The Endocrinology of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

Michael M. Newman1, Katherine A. Halmi2
1Instructor in Psychiatry, Cornell University Medical College, New York; Clinical Affiliate, The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, Westchester Division, White Plains, New York
2Professor of Psychiatry, Cornell University Medical College, New York; Attending Psychiatrist, The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, Westchester Division, White Plains, New York

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abraham, 1981, Catecholamine metabolism and body weight in anorexia nervosa, Br J Psychiatry, 138, 244, 10.1192/bjp.138.3.244 Alvarez, 1972, Growth hormone in malnutrition, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 43, 400, 10.1210/jcem-34-2-400 1987 Aono, 1975, Assessment of gonadotropin secretion in women with anorexia nervosa, Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 80, 630, 10.1530/acta.0.0800630 1987, APA Task Force on Laboratory Tests in Psychiatry: The dexamethasone suppression test: an overview of its current status in psychiatry, Am J Psychiatry, 144, 1253, 10.1176/ajp.144.10.1253 Aro, 1977, Hypothalamic endocrine dysfunction in anorexia nervosa, Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 85, 673, 10.1530/acta.0.0850673 Baraban, 1986, Effect of naloxone on luteinizing hormone secretion in eating disorders: a pilot study, Int J Eating Disord, 5, 149, 10.1002/1098-108X(198601)5:1<149::AID-EAT2260050115>3.0.CO;2-K Baranowski, 1984, The role of endogenous opiates in the mechanism of inhibited luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in women with anorexia nervosa: the effect of naloxone on LH, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin and ß- endorphin secretion, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 59, 412, 10.1210/jcem-59-3-412 Barry, 1976, On the role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa, J Neural Transm, 38, 107, 10.1007/BF01262969 Beaumont, 1981, Continuous infusion of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) in patients with anorexia nervosa, Psychol Med, 11, 477, 10.1017/S003329170005279X Beaumont, 1973, Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and of immunoreactive oestrogens (oestradiol) in anorexia nervosa: response to clomiphene citrate, Psychol Med, 3, 495, 10.1017/S0033291700054301 Beaumont, 1976, Body weight and the pituitary response to hypothalamic releasing hormones in patients with anorexia nervosa, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 43, 487, 10.1210/jcem-43-3-487 Bermudez, 1975, High incidence of decreased serum triiodo thyronine concentrations in patients with nonthyroid disease, J Clin Endocrinol, 41, 27, 10.1210/jcem-41-1-27 Blickle, 1984, The role of insulin, glucagon and growth hormone in the regulation of plasma glucose and free fatty acid levels in anorexia nervosa, Horm Metab Res, 16, 336, 10.1055/s-2007-1014785 Bliss, 1957, Endocrinology of anorexia nervosa, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 17, 766, 10.1210/jcem-17-6-766 Boyar, 1972, Synchronization of augmented luteinizing hormone secretion with sleep during puberty, New Engl J Med, 287, 582, 10.1056/NEJM197209212871203 Boyar, 1977, Twenty-four hour gonadotropin secretory patterns in anorexia nervosa, 177 Boyar, 1977, Cortisol secretion and metabolism in anorexia nervosa, New Engl J Med, 296, 190, 10.1056/NEJM197701272960403 Brambilla, 1986, Anorexia nervosa and obesity: a common psychoendocrine approach, 259 Brauman, 1975, The growth hormone response to insulin induced hypoglycemia in anorexia and control underweight subjects, Eur J Clin Invest, 5, 289 Brown, 1977, Endocrine profiles in anorexia nervosa, 123 Brown, 1980, Neuroendocrine mechanisms and their implications for psychiatric research, Psychiatr Clin North Am, 3, 205, 10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30963-8 Brown, 1984, Central nervous system regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion: role of somatostatins, Endocrinology, 114, 1546, 10.1210/endo-114-5-1546 Burman, 1977, Investigations concerning deiodinative pathways in patients with anorexia nervosa, 255 Buvat, 1983, Psychoneuroendocrine investigations in 115 cases of female anorexia nervosa at the time of their maximum emaciation, Int J Eating Disord, 2, 117, 10.1002/1098-108X(198322)2:4<117::AID-EAT2260020419>3.0.CO;2-F Carter, 1974, Effect of severe chronic illness on thyroid function, Lancet, 2, 971, 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)92070-4 Casper, 1979, Alterations in serum cortisol and its binding capacities in anorexia nervosa, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 49, 406, 10.1210/jcem-49-3-406 Casper, 1982, Delayed TSH release in anorexia nervosa following injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Psychoneuroendocrinology, 7, 59, 10.1016/0306-4530(82)90055-5 Casper, 1977, The effect of nutritional status and weight change on hypothalamic function tests in anorexia nervosa, 137 Casper, 1980, Bulimia–its incidence and clinical importance in patients with anorexia nervosa, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 37, 1030, 10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780220068007 Chopra, 1975, Circulating thyroid hormones and thyrotropin in adult patients with protein-calorie malnutrition, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 40, 221, 10.1210/jcem-40-2-221 Danforth, 1979, Dietary-induced alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism during overnutrition, J Clin Invest, 64, 1336, 10.1172/JCI109590 Doerr, 1979, Relationship between weight gain and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal function in patients with anorexia nervosa, J Steroid Metab, 13, 529, 10.1016/0022-4731(80)90209-5 Eisenberg, 1981, Toward an understanding of reproductive function in anorexia nervosa, Fertil Steril, 5, 543 Eisenstein, 1978, Effect of starvation on the production and peripheral metabolism of S^^-triiodothyronine in euthyroid obese, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 47, 889, 10.1210/jcem-47-4-889 Fairburn, 1984, The clinical features of bulimia nervosa, Br J Psychiatry, 144, 238, 10.1192/bjp.144.3.238 Falk, 1982, Amenorrhea in anorexia nervosa: examination of the critical body weight hypothesis, Biol Psychiatry, 17, 799 Fehm, 1984, Evidence for extrapituitary mechanisms mediating the morning peak of plasma cortisol in man, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 50, 410, 10.1210/jcem-58-3-410 Fichter, 1986, Weight loss causes neuroendocrine disturbances: experimental study in healthy starving subjects, Psychiatry Res, 17, 61, 10.1016/0165-1781(86)90042-9 Fishman, 1977, Effect of malnutrition on the metabolsim of sex hormones in man, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 5, 721, 10.1002/cpt1977225part2721 Frankel, 1975, Hypothalamic-pituitary function in anorexia nervosa, Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 78, 209, 10.1530/acta.0.0780209 Fries, 1977, Studies on secondary ameorrhea, anorectic behavior, and body-image percep tion: importance for the early recognition of anorexia nervosa, 163 Fuente, 1981, Human growth hormone in psychiatric disorders, J Clin Psychiatry, 42, 7 Garfinkel, 1975, Hypothalamic-pituitary function in anorexia nervosa, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 32, 739, 10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760240067005 Genazzani, 1983, Proopiocortin-related peptide plasma levels throughout prepuberty and puberty, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 57, 56, 10.1210/jcem-57-1-56 Gerner, 1982, Altered neuropeptide concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of psychiatric patients, Brain Res, 238, 298, 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90801-0 Gold, 1981, The 24-hour LH test in the diagnosis and assessment of response to treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa, Int J Psychiatry Med, 11, 245, 10.2190/BKUA-0K90-1KBX-DK5T Gold, 1980, Further evidence of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in anorexia nervosa, Am J Psychiatry, 137, 101, 10.1176/ajp.137.1.101 Gold, 1984, Psychiatric implications of basic and clinical studies with corticotropin-releasing factor, Am J Psychiatry, 141, 619, 10.1176/ajp.141.5.619 Gold, 1986, Abnormal hypothalamic–pituitary-adrenal function in anorexia nervosa, N Engl J Med, 314, 1335, 10.1056/NEJM198605223142102 Gold, 1983, Abnormalities in plasma and cerebrospinal- fluid arginine vasopressin in patients with anorexia nervosa, N Engl J Med, 308, 1117, 10.1056/NEJM198305123081902 Gross, 1979, Catecholamine metabolism in primary anorexia nervosa, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 49, 805, 10.1210/jcem-49-6-805 Grossman, 1982, Opiate medication of amenorrhea in hyper prolactinemia and in weight loss related amenorrhea, Clin Endocrinol, 17, 379, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1982.tb01603.x Gwirtsman, 1983, Neuroendocrine abnormalities in bulimia, Am J Psychiatry, 140, 559, 10.1176/ajp.140.5.559 Hall, 1972, The thyrotropin-releasing hormone test in diseases of the pituitary and hypothalamus, Lancet, 1, 759, 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)90518-1 Halmi, 1974, Anorexia nervosa: demographic and clinical features in 94 cases, Psychosom Med, 36, 18, 10.1097/00006842-197401000-00002 Halmi, 1975, Gonadotropin response to LH-RH in anorexia nervosa, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 32, 825, 10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760250067007 Halmi, 1977, Dopaminergic and serotinergicdd regulation of growth hormone secretion in anorexia nervosa, Psychopharmacol Bull, 13, 63 Halmi, 1978, Catecholamine metabolism in anorexia nervosa, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 35, 458, 10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770280068007 Hotta, 1986, The response of plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and cerebrospinal fluid immuno- reactive CRH in anorexia nervosa patients, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 62, 319, 10.1210/jcem-62-2-319 Hudson, 1987, Urinary free cortisol and response to the dexamethasone suppression test in bulimia: a pilot study, Int J Eating Disord, 6, 191, 10.1002/1098-108X(198703)6:2<191::AID-EAT2260060204>3.0.CO;2-6 Hudson, 1983, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity in bulimia, Psychiatry Res, 8, 111, 10.1016/0165-1781(83)90098-7 Hughes, 1986, The dexamethasone suppression test in bulimia before and after successful treatment with desipramine, J Clin Psychiatry, 47, 515 Hurd, 1977, Hypothalamic–endocrine dysfunction in anorexia nervosa, Mayo Clin Proc, 52, 711 Jeuniewic, 1978, Hypothalamic function as related to body weight and body fat in anorexia nervosa, Psychosom Med, 40, 187, 10.1097/00006842-197805000-00001 Johnson, 1982, Bulimia: a descriptive survey of 316 cases, Int J Eating Disord, 2, 3, 10.1002/1098-108X(198223)2:1<3::AID-EAT2260020102>3.0.CO;2-K Kanis, 1974, A clinical, psychiatric, and laboratory study, Int J Med, 43, 321 Kantula, 1982, Reduced level of cellular glucocorticoid receptors in patients with anorexia nervosa, Horm Metab Res, 14, 619, 10.1055/s-2007-1019100 Kaplan AS, Garfinkel PE, Warsh JJ, et al: Neuroendocrine responses in bulimia. In The Endocrinology of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Ferrari E, Brambilla F (eds): Disorders of Eating Behavior: A Psychoneuroendocrine Approach. New York, Pergamon Press, p 241 Katz, 1977, LHRH responsiveness in anorexia nervosa: intactness despite prepubertal circadian LH pattern, Psychosom Med, 39, 241, 10.1097/00006842-197707000-00005 Katz, 1978, Weight and circadian luteinizing hormone secretory pattern in anorexia nervosa, Psychosom Med, 49, 549, 10.1097/00006842-197811000-00003 Kaye, 1987, Elevated crebrospinal fluid levels of immuno- reactive corticotropin-releasing hormone in anorexia nervosa: relation to state of nutrition, adrenal function, and intensity of depression, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 64, 203, 10.1210/jcem-64-2-203 Kaye, 1987, Reduced cerebrospinal fluid levels of immunoreactive proopiomelanocortin related peptides (including ß-endorphin) in anorexia nervosa, Life Sei, 41, 2147, 10.1016/0024-3205(87)90533-9 Kaye, 1984, Abnormalities in CNS monoamine metabolism in anorexia nervosa, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 41, 350, 10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790150040007 Kaye WH, Gwirtsman HE, Lake CR, et al: Noradrenergic disturbances in normal weight bulimia. Presented at the 139th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 1986 Kaye, 1985, Altered norepinephrine metabolism following long-term weight recovery in patients with anorexia nervosa, Psychiatry Res, 14, 333, 10.1016/0165-1781(85)90101-5 Kaye, 1982, Cerebrospinal fluid opioid activity in anorexia nervosa, Am J Psychiatry, 139, 643, 10.1176/ajp.139.5.643 Kaye WH, Rubinow D, Gwirtsman HE, et al: CSF somatostatin in anorexia and bulimia: relationship to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Psychoneuroendocrinology (in press) Kiriike, 1987, Thyrotropin, prolactin, and growth hormone responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in anorexia nervosa and bulimia, Biol Psychiatry, 22, 167, 10.1016/0006-3223(87)90227-7 Kiriike, 1986, Dexamethasone suppresion test in bulimia, Biol Psychiatry, 21, 328, 10.1016/0006-3223(86)90057-0 Kiyohara, 1987, Serum thyrotropin (TSH) responses to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia: influence of changes in body weight and eating disorders, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 12, 21, 10.1016/0306-4530(87)90018-7 Kvetny, 1982, Thyroxine binding and cellular metabolism of thyroxine in mononuclear blood cells from patients with anorexia nervosa, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98, 343 Landon, 1966, The plasma sugar, free fatty acid, cortisol, and growth hormone response to insulin, and the comparison of this procedure with other tests of pituitary and adrenal function II: in patients with hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction or anorexia, J Clin Invest, 45, 437, 10.1172/JCI105358 Leslie, 1978, Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function in anorexia nervosa: influence of weight gain, Br Med J, 2, 526, 10.1136/bmj.2.6136.526 Levy, 1987, DST in bulimia without endogenous depression, Biol Psychiatry, 22, 783, 10.1016/0006-3223(87)90213-7 Lindy, 1985, The dexamethasone suppression test in bulimia, Am J Psychiatry, 142, 1375, 10.1176/ajp.142.11.1375 Lowry, 1987, Dexamethasone bioavailability: implications for DST research, Biol Psychiatry, 22, 373, 10.1016/0006-3223(87)90155-7 Lundberg, 1972, Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on plasma levels of TSH, FSH, LH and GH in anorexia nervosa, Eur J Clin Invest, 2, 150, 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1972.tb00583.x Macaron, 1978, Studies of growth hormone, thyrotropin and prolactin secretion in anorexia nervosa, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 3, 181, 10.1016/0306-4530(78)90006-9 Maeda, 1976, Growth hormone release following thyrotropin releasing hormone injection into patients with anorexia nervosa, Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 81, 8 Marshall, 1979, Low dose pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone in anorexia nervosa: a model of human pubertal development, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 49, 712, 10.1210/jcem-49-5-712 Martin, 1973, Neural regulation of growth hormone secretion, New Engl J Med, 288, 1384, 10.1056/NEJM197306282882606 Martin, 1979, Pathophysiology of growth hormone Mendelson, 1979, The regulation of insulin induced and sleep related human growth hormone secretion, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 4, 341, 10.1016/0306-4530(79)90017-9 Mitchell, 1983, Metabolic and endocrine investigations in women of normal weight with the bulimia syndrome, Biol Psychiatry, 18, 355 Mitchell, 1985, Characteristics of 275 patients with bulimia, Am J Psychiatry, 142, 482, 10.1176/ajp.142.4.482 Miyai, 1975, Serum thyroid hormones and thyrotropin in anorexia nervosa, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 40, 334, 10.1210/jcem-40-2-334 Moore, 1979, Serum T3 and T4 levels in patients with anorexia nervosa showing transient hyperthyroidism during weight gain, Clin Endocrinol, 10, 443, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1979.tb02100.x Morton, 1694 Moshang, 1977, Low triiodothyronine euthyroidism in anorexia nervosa, 263 Muller, 1987, Neuroendocrine measures in anorexia nervosa: comparisons with primary affective disorders Naka, 1987, The prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol responses to insulin induced hypoglycemia in anorexia nervosa, Int J Eating Disord, 6, 357, 10.1002/1098-108X(198705)6:3<357::AID-EAT2260060305>3.0.CO;2-1 Nakagawa, 1985, Responses of pituitary and adrenal medulla to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in patients with anorexia nervosa, Endocrinol Jpn, 32, 719, 10.1507/endocrj1954.32.719 Negro-Villar, 1979, Catecholaminergic modulation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release by median eminence terminals in vitro, Endocrinology, 104, 1749, 10.1210/endo-104-6-1749 Neri, 1972, Growth hormone regulation and hypothalamic- pituitary function in anorexia nervosa, Folia Endocrinol (Roma), 25, 143 Nillius, 1975, Successful induction of follicular maturation and ovulation by prolonged treatment with LH-releasing hormone in women with anorexia nervosa, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 122, 921, 10.1016/0002-9378(75)90349-X Norris, 1985, The TRH test in bulimia and anorexia nervosa: a controlled study, J Psychiatry Res, 2, 215, 10.1016/0022-3956(85)90020-2 Pimstone, 1973, Human growth hormone in protein-calorie malnutrition, 389 Pimstone, 1973, TSH response to synthetic thyrotropin releasing hormone in human protein-calorie malnutrition, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 36, 779, 10.1210/jcem-36-4-779 Pirke, 1987, Disturbances of the menstrual cycle in bulimia nervosa, Clin Endocrinol, 27, 245, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1987.tb01150.x Pirke, 1985, Noradrenaline, triiodothyronine, growth hormone and prolactin during weight gain in anorexia nervosa, Int J Eating Disord, 4, 499, 10.1002/1098-108X(198511)4:4<499::AID-EAT2260040410>3.0.CO;2-7 Pirke, 1979, Twenty-four hour sleep pattern of plasma LH in patients with anorexia nervosa, Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 92, 193, 10.1530/acta.0.0920193 Pirke, 1987, Gonadotropin secretion pattern in bulimia nervosa, Int J Eating Disord, 6, 655, 10.1002/1098-108X(198709)6:5<655::AID-EAT2260060509>3.0.CO;2-D Pirke, 1983, Hypothalamic regulation of gonadotropin secretion in anorexia nervosa and in starvation, Int J Eating Disord, 2, 151, 10.1002/1098-108X(198322)2:4<151::AID-EAT2260020423>3.0.CO;2-Q Pirke, 1984, Metabolic and endocrine indices of starvation in bulimia: a comparison with anorexia nervosa, Psychiatry Res, 15, 33, 10.1016/0165-1781(85)90037-X Puig Antich, 1984, Growth hormone secretion in prepubertal children with major depression: response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia after recovery from a depressive episode and in a drug free state, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 41, 471, 10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790160057006 Quigley, 1980, The role of endogenous opiates on GH secretion during the menstrual cycle, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 51, 179, 10.1210/jcem-51-1-179 Quigley, 1986, Increased luteinizing hormone sensitivity to dopamine inhibition in polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 52, 231, 10.1210/jcem-52-2-231 Quigley, 1980, Evidence for increased dopaminergic and opioid activity in patients with hypothalamic hypogonadotropic amenorrhea, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 50, 949, 10.1210/jcem-50-5-949 Raghuramulu, 1974, Growth hormone in protein-calorie malnutrition, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 38, 176, 10.1210/jcem-38-2-176 Rappaport, 1980, Somatomedin activity and growth hormone secretion: changes related to body weight in anorexia nervosa, Acta Paediatr Scand, 69, 37, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1980.tb07026.x Reichlin, 1985, Neuroendocrinology, 492 Roth, 1963, Hypoglycemia: a potent stimulus for secretion of growth hormone, Science, 140, 987, 10.1126/science.140.3570.987 Rubinow, 1983, CSF somatostatin in affective illness, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 40, 409, 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790040063009 Russell, 1970, Amenorrhea in the feeding disorders: anorexia nervosa and obesity, Psychother Psychosom, 18, 359, 10.1159/000286100 Russell, 1966, Impaired water diuresis in patients with anorexia nervosa, Am J Med, 40, 38, 10.1016/0002-9343(66)90185-9 Russell, 1985, Gonadotropin and estrogen excretion in patients with anorexia nervosa, J Psychosom Res, 9, 79, 10.1016/0022-3999(65)90014-0 Sachar, 1971, Growth hormone responses to depressive illness: response to insulin tolerance test, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 25, 263, 10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750150071010 Sachar, 1972, Growth hormone response to L-dopa in depressed patients, Science, 178, 1304, 10.1126/science.178.4067.1304 Samuel, 1972, Growth hormone in protein calorie malnutrition, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 35, 863, 10.1210/jcem-35-6-863 Sherman, 1977, Effect of nutritional rehabilitation on hypothalamic-pituitary function in anorexia nervosa, 211 Sherman, 1975, LH and FSH response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in anorexia nervosa: effect of nutritional rehabilitation, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 41, 135, 10.1210/jcem-41-1-135 Silva, 1978, The contribution of local tissue thyroxine monodeiodi- nation to the nuclear 3,5,3* triiodothyronine in pituitary, liver and kidney of euthyroid rats, Endocrinology, 103, 1196, 10.1210/endo-103-4-1196 Smith, 1975, Cortisol metabolism and the pituitary-adrenal axis in adults with protein-calorie malnutrition, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 40, 43, 10.1210/jcem-40-1-43 Stokes, 1984, Pretreatment DST and hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenocortical function in depressed patients and comparison groups, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 41, 257, 10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790140047006 Takahara, 1976, Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal function in patients with anorexia nervosa, Endocrinol Jpn, 23, 451, 10.1507/endocrj1954.23.451 Timonen, 1968, Amenorrhea associated with emaciation, Ann Chir Gynaecol (Helsinki), 57, 431 Treasure, 1985, Anorexia nervosa and the adrenal: the effect of weight gain, J Psychiatry Res, 19, 221, 10.1016/0022-3956(85)90021-4 Vagenakis, 1977, Thyroid hormone metabolism in prolonged experimental starvation, 243 Vander Laan, 1978, Implications of growth hormone release in sleep, Metabolism, 19, 891, 10.1016/0026-0495(70)90086-7 Vigersky, 1977, Hypothalamic dysfunction in secondary amenorrhea associated with simple weight loss, N Engl J Med, 297, 1141, 10.1056/NEJM197711242972103 Vigersky, 1977, Anorexia nervosa as a model of hypothalamic dysfunction, 109 Vigersky, 1976, Anorexia nervosa: behavioral and hypothalamic factors, Clin Endocrinol Metab, 5, 517, 10.1016/S0300-595X(76)80034-5 Wakeling, 1977, Assessment of the negative and positive feedback effects of administered oestrogen on gonadotropin release in patients with anorexia nervosa, Psychol Med, 7, 397, 10.1017/S0033291700004360 Wakeling, 1979, Amenorrhea, body weight and serum hormone concentrations, with particular reference to prolactin and thyroid hormones in anorexia nervosa, Psychol Med, 9, 265, 10.1017/S0033291700030750 Wakeling, 1976, The effects of clomiphene citrate on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in anorexia nervosa, Psychol Med, 6, 371, 10.1017/S0033291700015804 Walsh, 1978, Adrenal activity in anorexia nervosa, Psychosom Med, 40, 499, 10.1097/00006842-197810000-00005 Walsh, 1981, The production rate of cortisol declines during recovery from anorexia nervosa, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 53, 203, 10.1210/jcem-53-1-203 Walsh, 1987, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-cortical activity in anorexia nervosa and bulimia, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 12, 131, 10.1016/0306-4530(87)90043-6 Warren, 1973, Clinical and metabolic features of anorexia nervosa, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 117, 435, 10.1016/0002-9378(73)90053-7 Warren, 1975, The significance of weight loss in the evaluation of pituitary response to LH-RH in women with secondary amenorrhea, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 40, 601, 10.1210/jcem-40-4-601 Weiner, 1983, The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in anorexia and bulimia nervosa– an appraisal, Int J Eating Disord, 2, 109, 10.1002/1098-108X(198322)2:4<109::AID-EAT2260020418>3.0.CO;2-J Winterer, 1985, Adrenocorticotropin-stimulated adrenal androgen secretion in anorexia nervosa: impaired secretion at low weight with normalization after long term weight recovery, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 61, 693, 10.1210/jcem-61-4-693 Zumoff, 1983, Subnormal plasma dehydroisoandrosterone to cortisol ratio in anorexia nervosa: a second hormonal parameter of androgenic regression, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 56, 668, 10.1210/jcem-56-4-668