The Elusive Backfire Effect: Mass Attitudes’ Steadfast Factual Adherence

Political Behavior - Tập 41 Số 1 - Trang 135-163 - 2019
Thomas Wood1, Ethan Porter2
1The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
2School of Media and Public Affairs, The George Washington University, Washington, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Barnes, L., Feller, A., Haselswerdt, J., & Porter, E. (2016). Information and preferences over redistributive policy: A field experiment. Working Paper.

Berinsky, A. J. (2017). Rumors and health care reform: Experiments in political misinformation. British Journal of Political Science, 47(2), 241–262. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123415000186 .

Brock, T. C. (1967). Communication discrepancy and intent to persuade as determinants of counterargument production. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3(3), 296–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(67)90031-5 .

Bullock, J. G., Gerber, A. S., Hill, S. J., & Huber, G. A. (2013). Partisan bias in factual beliefs about politics. Working Paper, March 2013, pp. 1–73. https://doi.org/10.1561/100.00014074 .

Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., & Morris, K. J. (1983). Effects of need for cognition on message evaluation, recall, and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(4), 805–818. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.4.805 .

Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. E. (1960). The American Voter. New York: Wiley.

Carmines, E., & Stimson, J. (1980). The two faces of issue voting. American Political Science Review, 74(1), 78–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/1955648 .

Chong, D., & Druckman, J. (2013). Counterframing effects. The Journal of Politics, 75(1), 1–16. Retrieved from http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1017/S0022381612000837 .

Cochran, W. G., & Cox, G. M. (1957). Experimental designs. New York: Wiley.

Conover, P. J., & Feldman, S. (1981). The origins and meaning of liberal/conservative self-identifications. American Journal of Political Science, 25(4), 617. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110756 .

Converse, P. E. (2006). The nature of belief systems in mass publics (1964). Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society, 18(1–3), 1–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913810608443650 .

Coppock, A., & Mcclellan, O. A. (2017). Validating the demographic, political, psychological, and experimental results obtained from a new source of online survey respondents. Retrieved from http://alexandercoppock.com/papers/CM_lucid.pdf .

Fishkin, J. S., & Luskin, R. C. (2005). Experimenting with a democratic ideal: Deliberative polling and public opinion. Acta Politica, 40, 284–298. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500121 .

Fowler, A., & Montagnes, B. P. (2015). College football, elections, and false-positive results in observational research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(45), 13800–13804.

Gerber, A., & Green, D. (1999). Misperceptions about perceptual bias. Annual Review of Political Science, 2, 189–210. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.189 .

Gollust, S. E., Lantz, P. M., & Ubel, P. A. (2009). The polarizing effect of News Media messages about the social determinants of health. Public Health, 99, 2160–2167. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.161414 .

Healy, A., Malhotra, N., & Mo, C. (2010). Irrelevant events affect voters’ evaluations of government performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(29), 12804–12809. Retrieved from http://www.pnas.org/content/107/29/12804.short .

Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The Weirdest people in the world?’. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X .

Hiscox, M. J. (2006). Through a glass and darkly: Attitudes toward international trade and the curious effects of issue framing. International Organization. Cambridge University Press. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818306060255 .

Howell, W. G., & West, M. R. (2009). Educating the public. Education Next, 9(3), 40–47.

Jost, J. T., Nosek, B. A., & Gosling, S. D. (2008). Ideology: Its resurgence in social, personality, and political psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(2), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00070.x .

Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Dawson, E. C., & Slovic, P. (2017). Motivated numeracy and enlightened selfgovernment. Behavioural Public Policy, 1(01), 54–86. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2016.2 .

Kaplan, J. T., Gimbel, S. I., & Harris, S. (2016). Neural correlates of maintaining one’s political beliefs in the face of counterevidence. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 39589. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39589 .

Kuklinski, J. H., & Quirk, P. J. (2000). Reconsidering the rational public: Cognition, heuristics, and mass opinion. In Elements of reason: Cognition, choice and the bounds of rationality (pp. 153–182).

Lippman, W. (1922). Public opinion. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.

Lord, C., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/37/11/2098/ .

Mondak, J. J. (1993). Public opinion and heuristic processing of source cues. Political Behavior, 15(2), 167–192. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/586448 .

Mondak, J. J. (1994). Policy legitimacy and the Supreme Court: The sources and contexts of legitimation. Political Research Quarterly, 47(3), 675. https://doi.org/10.2307/448848 .

Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32(2), 303–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2 .

Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2017). Answering on cue? How corrective information can produce social desirability bias when racial differences are salient. Retrieved from http://www.dartmouth.edu/~nyhan/obama-muslim.pdf .

Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Edelman, C., Passo, W., Banks, A., Boston, E., et al. (2015). Answering on cue?. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College.

Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Richey, S., & Freed, G. L. (2014). Effective messages in vaccine promotion: A randomized trial. Pediatrics, 133(4), e835–e842. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2365 .

Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., & Ubel, P. A. (2013). The hazards of correcting myths about health care reform. Medical Care, 51(2), 127–132. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e318279486b .

Prior, M. (2007). Is partisan bias in perceptions of objective conditions real? The effect of an accuracy incentive on the stated beliefs of partisans. In Annual conference of the Midwestern Political Science Association.

Prior, M., Sood, G., & Khanna, K. (2015). The impact of accuracy incentives on partisan bias in reports of economic perceptions. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 10, 489–518. https://doi.org/10.1561/100.00014127 .

Redlawsk, D. P. (2002). Hot cognition or cool consideration? Testing the effects of motivated reasoning on political decision making. The Journal of Politics, 64(4), 1021–1044. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00161 .

Sanna, L. J., Schwarz, N., & Stocker, S. (2002). When debiasing backfires: Accessible content and accessibility experiences in debiasing hindsight. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 28(3), 497–502. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.28.3.497

Schaffner, B. F., & Roche, C. (2017). Misinformation and motivated reasoning: Responses to economic news in a politicized environment. Public Opinion Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw043 .

Skurnik, I., Yoon, C., Park, D. C., & Schwarz, N. (2005). How warnings about false claims become recommendations. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(4), 713–724. https://doi.org/10.1086/426605 .

Sniderman, P. M., Brody, R. A., & Tetlock, P. E. (1993). Reasoning and choice: Explorations in political psychology. Cambridge University Press.

Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior, 30, 341–366. https://doi.org/10.2307/40213321 .

Swire, B., Berinsky, A. J., Lewandowsky, S., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2017). Processing political misinformation: Comprehending the Trump phenomenon. Royal Society Open Science, 4(3), 160802. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160802 .

Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated specticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. Political Science, 50(3), 755–769. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x .

Thorson, E. (2015). Belief echoes: The persistent effects of corrected misinformation. Political Communication, 46(9), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2015.1102187 .

Trevors, G. J., Muis, K. R., Pekrun, R., Sinatra, G. M., & Winne, P. H. (2016). Identity and epistemic emotions during knowledge revision: A potential account for the backfire effect. Discourse Processes. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2015.1136507 .

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1983). Extensional versus intuititive reasoning: The conjuction fallacy in probability judgment. Psychological Review, 90(4), 293–315. http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/rev/90/4/293/ .

Wood, T., & Oliver, E. (2012). Toward a more reliable implementation of ideology in measures of public opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(4), 636–662. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs045 .

Zaller, J. R. (1992). The nature and origins of mass opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.