The Gut Microbiota and Liver Disease

Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology - Tập 1 Số 3 - Trang 275-284 - 2015
Cristina Llorente1, Bernd Schnabl1
1Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, and Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA.

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Qin, 2010, A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing, Nature, 464, 59, 10.1038/nature08821

Sonnenburg, 2005, Glycan foraging in vivo by an intestine-adapted bacterial symbiont, Science, 307, 1955, 10.1126/science.1109051

Yatsunenko, 2012, Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography, Nature, 486, 222, 10.1038/nature11053

Olszak, 2012, Microbial exposure during early life has persistent effects on natural killer T cell function, Science, 336, 489, 10.1126/science.1219328

Uematsu, 2008, Regulation of humoral and cellular gut immunity by lamina propria dendritic cells expressing Toll-like receptor 5, Nat Immunol, 9, 769, 10.1038/ni.1622

Ley, 2006, Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity, Nature, 444, 1022, 10.1038/4441022a

Kau, 2011, Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system, Nature, 474, 327, 10.1038/nature10213

Frank, 2007, Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 13780, 10.1073/pnas.0706625104

Hsiao, 2013, Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, Cell, 155, 1451, 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.024

Yoshimoto, 2013, Obesity-induced gut microbial metabolite promotes liver cancer through senescence secretome, Nature, 499, 97, 10.1038/nature12347

Schnabl, 2014, Transplanting a fibrogenic microbiota, Hepatology, 59, 1660, 10.1002/hep.26785

Hartmann, 2013, Deficiency of intestinal mucin-2 ameliorates experimental alcoholic liver disease in mice, Hepatology, 58, 108, 10.1002/hep.26321

Grivennikov, 2012, Adenoma-linked barrier defects and microbial products drive IL-23/IL-17-mediated tumour growth, Nature, 491, 254, 10.1038/nature11465

Yan, 2011, Enteric dysbiosis associated with a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease, Hepatology, 53, 96, 10.1002/hep.24018

Zhu, 2013, Characterization of gut microbiomes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients: a connection between endogenous alcohol and NASH, Hepatology, 57, 601, 10.1002/hep.26093

Chen, 2015, Dysbiosis-induced intestinal inflammation activates tumor necrosis factor receptor I and mediates alcoholic liver disease in mice, Hepatology, 61, 883, 10.1002/hep.27489

Turnbaugh, 2009, A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins, Nature, 457, 480, 10.1038/nature07540

Jumpertz, 2011, Energy-balance studies reveal associations between gut microbes, caloric load, and nutrient absorption in humans, Am J Clin Nutr, 94, 58, 10.3945/ajcn.110.010132

Backhed, 2004, The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, 15718, 10.1073/pnas.0407076101

Leclercq, 2014, Intestinal permeability, gut-bacterial dysbiosis, and behavioral markers of alcohol-dependence severity, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 111, E4485, 10.1073/pnas.1415174111

Bode, 1984, Jejunal microflora in patients with chronic alcohol abuse, Hepatogastroenterology, 31, 30

Mutlu, 2012, Colonic microbiome is altered in alcoholism, Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 302, G966, 10.1152/ajpgi.00380.2011

Mutlu, 2009, Intestinal dysbiosis: a possible mechanism of alcohol-induced endotoxemia and alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 33, 1836, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01022.x

Bull-Otterson, 2013, Metagenomic analyses of alcohol induced pathogenic alterations in the intestinal microbiome and the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG treatment, PloS One, 8, e53028, 10.1371/journal.pone.0053028

Chen, 2015, Supplementation of saturated long-chain fatty acids maintains intestinal eubiosis and reduces ethanol-induced liver injury in mice, Gastroenterology, 148, 203, 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.014

Wang, 2011, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG treatment potentiates intestinal hypoxia-inducible factor, promotes intestinal integrity and ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury, Am J Pathol, 179, 2866, 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.08.039

Brandl, 2008, Vancomycin-resistant enterococci exploit antibiotic-induced innate immune deficits, Nature, 455, 804, 10.1038/nature07250

Cho, 2012, Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity, Nature, 488, 621, 10.1038/nature11400

Hildebrand, 2008, Early-life exposures associated with antibiotic use and risk of subsequent Crohn’s disease, Scand J Gastroenterol, 43, 961, 10.1080/00365520801971736

Card, 2004, Antibiotic use and the development of Crohn’s disease, Gut, 53, 246, 10.1136/gut.2003.025239

Gilat, 1987, Childhood factors in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease: an international cooperative study, Scand J Gastroenterol, 22, 1009, 10.3109/00365528708991950

Dominguez-Bello, 2010, Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 107, 11971, 10.1073/pnas.1002601107

Charlson, 2010, Disordered microbial communities in the upper respiratory tract of cigarette smokers, PloS One, 5, e15216, 10.1371/journal.pone.0015216

Benjamin, 2012, Smokers with active Crohn’s disease have a clinically relevant dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal microbiota, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 18, 1092, 10.1002/ibd.21864

Biedermann, 2013, Smoking cessation induces profound changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota in humans, PloS One, 8, e59260, 10.1371/journal.pone.0059260

Walk, 2010, Alteration of the murine gut microbiota during infection with the parasitic helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 16, 1841, 10.1002/ibd.21299

Lee, 2011, Comparison of the gut microbiotas of healthy adult twins living in South Korea and the United States, Appl Environ Microbiol, 77, 7433, 10.1128/AEM.05490-11

Dicksved, 2008, Molecular analysis of the gut microbiota of identical twins with Crohn’s disease, ISME J, 2, 716, 10.1038/ismej.2008.37

Benson, 2010, Individuality in gut microbiota composition is a complex polygenic trait shaped by multiple environmental and host genetic factors, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 107, 18933, 10.1073/pnas.1007028107

Goodrich, 2014, Human genetics shape the gut microbiome, Cell, 159, 789, 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.053

Knights, 2014, Complex host genetics influence the microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease, Genome Med, 6, 107, 10.1186/s13073-014-0107-1

Bruns, 2012, NOD2 gene variants are a risk factor for culture-positive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and monomicrobial bacterascites in cirrhosis, Liver Int, 32, 223, 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02561.x

Appenrodt, 2010, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) variants are genetic risk factors for death and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in liver cirrhosis, Hepatology, 51, 1327, 10.1002/hep.23440

Saner, 2014, A non-interventional study of the genetic polymorphisms of NOD2 associated with increased mortality in non-alcoholic liver transplant patients, BMC Gastroenterol, 14, 4, 10.1186/1471-230X-14-4

Elinav, 2011, NLRP6 inflammasome regulates colonic microbial ecology and risk for colitis, Cell, 145, 745, 10.1016/j.cell.2011.04.022

Henao-Mejia, 2012, Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity, Nature, 482, 179, 10.1038/nature10809

Hedin, 2014, Altered intestinal microbiota and blood T cell phenotype are shared by patients with Crohn’s disease and their unaffected siblings, Gut, 63, 1578, 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306226

Hooper, 2012, Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system, Science, 336, 1268, 10.1126/science.1223490

Swidsinski, 2007, Viscosity gradient within the mucus layer determines the mucosal barrier function and the spatial organization of the intestinal microbiota, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 13, 963, 10.1002/ibd.20163

Sommer, 2013, The gut microbiota—masters of host development and physiology, Nat Rev Microbiol, 11, 227, 10.1038/nrmicro2974

Yang, 2001, Participation of mammalian defensins and cathelicidins in anti-microbial immunity: receptors and activities of human defensins and cathelicidin (LL-37), J Leukoc Biol, 69, 691, 10.1189/jlb.69.5.691

Kubinak, 2015, MyD88 Signaling in T cells directs IgA-mediated control of the microbiota to promote health, Cell Host Microbe, 17, 153, 10.1016/j.chom.2014.12.009

Macpherson, 2000, A primitive T cell-independent mechanism of intestinal mucosal IgA responses to commensal bacteria, Science, 288, 2222, 10.1126/science.288.5474.2222

Kawamoto, 2012, The inhibitory receptor PD-1 regulates IgA selection and bacterial composition in the gut, Science, 336, 485, 10.1126/science.1217718

Petnicki-Ocwieja, 2009, Nod2 is required for the regulation of commensal microbiota in the intestine, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 106, 15813, 10.1073/pnas.0907722106

Salzman, 2010, Enteric defensins are essential regulators of intestinal microbial ecology, Nat Immunol, 11, 76, 10.1038/ni.1825

Vaishnava, 2011, The antibacterial lectin RegIIIgamma promotes the spatial segregation of microbiota and host in the intestine, Science, 334, 255, 10.1126/science.1209791

Teltschik, 2012, Intestinal bacterial translocation in rats with cirrhosis is related to compromised Paneth cell antimicrobial host defense, Hepatology, 55, 1154, 10.1002/hep.24789

Johansson, 2011, The two mucus layers of colon are organized by the MUC2 mucin, whereas the outer layer is a legislator of host-microbial interactions, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 108, 4659, 10.1073/pnas.1006451107

Juge, 2012, Microbial adhesins to gastrointestinal mucus, Trends Microbiol, 20, 30, 10.1016/j.tim.2011.10.001

Derrien, 2010, Mucin-bacterial interactions in the human oral cavity and digestive tract, Gut Microbes, 1, 254, 10.4161/gmic.1.4.12778

Zarepour, 2013, The mucin Muc2 limits pathogen burdens and epithelial barrier dysfunction during Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium colitis, Infect Immun, 81, 3672, 10.1128/IAI.00854-13

Sovran, 2015, IL-22-STAT3 pathway plays a key role in the maintenance of ileal homeostasis in mice lacking secreted mucus barrier, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 21, 531, 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000319

Qin, 2014, Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis, Nature, 513, 59, 10.1038/nature13568

Scobie, 1964, Reduced gastric acid output in cirrhosis: quantitation and relationships, Gut, 5, 422, 10.1136/gut.5.5.422

Lu, 2011, Intestinal microbiota was assessed in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B virus infection. Intestinal microbiota of HBV cirrhotic patients, Microb Ecol, 61, 693, 10.1007/s00248-010-9801-8

Schnabl, 2014, Interactions between the intestinal microbiome and liver diseases, Gastroenterology, 146, 1513, 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.01.020

Hartmann, 2015, Alcoholic liver disease: the gut microbiome and liver crosstalk, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 39, 763, 10.1111/acer.12704

De Minicis, 2014, Dysbiosis contributes to fibrogenesis in the course of chronic liver injury in mice, Hepatology, 59, 1738, 10.1002/hep.26695

Cani, 2007, Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance, Diabetes, 56, 1761, 10.2337/db06-1491

Teixeira, 2012, Intestinal permeability parameters in obese patients are correlated with metabolic syndrome risk factors, Clin Nutr, 31, 735, 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.02.009

Miele, 2009, Increased intestinal permeability and tight junction alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Hepatology, 49, 1877, 10.1002/hep.22848

Keshavarzian, 1994, The differing effects of acute and chronic alcohol on gastric and intestinal permeability, Am J Gastroenterol, 89, 2205

Pendyala, 2011, Diet-induced weight loss reduces colorectal inflammation: implications for colorectal carcinogenesis, Am J Clin Nutr, 93, 234, 10.3945/ajcn.110.002683

Ding, 2010, High-fat diet: bacteria interactions promote intestinal inflammation which precedes and correlates with obesity and insulin resistance in mouse, PLoS One, 5, e12191, 10.1371/journal.pone.0012191

Amar, 2008, Energy intake is associated with endotoxemia in apparently healthy men, Am J Clin Nutr, 87, 1219, 10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1219

Erridge, 2007, A high-fat meal induces low-grade endotoxemia: evidence of a novel mechanism of postprandial inflammation, Am J Clin Nutr, 86, 1286, 10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1286

Alisi, 2010, Endotoxin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 serum levels associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 50, 645, 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181c7bdf1

Farhadi, 2008, Susceptibility to gut leakiness: a possible mechanism for endotoxaemia in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Liver Int, 28, 1026, 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01723.x

Garcia-Tsao, 1995, Bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes is increased in cirrhotic rats with ascites, Gastroenterology, 108, 1835, 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90147-7

Saitoh, 1999, Increased prevalence of intestinal inflammation in patients with liver cirrhosis, World J Gastroenterol, 5, 391, 10.3748/wjg.v5.i5.391

Du Plessis, 2013, Activated intestinal macrophages in patients with cirrhosis release NO and IL-6 that may disrupt intestinal barrier function, J Hepatol, 58, 1125, 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.01.038

Wiest, 2014, Reply to: “Bacterial translocation in liver cirrhosis: site and role in fibrogenesis”, J Hepatol, 61, 710, 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.06.004

Wiest, 2014, Pathological bacterial translocation in liver cirrhosis, J Hepatol, 60, 197, 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.07.044

Uesugi, 2001, Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the mechanism of early alcohol-induced liver injury in mice, Hepatology, 34, 101, 10.1053/jhep.2001.25350

Hritz, 2008, The critical role of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in alcoholic liver disease is independent of the common TLR adapter MyD88, Hepatology, 48, 1224, 10.1002/hep.22470

Seki, 2007, TLR4 enhances TGF-beta signaling and hepatic fibrosis, Nat Med, 13, 1324, 10.1038/nm1663

Hartmann, 2012, Toll-like receptor 2-mediated intestinal injury and enteric tumor necrosis factor receptor I contribute to liver fibrosis in mice, Gastroenterology, 143, 1330, 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.07.099

Saberi, 2009, Hematopoietic cell-specific deletion of toll-like receptor 4 ameliorates hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance in high-fat-fed mice, Cell Metab, 10, 419, 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.09.006

Miura, 2010, Toll-like receptor 9 promotes steatohepatitis by induction of interleukin-1 beta in mice, Gastroenterology, 139, 323, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.03.052

Rivera, 2007, Toll-like receptor-4 signaling and Kupffer cells play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, J Hepatol, 47, 571, 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.04.019

Cani, 2008, Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice, Diabetes, 57, 1470, 10.2337/db07-1403

Adachi, 1995, Antibiotics prevent liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol, Gastroenterology, 108, 218, 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90027-6

Douhara, 2015, Reduction of endotoxin attenuates liver fibrosis through suppression of hepatic stellate cell activation and remission of intestinal permeability in a rat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model, Mol Med Rep, 11, 1693, 10.3892/mmr.2014.2995

Bode, 1997, Effect of treatment with paromomycin on endotoxemia in patients with alcoholic liver disease—a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 21, 1367

Bass, 2010, Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy, N Engl J Med, 362, 1071, 10.1056/NEJMoa0907893

Mazagova, 2015, Commensal microbiota is hepatoprotective and prevents liver fibrosis in mice, FASEB J, 29, 1043, 10.1096/fj.14-259515

Wikoff, 2009, Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 106, 3698, 10.1073/pnas.0812874106

Venkatesh, 2014, Symbiotic bacterial metabolites regulate gastrointestinal barrier function via the xenobiotic sensor PXR and Toll-like receptor 4, Immunity, 41, 296, 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.014

Abu-Shanab, 2010, The role of the gut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 7, 691, 10.1038/nrgastro.2010.172

Hildebrandt, 2009, High-fat diet determines the composition of the murine gut microbiome independently of obesity, Gastroenterology, 137, 1716, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.042

Conterno, 2011, Obesity and the gut microbiota: does up-regulating colonic fermentation protect against obesity and metabolic disease?, Genes Nutr, 6, 241, 10.1007/s12263-011-0230-1

Backhed, 2007, Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 979, 10.1073/pnas.0605374104

Ridaura, 2013, Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice, Science, 341, 1241214, 10.1126/science.1241214

Turnbaugh, 2006, An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest, Nature, 444, 1027, 10.1038/nature05414

Nair, 2001, Obesity and female gender increase breath ethanol concentration: potential implications for the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Am J Gastroenterol, 96, 1200, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03702.x

Cope, 2000, Increased gastrointestinal ethanol production in obese mice: implications for fatty liver disease pathogenesis, Gastroenterology, 119, 1340, 10.1053/gast.2000.19267

Hartmann, 2012, The intestinal microbiome and the leaky gut as therapeutic targets in alcoholic liver disease, Front Physiol, 3, 402, 10.3389/fphys.2012.00402

Jokelainen, 1994, In vitro acetaldehyde formation by human colonic bacteria, Gut, 35, 1271, 10.1136/gut.35.9.1271

Abdelmegeed, 2013, CYP2E1 potentiates binge alcohol-induced gut leakiness, steatohepatitis, and apoptosis, Free Radic Biol Med, 65, 1238, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.009

Forsyth, 2013, Role for intestinal CYP2E1 in alcohol-induced circadian gene-mediated intestinal hyperpermeability, Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 305, G185, 10.1152/ajpgi.00354.2012

Rao, 2008, Acetaldehyde-induced barrier disruption and paracellular permeability in Caco-2 cell monolayer, Methods Mol Biol, 447, 171, 10.1007/978-1-59745-242-7_13

Dumas, 2006, Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103, 12511, 10.1073/pnas.0601056103

Jiang, 2005, Phospholipid transfer protein deficiency impairs apolipoprotein-B secretion from hepatocytes by stimulating a proteolytic pathway through a relative deficiency of vitamin E and an increase in intracellular oxidants, J Biol Chem, 280, 18336, 10.1074/jbc.M500007200

Blumberg, 1941, The prevention by choline of liver cirrhosis in rats on high fat, low protein diets, Science, 93, 598, 10.1126/science.93.2425.598

Spencer, 2011, Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency, Gastroenterology, 140, 976, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.11.049

Rehman, 2011, Nod2 is essential for temporal development of intestinal microbial communities, Gut, 60, 1354, 10.1136/gut.2010.216259