The Fas/FasL System and T Cell Apoptosis in HIV-1-Infected Lymphoid Tissue during Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Gougeon, 1993, Direct and indirect mechanisms mediating apoptosis during HIV infection: Contribution to in vivo CD4 T cell depletion, Semin. Immunol., 5, 187, 10.1006/smim.1993.1022 Meyaard, 1992, Programmed death of T cells in HIV-1 infection, Science, 257, 217, 10.1126/science.1352911 Groux, 1992, Activation-induced death by apoptosis in CD4+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected asymptomatic individuals, J. Exp. Med., 175, 331, 10.1084/jem.175.2.331 Meyaard, 1995, Programmed death of T cells in HIV infection: Result of immune activation?, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 200, 213 Miyawaki, 1992, Differential expression of apoptosis-related Fas antigen on lymphocyte subpopulations in human peripheral blood, J. Immunol., 149, 3753, 10.4049/jimmunol.149.11.3753 Suda, 1993, Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family, Cell, 75, 1169, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90326-L Nagata, 1995, The Fas death factor, Science, 267, 1449, 10.1126/science.7533326 Badley, 1996, Upregulation of Fas ligand expression by human immunodeficiency virus in human macrophages mediates apoptosis of uninfected T lymphocytes, J. Virol., 70, 199, 10.1128/JVI.70.1.199-206.1996 Katsikis, 1995, Fas antigen stimulation induces marked apoptosis of T lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals, J. Exp. Med., 181, 2029, 10.1084/jem.181.6.2029 Suzuki, 2000, The dual functions of fas ligand in the regulation of peripheral CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 1707, 10.1073/pnas.97.4.1707 Banda, 1992, Crosslinking CD4 by human immunodeficiency virus gp120 primes T cells for activation-induced apoptosis, J. Exp. Med., 176, 1099, 10.1084/jem.176.4.1099 Vlahakis, 2001, Chemokine-receptor activation by env determines the mechanism of death in HIV-infected and uninfected T lymphocytes, J. Clin. Invest., 107, 207, 10.1172/JCI11109 Gandhi, 1998, HIV-1 directly kills CD4+ T cells by a Fas-independent mechanism, J. Exp. Med., 187, 1113, 10.1084/jem.187.7.1113 Muro-Cacho, 1995, Analysis of apoptosis in lymph nodes of HIV-infected persons: Intensity of apoptosis correlates with the general state of activation of the lymphoid tissue and not with stage of disease or viral burden, J. Immunol., 154, 5555, 10.4049/jimmunol.154.10.5555 Finkel, 1995, Apoptosis occurs predominantly in bystander cells and not in productively infected cells of HIV- and SIV-infected lymph nodes, Nat. Med., 1, 129, 10.1038/nm0295-129 Røsok, 1998, Correlates of apoptosis of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in tonsillar tissue in HIV type 1 infection, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 14, 1635, 10.1089/aid.1998.14.1635 Reed, 1994, Bcl-2 and the regulation of programmed cell death, J. Cell Biol., 124, 1, 10.1083/jcb.124.1.1 Darzynkiewicz, 1997, Cytometry in cell necrobiology: Analysis of apoptosis and accidental cell death (necrosis), Cytometry, 27, 1, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0320(19970101)27:1<1::AID-CYTO2>3.0.CO;2-L Carbonari, 1994, Detection and characterization of apoptotic peripheral blood lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus infection and cancer chemotherapy by a novel flow immunocytometric method, Blood, 83, 1268, 10.1182/blood.V83.5.1268.1268 Cotton, 1997, Apoptosis of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated immediately ex vivo correlates with disease severity in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, Pediatr. Res., 42, 656, 10.1203/00006450-199711000-00018 Gulick, 1997, Treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and prior antiretroviral therapy, N. Engl. J. Med., 337, 734, 10.1056/NEJM199709113371102 Autran, 1997, Positive effects of combined antiretroviral therapy on CD4+ T cell homeostasis and function in advanced HIV disease, Science, 277, 112, 10.1126/science.277.5322.112 Dyrhol-Riise, 2000, Normalization of CD4+ cell numbers and reduced levels of memory CD8+ cells in blood and tonsillar tissue after highly active antiretroviral therapy in early HIV type-1 infection, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 16, 191, 10.1089/088922200309287 Dyrhol-Riise, 1999, Activation of CD8 T cells normalizes and correlates with the level of infectious provirus in tonsils during highly active antiretroviral therapy in early HIV-1 infection, AIDS, 13, 2365, 10.1097/00002030-199912030-00008 Gougeon, 1999, Apoptosis and the CD95 system in HIV disease: Impact of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), Immunol. Lett., 66, 97, 10.1016/S0165-2478(98)00167-9 Johnson, 1998, Anti-retroviral therapy reverses HIV-associated abnormalities in lymphocyte apoptosis, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 113, 229, 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00640.x Sloand, 1999, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor modulates activation of peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells and decreases their susceptibility to apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, Blood, 94, 1021, 10.1182/blood.V94.3.1021.415k29_1021_1027 Badley, 1999, Dynamic correlation of apoptosis and immune activation during treatment of HIV infection, Cell Death Differ., 6, 420, 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400509 Zhang, 1998, Kinetics of CD4+ T cell repopulation of lymphoid tissues after treatment of HIV-1 infection, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 1154, 10.1073/pnas.95.3.1154 Badley, 1998, In vivo analysis of Fas/FasL interactions in HIV-infected patients, J. Clin. Invest., 102, 79, 10.1172/JCI2691 Dyrhol-Riise, 2001, Residual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in lymphoid tissue during highly active antiretroviral therapy: Quantitation and virus characterization, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 17, 577, 10.1089/088922201300119671 Mugnaini, 1998, Demonstration of identical expanded clones within both CD8+CD28+ and CD8+CD28− T cell subsets in HIV type 1-infected individuals, Eur. J. Immunol., 28, 1738, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199805)28:05<1738::AID-IMMU1738>3.0.CO;2-S Effros, 1996, Shortened telomeres in the expanded CD28−CD8+ cell subset in HIV disease implicate replicative senescence in HIV pathogenesis, AIDS, 10, F17, 10.1097/00002030-199607000-00001 Alderson, 1993, Fas transduces activation signals in normal human T lymphocytes, J. Exp. Med., 178, 2231, 10.1084/jem.178.6.2231 Pilling, 1996, CD4+ CD45RA+ T cells from adults respond to recall antigens after CD28 ligation, Int. Immunol., 8, 1737, 10.1093/intimm/8.11.1737 Gougeon, 1996, Programmed cell death in peripheral lymphocytes from HIV-infected persons: Increased susceptibility to apoptosis of CD4 and CD8 T cells correlates with lymphocyte activation and with disease progression, J. Immunol., 156, 3509, 10.4049/jimmunol.156.9.3509 Estaquier, 1996, Fas-mediated apoptosis of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons: Differential in vitro preventive effect of cytokines and protease antagonists, Blood, 87, 4959, 10.1182/blood.V87.12.4959.bloodjournal87124959 Bohler, 1997, CD95-induced apoptosis contributes to loss of primed/memory but not resting/naive T cells in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1, Pediatr. Res., 41, 878, 10.1203/00006450-199706000-00013 Sloand, 1997, Role of Fas ligand and receptor in the mechanism of T-cell depletion in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Effect on CD4+ lymphocyte depletion and human immunodeficiency virus replication, Blood, 89, 1357, 10.1182/blood.V89.4.1357 Piazza, 1997, Cutting edge: CD4+ T cells kill CD8+ T cells via Fas/Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis, J. Immunol., 158, 1503, 10.4049/jimmunol.158.4.1503 Lenardo, 1991, Interleukin-2 programs mouse alpha beta T lymphocytes for apoptosis, Nature, 353, 858, 10.1038/353858a0 Alderson, 1995, Fas ligand mediates activation-induced cell death in human T lymphocytes, J. Exp. Med., 181, 71, 10.1084/jem.181.1.71 Dockrell, 1998, The expression of Fas ligand by macrophages and its upregulation by human immunodeficiency virus infection, J. Clin. Invest., 101, 2394, 10.1172/JCI1171 Oyaizu, 1997, Monocytes express Fas ligand upon CD4 cross-linking and induce CD4+ T cell apoptosis: A possible mechanism of bystander cell death in HIV infection, J. Immunol., 158, 2456, 10.4049/jimmunol.158.5.2456 Hanabuchi, 1994, Fas and its ligand in a general mechanism of T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 4930, 10.1073/pnas.91.11.4930 Cossarizza, 2001, Deregulation of the CD95/CD95L system in lymphocytes from patients with primary acute HIV infection, AIDS, 14, 345, 10.1097/00002030-200003100-00007 Walker, 1987, HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in seropositive individuals, Nature, 328, 345, 10.1038/328345a0 Brinchmann, 1998, Activation and proliferation of CD8+ T-cells in lymphoid tissues of HIV-1-infected individuals in the absence of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor, J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol., 19, 332, 10.1097/00042560-199812010-00003 Suzuki, 1998, Maximal proliferation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes requires reverse signaling through Fas ligand, J. Exp. Med., 187, 123, 10.1084/jem.187.1.123 Gerdes, 1984, Cell cycle analysis of a cell proliferation-associated human nuclear antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67, J. Immunol., 133, 1710, 10.4049/jimmunol.133.4.1710 Zheng, 1995, Induction of apoptosis in mature T cells by tumour necrosis factor, Nature, 377, 348, 10.1038/377348a0 Røsok, 1996, Reduced CD4 cell counts in blood do not reflect CD4 cell depletion in tonsillar tissue in asymptomatic HIV-1 infection, AIDS, 10, F35 Mugnaini, 1999, In vivo expansion coincident with excessive in vitro cell death within the memory subset of CD8+ T cells in HIV type 1 infection, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 15, 265, 10.1089/088922299311448 Posnett, 1999, Differentiation of human CD8 T cells: Implications for in vivo persistence of CD8+ CD28− cytotoxic effector clones, Int. Immunol., 11, 229, 10.1093/intimm/11.2.229 Picker, 1993, Control of lymphocyte recirculation in man. I. Differential regulation of the peripheral lymph node homing receptor L-selection on T cells during the virgin to memory cell transition, J. Immunol., 150, 1105, 10.4049/jimmunol.150.3.1105 Hamann, 1997, Phenotypic and functional separation of memory and effector human CD8+ T cells, J. Exp. Med., 186, 1407, 10.1084/jem.186.9.1407 McCloskey, 1998, Comparison of seven quantitative assays to assess lymphocyte cell death during HIV infection: Measurement of induced apoptosis in anti-Fas-treated Jurkat cells and spontaneous apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children infected with HIV, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 14, 1413, 10.1089/aid.1998.14.1413 Vermes, 1995, A novel assay for apoptosis: Flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on early apoptotic cells using fluorescein labelled annexin V, J. Immunol. Methods, 184, 39, 10.1016/0022-1759(95)00072-I Wesselborg, 1993, Activation-driven death of human T cell clones: Time course kinetics of the induction of cell shrinkage, DNA fragmentation, and cell death, Cell Immunol., 148, 234, 10.1006/cimm.1993.1106 Dyrhol-Riise, 2001, T cell proliferation and apoptosis in HIV-1-infected lymphoid tissue: Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy, Clin. Immunol., 101, 180, 10.1006/clim.2001.5102