Nội dung được dịch bởi AI, chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo
Đạo đức Kinh doanh trong Thời chiến
Tóm tắt
Tài liệu chính thống về đạo đức của chiến tranh cho rằng trách nhiệm việc sử dụng vũ lực thuộc về các cơ quan chính trị của nhà nước, và trách nhiệm về cách thức cuộc chiến được tiến hành chỉ thuộc về quân đội của nhà nước, do đó, các công ty không có nghĩa vụ đặc biệt trong thời kỳ chiến tranh. Mục đích của bài viết này là xem xét lại những trách nhiệm đạo đức của các công ty trong thời kỳ chiến tranh. Tôi bảo vệ lập luận rằng một tiêu chuẩn trách nhiệm khả thi trong chiến tranh phải tích hợp mức độ đóng góp của tác nhân vào việc tạo nên mối đe dọa bất công, bản chất hành vi của tác nhân và ý định của họ. Nếu những tiền đề này là đúng, thì nghĩa vụ đạo đức của dân thường và các tập đoàn kinh doanh về cơ bản bị thay đổi bởi chiến tranh. Xem xét những đóng góp tương đối của họ vào nỗ lực chiến tranh, một phân loại các công ty được phát triển.
Từ khóa
#đạo đức kinh doanh #chiến tranh #trách nhiệm xã hội #nghĩa vụ đạo đứcTài liệu tham khảo
Alexander, L. (1987). Justification and innocent aggressors. Wayne Law Review, 33, 1177–1189.
Alzola, M. (2012). CORPORATE DYSTOPIA: The ethics of corporate political spending. Business & Society (forthcoming).
Anscombe, E. (1970). War and murder. In Richard Wasserstrom (Ed.), War and morality (pp. 42–53). California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Ballentine, K., & Nitzschke, H. (2005). Profiting from peace: Managing the resource dimensions of armed conflict. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Barsella, A. (2004). ‘Voice’ and ‘Loyalty’: The role of the Israeli business community in peace-building. Essex papers in politics and government. http://www.essex.ac.uk/government/Essex_Papers/essex_papers_new2004.shtm.
Bennett, J. (2002). Public private initiatives in preventing conflict: An examination of revenue sharing provisions in the extractive industries. New York: United Nations Global Compact.
Bredemeier, K. (2003). Thousands of private contractors support U.S. forces in Persian Gulf. Washington Post, March 3.
Cassese, A. (1979). Foreign economic assistance and respect for civil and political rights: Chile–a case study. Texas International Law Journal, 14, 251–263.
Coleman, J. (1992). Risks and wrongs. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fabre, C. (2009). ‘Guns, food, and liability to attack in war’. Ethics, 120, 36–63.
Feinberg, J. (1968). Collective responsibility. Journal of Philosophy, LXV(21), 222–251.
Finnis, J., Boyle, J., & Grisez, G. (1987). Nuclear deterrence, morality and realism. Oxford: Clarendon.
Ford, J. (1970). The morality of obliteration bombing. In Richard Wasserstrom (Ed.), War and Morality (pp. 19–23). Belmont: Wadsworth.
Fort, T. L., & Schipani, C. A. (2004). The role of business in fostering peaceful societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
French, P. A. (1979). The corporation as a moral person. American Philosophical Quarterly, 16(3), 207–215.
Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Friedman, M. (1970, September 13). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. New York Times Magazine, 122–126.
Gilbert, M. (2005). Corporate misbehavior and collective values. Brooklyn Law Review, 70(4), 1369–1380.
Hayes, P. (1987). Industry and ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi era. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kamm, F. M. (2000). The Doctrine of Triple Effect and why a rational agent need not intend the means to his end. Supplement to Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 74(1), 21–39.
Kreindler, S. M. (2000). Comment history’s accounting: Liability issues surrounding German companies for the use of slave labor by their corporate forefathers. Dickinson Journal of International Law, 18, 343–344.
Ladd, J. (1970). Morality and the ideal of rationality in formal organizations. Monist, 54(1), 488–516.
Leander, A. (2002). Global ungovernance: Mercenaries, states and the control over violence. Copenhagen Peace Research Institute. Working paper.
Levitt, T. (1958). The dangers of social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 36(5), 41–50.
Lewis, H. D. (1948). Collective responsibility. In L. May & S. Hoffman (Eds.), Collective responsibility. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Makinson, L. (2006). Outsourcing the Pentagon: Who benefits from the politics and economics of national security?, The Center for Public Integrity. http://www.publicintegrity.org/pns/report.aspx?aid=385. Accessed 31 Mar 2006.
Margolis, J. D., & Walsh, J. P. (2005). Misery loves companies: Rethinking social initiatives by business. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48, 268–305.
May, L. (1992). Sharing responsibility. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
McMahan, J. (2004). The ethics of killing in war. Ethics, 114, 693–733.
Nagel T. (1990). War and Massacre in mortal questions. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 53–74.
Nelson, J. (2000). The business of peace: The private sector as a partner in conflict prevention and resolution. London: International Alert, Council on Economic Priorities, and Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum.
Orts, E. (2002). Corporate governance, stakeholder accountability, and sustainable peace. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 35, 549–584.
Otsuka, M. (1994). Killing the innocent in self-defense. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 23, 74–94.
Palast, G. (1998, November 8). A Marxist threat to cola sales? Pepsi demands a US coup. Goodbye Allende. Hello Pinochet. The Observer, London Sunday. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,3846394,00.html.
Pettit, P. (2007). Responsibility incorporated. Ethics, 117, 171–201.
Private military companies: options for regulation, 2001–2002, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, available at www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/mercenaries.
Rodin, D. (2005). War and self-defense. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 79–83.
Ryf, K. C. (2001). Note, Burger-Fischer v. Degussa AG: U.S. Courts Allow Siemens and Degussa to Profit from Holocaust Slave Labor. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 33, 156–158.
Scanlon, T. M. (2000). Intention and permissibility. supplement to the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 74(1), 301–317.
Scanlon, T. M. (2006). Moral dimensions: permissibility, meaning, blame. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Short, A. (2004). To what extent does a corporate-state security consensus undermine human rights? Oil extraction in Arauca: Colombia, the United States and Occidental Petroleum. Unpublished dissertation, Birkbeck College, University of London.
Singer, P. W. (2003). Corporate warriors. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Singer, P. W. (2004). War, profits, and the vacuum of law: privatized military firms and international law. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 42(2), 521–549.
Singer, P. W. (2005). Outsourcing war. Foreign Affairs, 84, 119–125.
Spicer, T. (1999). An unorthodox soldier, peace and war and the sandline affair. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing.
Switzer, J. & Ward, H. (2004). Enabling Corporate Investment in Peace: An Assessment of Voluntary Initiatives Addressing Business and Violent Conflict, and a Framework for Policy Decision-making. International Institute for Sustainable Development. http://www.iisd.org/publications/pub.aspx?id=646).
Walzer, M. (1977). Just and unjust wars. New York: Basic Books.
Wendel, W. B. (2006). Institutional and individual justification in legal ethics: the problem of client selection. Hofstra Law Review, 34, 987.
Wenger, A., & Möckli, D. (2003). Conflict prevention: the untapped potential of the business sector. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Zohar, N. (1993). Collective war and individualistic ethics: against the conscription of ‘self-defense’. Political Theory, 21, 606–622.
