The Epidemiology, Clinical Course, and Management of Snakebites in the North American Snakebite Registry

Seifert SA, Boyer LV, Benson BE, Rogers JJ. AAPCC database characterization of native U.S. venomous snake exposures, 2001-2005. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2009;47(4):327–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650902870277 .

Bush SP, Ruha AM, Seifert SA, et al. Comparison of F(ab’)2 versus Fab antivenom for pit viper envenomation: a prospective, blinded, multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2015;53(1):37–45. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.974263 .

Farrugia LA, Rhyee SH, Campleman SL, et al. The Toxicology Investigators Consortium Case Registry—the 2015 experience. J Med Toxicol. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-016-0580-6 .

Spyres MB, Ruha AM, Seifert S, Onisko N, Padilla-Jones A, Smith EA. Occupational snake bites: a prospective case series of patients reported to the ToxIC North American Snakebite Registry. J Med Toxicol. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-016-0555-7 .

Lavonas EJ, Ruha AM, Banner W, et al. Unified treatment algorithm for the management of crotaline snakebite in the United States: results of an evidence-informed consensus workshop. BMC Emerg Med. 2011;11:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-227x-11-2 .

Kleinshmidt KRA, Wax P, et al. Acute adverse effects associated with the administration of FabAV within the North American Snakebite Registry. J Med Toxicol. 2017;13(1)

Correa JA, Fallon SC, Cruz AT, et al. Management of pediatric snake bites: are we doing too much? J Pediatr Surg. 2014;49(6):1009–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.01.043 .

Cannon R, Ruha AM, Kashani J. Acute hypersensitivity reactions associated with administration of crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab antivenom. Ann Emerg Med. 2008;51(4):407–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.09.036 .

Roth B, Sharma K, Onisko N, Chen T. Prospective evaluation of pain, swelling, and disability from copperhead envenomation. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2016;54(3):271–6. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2015.1130227 .

Levine M, Ruha AM, Padilla-Jones A, Gerkin R, Thomas SH. Bleeding following rattlesnake envenomation in patients with preenvenomation use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant medications. Acad Emerg Med. 2014;21(3):301–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.12333 .

Dart RC, Seifert SA, Boyer LV, et al. A randomized multicenter trial of crotalinae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom for the treatment for crotaline snakebite in the United States. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(16):2030–6.

LaMonica GE, Seifert SA, Rayburn WF. Rattlesnake bites in pregnant women. J Reprod Med. 2010;55(11–12):520–2.

Darracq MA, Cantrell FL, Klauk B, Thornton SL. A chance to cut is not always a chance to cure- fasciotomy in the treatment of rattlesnake envenomation: a retrospective poison center study. Toxicon. 2015;101:23–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.04.014 .

O'Neil ME, Mack KA, Gilchrist J, Wozniak EJ. Snakebite injuries treated in United States emergency departments, 2001-2004. Wilderness Environ Med. 2007;18(4):281–7. https://doi.org/10.1580/06-weme-or-080r1.1 .

Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, Zimmerman A, Schauben JL. 2015 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 33rd annual report. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2016;54(10):924–1109. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2016.1245421 .

Curry SC, Horning D, Brady P, Requa R, Kunkel DB, Vance MV. The legitimacy of rattlesnake bites in central Arizona. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18(6):658–63.

Tanen D, Ruha A, Graeme K, Curry S. Epidemiology and hospital course of rattlesnake envenomations cared for at a tertiary referral center in Central Arizona. Acad Emerg Med. 2001;8(2):177–82.

Abbey JM, Jaffar NA, Abugrara HL, Nazim M, Smalligan RD, Khasawneh FA. Epidemiological characteristics, hospital course and outcome of snakebite victims in West Texas. Hosp Pract (1995). 2015;43(4):217–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.2015.1071637 .

Spano S, Macias F, Snowden B, Vohra R. Snakebite Survivors Club: retrospective review of rattlesnake bites in Central California. Toxicon. 2013;69:38–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.11.015 .

Wasko DK, Bullard SG. An analysis of media-reported venomous snakebites in the United States, 2011-2013. Wilderness Environ Med. 2016;27(2):219–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2016.01.004 .

LoVecchio F, Klemens J, Welch S, Rodriguez R. Antibiotics after rattlesnake envenomation. J Emerg Med. 2002;23(4):327–8.

Corbett B, Clark RF. North American snake envenomation. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2017;35(2):339–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2016.12.003 .

Cumpston KL. Is there a role for fasciotomy in Crotalinae envenomations in North America? Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2011;49(5):351–65. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2011.597032 .

Toxicology ACMT and AACT. Choosing wisely recommendations. In: Choosing Wisely. American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation. 2017. http://www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/-parentSociety=American_College_of_Medical_Toxicology_and_The_American_Academy_of_Clinical_Toxicology . Accessed 25 May 2017.

BTG CroFab.com. In: Accessed 16 July 2015.

Spyres MB, Skolnik AB, Padilla-Jones A, et al. Rattlesnake envenomations treated with and without maintenance antivenom. Clin Toxicol. 2016;54(8):660.

Lavonas EJ, Khatri V, Daugherty C, Bucher-Bartelson B, King T, Dart RC. Medically significant late bleeding after treated crotaline envenomation: a systematic review. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;63(1):71–78 e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.03.002 .