The Hofmeister effect and the behaviour of water at interfaces
Tóm tắt
Starting from known properties of non-specific salt effects on the surface tension at an air–water interface, we propose the first general, detailed qualitative molecular mechanism for the origins of ion-specific (Hofmeister) effects on the surface
We introduce two simple new postulates to describe the behaviour of
We then use the ‘relative competition’ postulate, which lends itself to simple diagramming, in conjunction with the ‘charge transfer’ postulate to provide a new, startlingly simple and direct qualitative explanation for the heat of dilution of neutral polar solutes and the temperature dependence of relative viscosity of neutral polar solutes in aqueous solution. This explanation also requires the new and intriguing general conclusion that as the temperature of aqueous solutions is lowered towards o °C, solutes tend to acquire a non-uniform distribution in the solution, becoming increasingly likely to cluster 2 water molecules away from other solutes and surfaces (the driving force for this process being the conversion of transition layer water to bulk water). The implications of these conclusions for understanding the mechanism of action of general (gaseous) anaesthetics and other important interfacial phenomena are then addressed.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
923 Yamashita T. , Shibata A. & Yamashita S. (1978). Effect of water structure on poly-є-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine monolayers. Chemistry Letters 11–12.
Wyn Jones, 1982, Biophysics of Water, 335
Williams, 1979, Handbook of Anion Determination
White, 1985, The risks of excessive water drinking in epileptic patients, New Eng. J. Med., 312, 246, 10.1056/NEJM198501243120420
Washabaugh, 1986, The systematic characterization by aqueous column chromatography of solutes which affect protein stability, J. Biol. Chem., 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)67112-1
Warren, 1966, The effect of structure-disrupting ions on the activity of myosin and other enzymes, J. biol. Chem., 241, 309, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)96918-8
Wagner, 1924, The surface tension of dilute solutions of electrolytes, Physik. Z., 25, 474
Von Hippel, 1965, On the conformational stability of globular proteins. The effects of various electrolytes and nonelectrolytes on the thermal ribonuclease transition, J. biol. Chem., 240, 3909, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)97128-0
Von Hippel, 1969, Structure and Stability of Biological Macromolecules, 417
Von Hippel, 1975, Protein–Ligand Interactions, 452
Voelkel, 1981, Salt effect during the swelling and dissolution of poly(vinyl alcohol). Influence on the nature of ions, Polish J. Chem., 55, 445
Verrall, 1973, Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, 3, 211
Varma, 1982, Serum beta-glucuronidase in epilepsy, Res. Commun. PsychoL., 7, 377
Uedaira, 1980, Water and Metal Cations in Biological Systems, 47
Ueda, 1980, Effects of ureas on the aqueous solubilities of aromatic hydrocarbons, Kagaku to Kogyo (Osaka), 54, 104
Ueda, 1978, Effect of urea on the solubility of benzene and toluene in water, Progr. in Colloid and Polymer Sci., 63, 116
Tan, 1972, Enzymology in aqueous-organic cosolvent binary mixtures, J. biol. Chem., 247, 3278, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)45242-3
Tamas, 1966, The diffusion of H218O molecules in concentrated aqueous solutions of salts II, Acta Chim. Hung., 49, 377
Taborsky, 1979, Proteins at Low Temperatures, 1
Szasz, 1981, Structural properties of an aqueous Lil solution derived from a molecular dynamics simulation, Z. Naturforsch., 36A, 1067, 10.1515/zna-1981-1008
Symons, 1968, Hydrogen-Bonded Solvent Systems, 211
Hertz, 1976, Hydrogen Bond: Recent Developments in Theory and Experiments, 3, 1027
Prakash, 1977, Association–dissociation behavior of sesame α-globulin in electrolyte solutions, J. biol. Chem., 252, 240, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32822-3
Hertz, 1974, Structure of Water and Aqueous Solutions, 339
Piez, 1984, Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry
Harvey, 1984, The Principles and Practice of Medicine
Click, 1966, Proton nuclear magnetic resonance solvent shifts in aqueous solutions of alkali halides, J. chem. Phys., 45, 4049, 10.1063/1.1727455
Hardt, 1946, An electro-phoretic analysis of changes produced in blood serum and plasma proteins by heat in the presence of sugars, J. biol. Chem., 163, 211, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41361-5
Fister, 1967, O17-NMR study of aqueous electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions, Deutsche Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 71, 1032, 10.1002/bbpc.19670710908
Hascall, 1981, Biology of Carbohydrates, 1, 1
Schoffeniels, 1976, Adaptions with respect to salinity, Biochem. Soc. Symp., 41, 179
Gordon, 1975, The Organic Chemistry of Electrolyte Solutions
Hart, 1982, Cell Biology of the Eye, 1
Hardingham, 1984, Molecular Biophysics of the Extracellular Matrix, 1
Luck, 1976, Water in biological systems, Topics in Current Chemistry, 64, 115
Gerlsma, 1968, Reversible denaturation of ribonuclease in aqueous solutions as influenced by polyhydric alcohols and some other additives, J. biol. Chem., 243, 957, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)93609-4
Stewart, 1985, The Proton: Applications to Organic Chemistry
Brandts, 1970, The Frozen Cell, 189
Fridovich, 1963, Inhibition of acetoacetic decarboxylase by anions, J. biol. Chem., 238, 592, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)81303-5
Von Der Haar, 1978, Theory and Practice in Affinity Techniques, 1
Franks, 1985, Biophysics and Biochemistry at Low Temperatures
Franks, 1982, The nucleation of ice in undercooled aqueous solutions, Cryo-Letters, 2, 27
Harned, 1958, Physical Chemistry of Electrolyte Solutions
Carlson, 1983, A highly antigenic proteoglycan-like component of cholinergic synaptic vesicles, J. biol. Chem., 258, 11082, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44388-2
Cupo, 1980, Stabilization of proteins by guanidination, J. bol. Chem., 255, 10828, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)70382-2
915 Winstein S. , Savedoff L. G. , Smith S. , Stevens I. D. R. & Gall J. S. (1960). Ion pairs, nucleophilicity and salt effects in bimolecular nucleophilic substitution. Tetrahedron Lett. 24–30.
Endom, 1967, A microdynamic model of electrolyte solutions as derived from nuclear relaxation and self-diffusion data, Deutsche Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 71, 1008, 10.1002/bbpc.19670710907
Ehrenfeld, 1983, Loss of positional specificity in the aminoacylation of Escherichia coli tRNAGLY*, J. biol. Chem., 258, 11745, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44292-X
Luck, 1976, The Hydrogen Bond. Recent Developments in Theory and Experiments, 11, 527
Kenttamaa, 1960, Thermodynamic excess functions of the system dimethyl sulfoxide–water, Suomen Kemistilehti, 833, 98
Kremmer, 1979, Gel Chromatography
Featherstone, 1963, The current role of inert gases in the search for anesthesia mechanisms, Pharmacological Reviews, 15, 97
Eisenberg, 1978, Energetics and Structure of Halophilic Microorganisms, 13
Hjerten, 1981, Hydrophobic interaction chromatography, Adv. in Chromatography, 19, 111
419 Holmberg L. (1983). Structural investigation of epichlorohydrin crosslinked polysaccharide gels. Ph.D. thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
Edsall, 1958, Biophysical Chemistry, 1
Edsall, 1978, Water and proteins. I. The significance and structure of water; its interaction with electrolytes and non-electrolytes, Adv. Biophys., 10, 137
Lange, 1950, Heats of dilution of non-electrolytes in aqueous solution up to great dilution, Z. Elektrochem., 54, 73
Edsall, 1983, Biothermodynamics. The Study of Biochemical Processes at Equilibrium
Eigen, 1951, Hydration of ions and specific heats of aqueous solutions of electrolytes, Z. Elektrochem., 55, 354
Gomez-Puyou, 1984, Oxidative phosphorylation and the Pi-ATP exchange reaction of submitochondrial particles under the influence of organic solvents, J. biol. Chem., 259, 9472, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42724-4
Merck, 1985, Fractogel® TSK Polymeric Media for Biochromatography, 31
Hammett, 1970, Physical Organic Chemistry. Reaction Rates, Equilibria, and Mechanisms
Damodaran, 1981, The effects of neutral salts on the stability of macromolecules. A new approach using a protein-ligand binding system, J. biol. Chem., 256, 3394, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69621-3
Peacock, 1969, The dissociation constants of some phosphorus (V) acids, Z. Naturfosch. Ser., 24, 245
Bigelis, 1976, Yeast α-isopropylmalate isomerase. Factors affecting stability and enzyme activity, J. biol. Chem., 251, 3545, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)33378-1
Bigelis, 1975, Purification of yeast α-isopropylmalate isomerase. High ionic strength hydrophobicchromatography, J. biol. Chem., 250, 4315, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41420-8
Eucken, 1948, Ion hydrates in aqueous solution, Z. Elektrochem., 52, 6
Gross, 1930, The salting-out action, Monatsh., 55, 287
Eisenman, 1969, Ion-Selective Electrodes, 1
Brandts, 1967, Thermobiology, 25
Hertz, 1959, Chemical shifts of proton resonances of water in electrolyte solutions, Z. Elektrochem., 63, 1096
Pauling, 1964, The hydrate microcrystal theory of general anesthesia, Anest. Analg. curr. Res., 43, 1, 10.1213/00000539-196401000-00001
Decastel, 1981, Cryo-insolubility of peanut agglutinin. Effect of saccharides and neutral salts, J. biol. Chem., 256, 9003, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52499-1
Ball, 1943, The influence of sugars on the formation of sulfhydryl groups in heat denaturation and heat coagulation of egg albumin, J. biol. Chem., 151, 163, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)72124-8
Kay, 1968, Hydrogen-Bonded Solvent Systems, 255
Franks, 1973, Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, 2, 323
Hertz, 1973, Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, 3, 301
Gurney, 1953, Ionic Processes in Solution
Desnoyers, 1969, Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, 1
Hay, 1981, Cell Biology of Extracellular Matrix
Schobert, 1982, Biophysics of Water, 309
Lange, 1959, The Structure of Electrolytic Solutions, 144
Rosenberg, 1975, Biphasic effects of halothane on phospholipid and synaptic plasma membranes: a spin label study, Molec. Pharmacol., 11, 879
Hand, 1982, Urea and methylamine effects on rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase. Catalytic stability and aggregation state as a function of pH and temperature, J. biol. Chem., 257, 734, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)68257-8
Ruthven, 1984, Principles of adsorption and adsorption processes
Blandamer, 1967, Application of spectroscopic and relaxation techniques to the study of t–butyl alcohol–water mixtures, Chem. Comm., 273
Robinson, 1959, Electrolyte Solutions. The Measurement and Interpretation of Conductance, Chemical Potential and Diffusion in Solutions of Simple Electrolytes
Eger, 1974, Anesthetic Uptake and Action
Penefsky, 1965, Partial resolution of the enzymes catalyzing oxidative phosphorylation. VI. Studies on the mechanism of cold inactivation of mitochondrial adenosine tri-phosphatase, J. biol. Chem., 240, 4694, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)97011-0
Anderson, 1981, Purification and properties of the glutamine-and N–acetyl-L-glutamate-dependent carbamoyl phosphate synthetase from liver of Sgualus acanthias, J. biol. Chem., 256, 12228, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)43258-9
Frumkin, 1956, On the potential difference at the water–air interface, Zh. Fiz. Khim., 30, 1455
Hasted, 1972, Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, 1, 255
Agustsson, 1981, Biosynthesis and turnover of trimethylamine oxide in the teleost cod, Gadus morhua, J. biol. Chem., 256, 8045, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)43385-6
Adams, 1976, Davidson's The Biochemistry of the Nucleic Acids, 70
82 Bio-Rad (1984). The Bio-Gel phenyl-5PW column: reversed phase without denaturation. Bulletin 1153, Bio-Rad, Richmond, California.
Aviram, 1973, The interaction of chaotropic anions with acid ferricytochrome c, J. biol. Chem., 248, 1894, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)44162-8
Alber, 1981, Crystallization of yeast triose phosphate isomerase from polyethylene glycol. Protein crystal formation following phase separation, J. biol. Chem., 256, 1356, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69972-2
Arakawa, 1984, The mechanism of action of Na glutamate, lysine HC1, and piperazine-N, N′ -bis(2-ethanesulphonic acid) in the stabilization of tubulin and microtubule formation, J. biol. Chem., 259, 4979, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42942-5
DeTrobriand, 1972, Infrared spectroscopic study of the effect of addition of quaternary ammonium salts to water at different temperatures, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. C, 274, 919
McPherson, 1976, Crystallization of proteins from polyethylene glycol, J. biol. Chem., 251, 6300, 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)81858-4
Fischer, 1980, Gel Filtration Chromatography. Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Haldane, 1930, Enzymes, 182
Gibbs, 1928, The Collected Works of J. Willard Gibbs, Ph.D., LL.D, 1
Hertz, 1973, The orientation of the water molecules in the hydration sphere of F– and in the hydrophobic hydration sphere, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 77, 521, 10.1002/bbpc.19730770709
Bourgarit, 1975, Random immunoglobulin. I. Non-specific adsorption of the fluorescent dye rhodamine B on human immunoglobulin is resolved from fluorescence quenching titration in chao-tropic media, Ann. Immunol., 126C, 639
178 Debye P. (1954). The electric field of ions and salting-out [Z. Physik. Chem. 130, 56–64 (1927)]; The Collected Papers of Peter J. W. Debye, pp. 366–373. New York: Interscience.
Atha, 1981, Mechanism of precipitation of proteins by polyethylene glycols. Analysis in terms of excluded volume, J. biol. Chem., 256, 12108, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)43240-1
Hawkes, 1982, Extracellular Matrix
Asahina, 1965, Freezing process and injury in isolated animal cells, Fedn Proc., 24, S183
Glasel, 1972, Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, 1, 215
Eigen, 1952, Theory of heat conductivity of aqueous electrolyte solutions, Z. Elektrochem., 56, 836
Setschenow, 1891, Action de l'acide carbonique sur les solutions des sels a acides forts, Annales de Chimie et du Physique, 25, 226
Engel, 1968, On the negative hydration. A nuclear magnetic relaxation study, Ber. der Bunsengesellschaft, 72, 808, 10.1002/bbpc.19680720713
Eisenberg, 1969, The Structure and Properties of Water, 218
Luck, 1974, Structure of Water and Aqueous Solutions, 221
Di Paolo, 1977, Molecular connectivity and structure–activity relationship of general anesthetics, Molec. Pharmacol., 13, 31
Skinner, 1983, Connective Tissue Diseases, 97
Frumkin, 1924, Phase-boundary forces and adsorption at the interface air: solutions of inorganic salts, Z. physik. Chem., 109, 34, 10.1515/zpch-1924-10903
Buchner, 1934, A quantitative relationship in the lyotropic series, Rec. trav. chim., 53, 288
Buchner, 1936, Quantitative relations in the lyotropic series, Kolloid-Zeitschrift, 75, 1
Moss, 1981, Effect of Self-association on activity of an ADP-ribosyltransferase from turkey erythrocytes. Conversion of inactive oligomers to active protomers by chaotropic salts, J. biol. Chem., 256, 11452, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)68421-8
Buchner, 1942, The lyotropic effect, Chem. Weekblad, 39, 402
Kerekes, 1963, Protective action of certain sugars against heat denaturation of serum proteins, Acad. Rep. Populare Romine, 6, 245
Nandi, 1984, The effects of lyotropic (Hofmeister) salts on the stability of clathrin coat structure in coated vesicles and baskets, J. biol. Chem., 259, 11290, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)90861-6
Clark, 1981, Studies on water in barnacle muscle fibres. II. Role of ions and organic solutes in swelling of chemically-skinned fibres, J. exp. Biol., 90, 43, 10.1242/jeb.90.1.43
Blandamer, 1973, Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, 2, 495
Cohen, 1984, Amyloid proteins, precursors, mediator, and enhancer, Adv. Biol. Dis., 1, 83
Gruen, 1984, Cell Surface Dynamics. Concepts and Models, 59
Beilinsson, 1929, Stabilization of protein solutions to heat with sucrose and glycerol, Biochem. Z., 213, 399
McBain, 1950, Colloid Science, 131
Richards, 1978, Biochemistry of Cell Walls and Membranes, 11, 157
Miller, 1973, The pressure reversal of general anesthesia and the critical volume hypothesis, Molec. Pharmacol., 9, 131
Halsey, 1974, Anesthetic Uptake and Action, 45
Eisenberg, 1976, Biological Macromolecules and Polyelectrolytes in Solution
Cotton, 1980, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. A Comprehensive Text, 543
Davies, 1984, Antifreeze protein genes of the winter flounder, J. biol. Chem., 259, 9241, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)47291-7
Braibanti, 1979, Bioenergetics and Thermodynamics: Model Systems
Franks, 1982, Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, 7
Damodaran, 1980, Stabilization of proteins by solvents. Effect of pH and anions on the positive cooperativity of 2-nonanone binding to bovine serum albumin, J. biol. Chem., 255, 8503, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)43525-9
Davidson, 1973, Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, 2, 115
Sohnel, 1985, Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances
Farquhar, 1982, New Trends in Basement Membrane Research, 9
Boggs, 1976, Site and mechanism of anesthetic action. I. Effect of anesthetics and pressure on fluidity of spin-labeled lipid vesicles, Mol. Pharmacol., 12, 127
Parodi, 1973, Thermodynamics of unfolding of lysozyme in aqueous alcohol solutions, J. biol. Chem., 248, 4047, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)43836-2
DiGuiseppi, 1982, Oxygen toxicity in Streptococcus sanguis. The relative importance of Superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, J. biol. Chem., 257, 4046, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)34683-0
Dimmling, 1951, Heats of dilution and solution of n–propyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol in water at 25°, Z. Elektro-chem., 55, 322
Miller, 1973, A Guide to Molecular Pharmacology-Toxicology, 427
Hjerten, 1981, Hydrophobic interaction chromatography of proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, and cells on noncharged amphiphilic gels, Meth. Biochem. Anal., 27, 89, 10.1002/9780470110478.ch2
Lee, 1981, Preferential solvent interactions between proteins and polyethylene glycols, J. biol. Chem., 256, 625, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)70019-2
Friedman, 1973, Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, 3, 1
Hopfinger, 1977, Intermodular Interactions and Biomolecular Organization, 251
Nagy, 1965, Depolymerization of F-actin by concentrated solution of salts and denaturing agents, J. Am. chem. Soc., 87, 2480, 10.1021/ja01089a030
Horne, 1972, Water and Aqueous Solutions. Structure, Thermodynamics, and Transport Processes
Meryman, 1977, Mammalian Cell Membranes, 5, 29
Rahmann, 1978, Gangliosides and thermal adaption in vertebrates, Japan J. Exp. Med., 48, 85
Handles, 1963, Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, 3, 1
Washabaugh, 1986, Dihydroorotase from Escherichia coli. Sulfhydryl group – metal ion interactions, J. biol. Chem., 261, 5920, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)38471-5
Iskandarani, 1982, Ion interaction chromatography of inorganic anions on a poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) adsorbent in the presence of tetraalkylammonium salts, Anal. Chem., 54
Janoff, 1982, Biological Membranes, 4, 417
Von Hippel, 1973, Model studies on the effects of neutral salts on the conformational stability of biological macromolecules, J. Mechanochem. Cell Mobility, 2, 127
Samoilov, 1957, Structure of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions and the Hydration of Ions
Jellinek, 1972, Water and Aqueous Solutions, 65
Brooks, 1980, Erythrocyte Mechanics and Blood Flow, 119
Jensen, 1980, The Lewis Acid-Base Concepts. An Overview
Hertz, 1974, Fluoride–fluoride association in aqueous solution from F19 nuclear magnetic relaxation data, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 78, 509, 10.1002/bbpc.19740780513
Kasahara, 1978, High affinity binding of monovalent P1 by beef heart mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase, J. biol. Chem., 253, 4180, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)34701-4
Katz, 1933, The lyotropic series in swelling and its extension to organic, non-ionizable substances. I. Influence of inorganic salts with different anions on the swelling of potato starch, Biochem. Z., 257, 385
Kay, 1968, Trace Inorganics in Water, 1
Kay, 1973, Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, 3, 173
Rosenberg, 1980, Molecular Mechanisms of Anesthesia, 325
Kenttamaa, 1960, Volumes and heats of mixing of dimethyl sulphoxide–water solutions, Suomen Kemistilehti, 33, 32
Kenttamaa, 1959, Some thermodynamic properties of the system t–butanol + water, Suomal. Tiedeakat. Toim. Annales Academie Scientiarum Fennicae, 93, 3
Schaffer, 1975, Salt effects in the glutathione-facilitated reactivation of reduced bovine pancreatic ribonuclease, J. biol. Chem., 250, 8483, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)40785-0
Kinoshita, 1974, Mechanisms initiating cataract formation, Invest. Ophthalmol., 13, 713
Johnson, 1984, Newer concepts in the pathogenesis of immune complex-induced tissue injury, Adv. Biol. Dis., 1, 104
Klotz, 1965, Role of water structure in macromolecules, Fedn. Proc., 24, 824
Knoll, 1983, Polymer-protein interactions. Comparison of experiment and excluded volume theory, J. biol. Chem., 258, 5710, 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)81951-6
Stokes, 1965, Viscosity of Electrolytes and Related Properties
Kono, 1973, Chicken liver phosphofructokinase II. Cold inactivation, J. biol. Chem., 248, 8603, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)43175-X
Krestov, 1965, Entropy characteristics of small and large ionic hydration spheres, Bulletin of the institutions of higher education, 8, 734
Kruyt, 1926, Lyotropy. Verslag Akad, Wetenschappen Amsterdam, 35, 812
Kuehn, 1981, New Trends in Basement Membrane Research
Landis, 1981, Human thrombins. Group IA and IIA salt-dependent properties of α-thrombin, J. biol. Chem., 256, 4604, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69478-0
Lange, 1953, The integral heat of dilution of some nonelectrolytes in water and octamethyltetrasiloxane at small concentration, Z. Elektrochem., 57, 660
Langer, 1958, Human placental estradiol 17β dehydrogenase. I. Concentration, characterization and assay, J. biol. Chem., 233, 583, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64708-8
Lanyi, 1974, Salt-dependent properties of proteins from extremely halophilic bacteria, Bad. Rev., 38, 272
Lanyi, 1970, Studies of the electron transport chain of extremely halophilic bacteria. IV. Role of hydrophobic forces in the structure of menadione reductase, J. biol. Chem., 245, 4074, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62887-X
Lapanje, 1978, Physicochemical Aspects of Protein Denaturation
Adamson, 1982, Physical Chemistry of Surfaces
Lauffer, 1975, Entropy-Driven Processes in Biology. Polymerization of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Protein and Similar Reactions
Wen, 1982, Ions and Molecules in Solution; Studies in Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 27, 45
Glew, 1968, Hydrogen-Bonded Solvent Systems, 195
Altekar, 1975, Fluorescence studies of the interactions of neutral salts with proteins, Indian J. biochem. Biophys., 12, 397
Schott, 1984, Effect of inorganic additives on solutions of nonionic surfactants VII. Cloud point shift values of individual ions, J. Colloid and Interface Sci., 98, 196
Lee, 1981, The stabilization of proteins by sucrose, J. biol. Chem., 256, 7193, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)68947-7
Levine, 1975, The influence of solutes and solvent structure on gelation and aggregation of deoxy-sickle cell hemoglobin, J. Molecular Med., 1, 19
Samoilov, 1972, Water and Aqueous Solutions. Structure, Thermodynamics, and Transport Processes, 597
Lilley, 1973, Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, 3, 265
Swann, 1983, Brain (Na+, Ka+)-ATPase. Opposite effects of ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide on temperature dependence of enzyme conformation and univalent cation binding, J. biol. Chem., 258, 11780, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44298-0
Chilson, 1965, Effects of freezing on enzymes, Fedn Proc., 24, S55
Luck, 1974, Structure of Water and Aqueous Solutions, 247
Acharya, 1984, The reversibility of the ketoamine linkages of aldoses with proteins, J. biol. Chem., 259, 4372, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)43056-0
MacKenzie, 1981, Microprobe Analysis of Biological Systems, 397
Haglund, 1980, Hydrophobie and polar contributions to solute affinity for a highly crosslinked water-swollen (Sephadex) gel, J. Polymer Sci., 18, 271
Marcus, 1977, Introduction to Liquid State Chemistry, 203
Franks, 1982, Apparent osmotic activities of water soluble polymers used as cryoprotectants, Cryo-Letters, 3, 115
Martin, 1971, Dimethyl Sulphoxide
Martin, 1983, Connective Tissue Diseases, 16
Martinez-Harnandez, 1984, The basement membrane in pathology, Adv. Biol. Dis., 1, 52
Larson, 1969, Solute-Solvent Interactions, 1
McPherson, 1982, Preparation and Analysis of Protein Crystals
Meis, 1982, ATP synthesis by sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase following Ca+2, pH, temperature, and water activity jumps, J. biol. Chem., 257, 1289, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)68189-5
Meryman, 1970, The Frozen Cell, 51
Wagner, 1983, Connective Tissue Diseases
Middaugh, 1979, Determination of the apparent thermodynamic activities of saturated protein solutions, J. biol. Chem., 254, 367, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37926-7
Miller, 1975, Physiological and Pharmacological Biochemistry, 12, 33
Smith, 1982, Evidence that a Na+/Ca2+ antiport system regulates murine erythroleukemia cell differentiation, J. biol. Chem., 257, 773, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)68263-3
Molyneux, 1983, Water-Soluble Synthetic Polymers: Properties and behavior, 1
Molyneux, 1984, Water-Soluble Synthetic Polymers: Properties and behavior, 2
Bruins, 1932, Numerical definition of the lyotropic series, Proc. Acad. Sci. Amsterdam, 35, 107
Nyns, 1969, Stabilization with organic solvents of alcohol dehydrogenase from Candida lipolytica grown on n–hexadecane, Arch. Internat. physiol. Biochim., 77, 393
Low, 1984, Potent catenation of supercoiled and gapped DNA circles by topoisomerase I in the presence of a hydrophilic polymer, J. biol. Chem., 259, 4576, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)43085-7
Pauling, 1960, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 90
Petersdorf, 1983, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
Pharmacia, 1970, Sephadex, Gel Filtration in Theory and Practice
Gekko, 1982, Ions and Molecules in Solution, 339
Seeman, 1972, The membrane actions of anesthetics and tranquilizers, Pharmac. Rev., 24, 583
Poillon, 1979, Deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin. Effects of lyotropic salts on its solubility, J. Biol. Chem., 254, 3462, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)50782-1
Herskovits, 1970, On the structural stability and solvent denaturation of proteins. I. Denaturation by the alcohols and glycols, J. biol. Chem., 245, 2588, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)63111-4
Pottel, 1974, Structure of Water and Aqueous Solutions, 391
Schellman, 1953, The thermodynamics of urea solutions and the heat of formation of the peptide hydrogen bond, C.R. Trav. Lab. Carlsberg, 29, 223
Radnai, 1981, The second hydration shell of Li+ in aqueous Lil from X-ray and MD studies, Z. Naturforsch., 36A, 1076, 10.1515/zna-1981-1009
Rahmann, 1979, Biological Aspects of Learning, Memory Formation and Ontogeny of the CNS, 83, 10.1515/9783112610985-012
Randles, 1965, The temperature-dependence of the surface potential of aqueous electrolytes, J. Electroanal. Chem., 10, 480
Flory, 1953, Principles of Polymer Chemistry
Pottel, 1973, Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, 3, 401
Rill, 1983, Spontaneous ordering of DNA. Effects of intermolecular interactions on DNA motional dynamics monitored by 13C and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, J. biol. Chem., 258, 250, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)33249-6
Rinfret, 1963, Some aspects of preservation of blood by rapid freeze-thaw procedures, Fedn Proc., 22, 94
Robinson, 1966, The effects of aqueous salt solutions on the activity coefficients of purine and pyrimidine bases and their relation to the denaturation of deoxyribonucleic acid by salts, J. biol. Chem., 241, 4030, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)99807-8
Asakura, 1978, Stabilizing effect of various organic solvents on protein, J. biol. Chem., 253, 6423, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)46949-4
Schryvers, 1981, The anaerobic sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli. Purification and characterization, J. biol. Chem., 256, 9959, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)68723-5
Shukuya, 1960, Glutamic acid decarboxylase III. The inactivation of the enzyme at low temperatures, J. biol. Chem., 235, 1658, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)76858-6
Conway, 1981, Ionic Hydration in Chemistry and Biophysics. Studies in Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 12
Sihag, 1983, Perturbation of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex by salts and detergents. Importance of hydrophobic interactions and possible involvement of lipids, J. biol. Chem., 258, 11846, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44309-2
Rubin, 1983, Solubilization of EGF receptor with trition X-100 alters stimulation of tyrosine residue phos-phorylation by EGF and dimethyl sulfoxide, J. biol. Chem., 258, 5177, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)32555-9
Stein, 1983, Internal Medicine