.
Kivivuori, J. (2014). Understanding trends in personal violence: does cultural sensitivity matter? Crime and Justice, 43(1), 289–340.
Lattimore, P. K., Trudeau, J., Riley, K. J., Leiter, J., & Edwards, S. (1997). Homicide in eight US cities: Trends, content and policy. National Institute of Justice. U.S. Department of Justice. Research Report.
Loftin, C., & Hill, R. H. (1974). Regional subculture and homicide: an examination of the Gastil-Hackney thesis. American Sociological Review, 39, 714–24.
Lott, J. R., Jr., & Mustard, D. B. (1997). Crime, deterrence, and right‐to‐carry concealed handguns. The Journal of Legal Studies, 26(1), 1–68.
Martin, R. A. J., & Legault, R. L. (2005). Systematic measurement error with state-level crime data: Evidence from the “more guns, less crime” debate. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 42(2), 187–210.
Matteson, D. W., Burr, J. A., & Marshall, J. R. (1998). Infant mortality: A multi-level analysis of individual and community risk factors. Social Science & Medicine, 47, 1841–54.
Monkkonen, E. (2001). New standards for historical homicide research. Crime, Histoire & Sociétés/Crime, History & Societies, 5, 5–26.
Mucchielli, L. (2010). Are we living in a more violent society? a socio-historical analysis of interpersonal violence in France, 1970s–present. British Journal of Criminology, 50(5), 808–829.
Neill, C., & Leigh, A. (2007). Weak tests and strong conclusions: a re-analysis of gun deaths and the Australian firearms buyback. Available at SSRN 1011519.
Nolte, E., Scholz, R., Shkolnikov, V., & McKee, M. (2002). The contribution of medical care to changing life expectancy in Germany and Poland. Social Science & Medicine, 55, 1905–1921.
Oberwittler, D., & Höfer, S. (2005). Crime and justice in Germany: an analysis of recent trends and research. European Journal of Criminology, 2(4), 465–508.
OECD- The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Health at a Glance 2015. Available online at (last accessed on 20-07-2016): http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/health-at-a-glance_19991312
OECD- The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD Health Statistics 2016. Definitions, Sources and Methods. Available online at (last accessed on 20-07-2016): http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-data.htm
Or, Z., Wang, J., & Jamison, D. (2005). International differences in the impact of doctors on health: A multilevel analysis of OECD countries. Journal of Health Economics, 24(3), 531–560.
Ozanne-Smith, J., Ashby, K., Newstead, S., Stathakis, V. Z., & Clapperton, A. (2004). Firearm related deaths: the impact of regulatory reform. Injury Prevention, 10(5), 280–286.
Pritchett, L., & Summers, L. H. (1996). Wealthier is healthier. Journal of Human Resources, 31, 841–68.
Riley, J. C. (2001). Rising life expectancy: a global history. Cambridge University Press.
Rubin, P. H., & Dezhbakhsh, H. (2003). The effect of concealed handgun laws on crime: Beyond the dummy variables. International Review of Law and Economics, 23, 199–216.
Savage, J., Benett, R. R., & Danner, M. (2008). Economic assistance and crime. European Journal of Criminology, 5, 217–38.
Scatliff, J. H., & Morris, P. J. (2014). From Röntgen to magnetic resonance imaging. The history of medical imaging. North Carolina Medical Journal, 75(2), 111–113.
Small Arms Survey. (2007). Small arms survey 2007: guns and the city. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Smit, P. R., de Jong, R. R., & Bijleveld, C. C. (2012). Homicide data in Europe: definitions, sources, and statistics. In Handbook of European homicide research (pp. 5–23). New York: Springer.
Tonry, M. (2014). Why crime rates Are falling throughout the western world. Crime & Justice, 43, 1–63.
UNODC—United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2016). United Nations surveys on crime trends and the operations of criminal justice systems. Vienna: United Nations. Available online at (last accessed on 05-07-2016): http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/United-Nations-Surveys-on-Crime-Trends-and-the-Operations-of-Criminal-Justice-Systems.html
Van der Gaag, J., & Barham, T. (1998). Health and health expenditures in adjusting and non-adjusting countries. Social Science & Medicine, 46, 995–1009.
Van Dijk, J. J. M., van Kesteren, J., & Smit, P. (2007). Criminal victimisation in Inter-national Perspective. Key findings from 2004-2005 International Crime Victim Survey and the European Survey of Crime and Safety (EU ICS 2005): Onderzoek en beleid, No. 257. Ministry of Justice, WODC.
WHO—World Health Organization. (2016b). WHO Mortality Database. Historical trend series data. Available online at (last accessed on 29-06-2016): http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/surveillance/databases/mortality/en/
WHO- World Health Organization (2016a). European Health for all database HFA-DB. Available online at (last accessed on 18-07-2016): http://www.euro.who.int/en/data-and-evidence/databases/european-health-for-all-database-hfa-db
Wolfgang, M. (1958). Patterns in criminal homicide. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
World Bank. The World Bank’s Open Data. World Development Indicators. Washington: World Bank. Available online at (last accessed on 18-07-2016): http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators
Zimring, F. E., & Hawkins, G. (1997). Crime is not the problem: Lethal violence in America. New York: Oxford University Press.