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Tác động của Ngữ cảnh Rủi ro đến Giá trị Cuộc sống Thống kê: một Mô hình Meta Bayesian
Tóm tắt
Bài báo này trình bày phân tích tổng hợp đầu tiên về giá trị cuộc sống thống kê (VSL) ước lượng thực nghiệm các yếu tố điều chỉnh cho mục đích chuyển nhượng lợi ích ‘ngoài ngữ cảnh’ (BT). Trong lĩnh vực giảm thiểu rủi ro tử vong, các giá trị sẵn lòng chi trả được đánh giá trong một ngữ cảnh rủi ro, chẳng hạn như an toàn giao thông, thường được áp dụng vào các ngữ cảnh rủi ro khác như ô nhiễm không khí. Tuy nhiên, sự khác biệt trong nhận thức rủi ro và dân số có nguy cơ ở các ngữ cảnh khác nhau có khả năng dẫn đến sự khác biệt trong các ước lượng VSL. Trong một phân tích tổng hợp 26 nghiên cứu ưu tiên tuyên bố quốc tế, một mô hình Bayesian được ước lượng, hồi quy các giá trị dự kiến cho việc giảm thiểu rủi ro tử vong, bắt nguồn từ ba ngữ cảnh rủi ro khác nhau, trên các đặc điểm của việc giảm thiểu rủi ro đó và các biến số bổ sung mô tả các nghiên cứu nền tảng. Một khoản phí sẵn lòng trả (WTP) cho việc giảm thiểu rủi ro tử vong trong ngữ cảnh ô nhiễm không khí và rủi ro tử vong tổng quát so với cải thiện an toàn giao thông đã được quan sát. Đánh giá ở mức trung bình, các ước lượng VSL cho an toàn giao thông cần được nhân với một yếu tố 1.8 trước khi áp dụng trong ngữ cảnh ô nhiễm không khí. Hơn nữa, trong một bài tập BT minh họa, chúng tôi nhận thấy có sự chồng chéo hạn chế trong tập hợp các phân phối VSL dự đoán cụ thể theo ngữ cảnh. Do đó, BT ‘ngoài ngữ cảnh’ dẫn đến việc ước lượng VSL bị thổi phồng hoặc giảm đi đáng kể.
Từ khóa
#giá trị cuộc sống thống kê #VSL #chuyển nhượng lợi ích #phân tích tổng hợp #mô hình Bayesian #rủi ro tử vong #an toàn giao thông #ô nhiễm không khíTài liệu tham khảo
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