Nội dung được dịch bởi AI, chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo
Ảnh Hưởng Khác Biệt của Phân Biệt Chủng Tộc đối với Rủi Ro Béo Phì theo Xuất Xứ và Mức Nghèo Khu Vực ở Người Mỹ Gốc Tây Ban Nha
Tóm tắt
Trong khi việc phân biệt địa lý chủng tộc thường được coi là nguyên nhân cơ bản của sự bất bình đẳng sức khỏe giữa các chủng tộc, ảnh hưởng sức khỏe của nó đối với người Mỹ gốc Tây Ban Nha vẫn chưa rõ ràng. Chúng tôi lập luận rằng một số thiếu sót đã hạn chế sự hiểu biết của chúng tôi về cách phân biệt chủng tộc ảnh hưởng đến kết quả sức khỏe của người gốc Tây Ban Nha, đặc biệt là việc không đánh giá các tác động có thể khác nhau của phân biệt theo mức độ nghèo của khu vực và sự nhầm lẫn phân biệt với các khu vực dân tộc. Chúng tôi sử dụng nhiều năm dữ liệu được mã hóa địa lý có hạn chế từ một mẫu đại diện quốc gia của dân số Mỹ (Khảo sát Phỏng vấn Sức khỏe Quốc gia 2006–2013) để điều tra mối liên hệ giữa sự phân tách chủng tộc tại cấp độ đô thị và tình trạng béo phì theo xuất xứ và mức độ nghèo khu vực. Chúng tôi thấy rằng phân biệt chủng tộc có tác dụng bảo vệ chống lại béo phì đối với người nhập cư gốc Tây Ban Nha sống ở những khu vực có tỷ lệ nghèo thấp. Đối với người nhập cư gốc Tây Ban Nha sống ở các khu vực có tỷ lệ nghèo cao hơn, không có mối liên hệ nào giữa phân biệt chủng tộc và béo phì được tìm thấy. Trong số những người Mỹ gốc Tây Ban Nha sinh ra ở Mỹ, chúng tôi quan sát thấy nguy cơ béo phì tăng lên - nhưng chỉ đối với những người sống ở khu vực có tỷ lệ nghèo cao. Không có mối liên hệ nào được tìm thấy cho những người ở khu vực nghèo thấp và trung bình. Kết quả cho thấy rằng mối quan hệ giữa phân biệt chủng tộc và sức khỏe đối với người gốc Tây Ban Nha không đồng nhất trong một khu vực đô thị. Trong trường hợp của béo phì, hậu quả của sự phân biệt chủng tộc gốc Tây Ban Nha đô thị có thể là bảo vệ, không tác động hoặc có hại tùy thuộc không chỉ vào bối cảnh khu vực địa phương mà còn vào xuất xứ.
Từ khóa
#sự phân biệt chủng tộc #béo phì #người Mỹ gốc Tây Ban Nha #nghèo đói #xuất xứTài liệu tham khảo
Massey D, Tannen J. A research note on trends in black hypersegregation. Demography. 2015;52(3):1025–34.
Tienda M, Fuentes N. Hispanics in metropolitan America: new realities and old debates. Annu Rev Sociol. 2014;40:499–520.
Kramer MR, Hogue CR. Is segregation bad for your health? Epidemiol Rev. 2009;31:178–94.
Williams DR, Collins C. Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Rep. 2001;116:404–16.
Acevedo-Garcia D, Lochner KA, Osypuk TL, Subramanian SV. Future directions in residential segregation and health research: a multilevel approach. Am J Public Health. 2003;93:215–21.
Massey DS. Residential segregation is the linchpin of racial stratification. City Community. 2016;15(1):4–7.
Iceland J. Where we live now: immigration and race in the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2009.
Martins M, Diaz JE, Valiño R, Kwate NO, Abraido-Lanza AF. Havens of risks or resources? A study of two Latino neighborhoods in New York City. J Urban Health. 2014;91(3):477–88.
Yang T-C, Zhao Y, Song Q. Residential segregation and racial disparities in self-rated health: how do dimensions of residential segregation matter? Soc Sci Res. 2017;61:29–42.
Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010. JAMA. 2012;307(5):491–7.
Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Trends in obesity among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. JAMA. 2016;315(21):2284–91.
Suglia S, Shelton RC, Hsiao A, Wang YC, Rundle A, Link BG. Why the neighborhood social environment is critical in obesity prevention. J Urban Health. 2016;93(1):206–12.
Pool LR, et al. Longitudinal associations of neighborhood-level racial residential segregation with obesity among blacks. Epidemiology. 2018;29(2):207–14.
Li K, Wen M, Henry KA. Residential racial composition and black-white obesity risks: differential effects of neighborhood social and built environment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11:626–42.
Chang VW. Racial residential segregation and weight status among US adults. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(5):1289–303.
Cozier YC, Yu J, Coogan PF, Bethea TN, Rosenberg L, Palmer JR. Racism, segregation, and risk of obesity in the black women’s health study. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;179(7):875–83.
Bower K, et al. Racial residential segregation and disparities in obesity among women. J Urban Health. 2015;92(5):843–52.
Chang VW, Hillier AE, Mehta NK. Neighborhood racial isolation, Disorder and Obesity. Soc Forces. 2009;87(4):2063–92.
Kershaw KN, Albrecht SS. Metropolitan-level ethnic residential segregation, racial identity, and body mass index among U.S. Hispanic adults: a multilevel cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:283.
Kershaw KN, Albrecht SS, Carnethon MR. Racial and ethnic residential segregation, the neighborhood socioeconomic environment, and obesity among blacks and Mexican Americans. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(4):299–309.
Corral I, Landrine H, Zhao L. Residential segregation and obesity among a national sample of Hispanic adults. J Health Psychol. 2014;19(4):503–8.
Eschbach K, Ostir GV, Patel KV, Markides KS, Goodwin JS. Neighborhood context and mortality among older Mexican Americans: is there a barrio advantage? Am J Public Health. 2004;94(10):1807–12.
Lee M-A, Ferraro KF. Neighborhood residential segregation and physical health among Hispanic Americans: good, bad, or benign? J Health Soc Behav. 2007;48(2):131–48.
Britton ML, Shin H. Metropolitan residential segregation and very preterm birth among African American and Mexican-origin women. Soc Sci Med. 2013;98:37–45.
Viruell-Fuentes EA, Miranda PY, Abdulrahim S. More than culture: structural racism, intersectionality theory, and immigrant health. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(12):2099–106.
Inagami S, Borrell LN, Wong MD, Fang J, Shapiro MF, Asch SM. Residential segregation and Latino, black and white mortality in New York City. J Urban Health. 2006;83(3):406–20.
Eschbach K, Mahnken JD, Goodwin JS. Neighborhood composition and incidence of cancer among Hispanics in the United States. Cancer. 2005;103(5):1036.
Ostir GV, Eschbach K, Markides KS, Goodwin JS, Ostir GV, Eschbach K, et al. Neighbourhood composition and depressive symptoms among older Mexican Americans. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:987–92.
Gerst K, Miranda PY, Eschbach K, Sheffield KM, Peek MK, Markides KS. Protective neighborhoods: neighborhood proportion of Mexican Americans and depressive symptoms in very old Mexican Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:353–8.
Shell AM, Peek MK, Eschbach K. Neighborhood Hispanic composition and depressive symptoms among Mexican-descent residents of Texas City, Texas. Soc Sci Med. 2013;99:56–63.
Shaw RJ, Pickett KE, Wilkinson RG. Ethnic density effects on birth outcomes and maternal smoking during pregnancy in the US linked birth and infant death data set. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(4):707–13.
Patel KV, Eschbach K, Rudkin LL, Peek MK, Markides KS. Neighborhood context and self-rated health in older Mexican Americans. Ann Epidemiol. 2003;13(9):620–8.
Lee MA, Lee M-A. Neighborhood residential segregation and mental health: a multilevel analysis on Hispanic Americans in Chicago. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(11):1975–84.
Hong S, Zhang W, Walton E. Neighborhoods and mental health: exploring ethnic density, poverty, and social cohesion among Asian Americans and Latinos. Soc Sci Med. 2014;111:117–24.
Do DP, Dubowitz T, Bird CE, Lurie N, Escarce JJ, Finch BK. Neighborhood context and ethnicity differences in body mass index: a multilevel analysis using the NHANES III survey (1988-1994). Econ Hum Biol. 2007;5(2):179–203.
Haas JS, Earle CC, Orav JE, Brawarsky P, Keohane M, Neville BA, et al. Racial segregation and disparities in breast cancer care and mortality. Cancer. 2008;113(8):2166–72.
Nelson KA. Does residential segregation help or hurt? Exploring differences in the relationship between segregation and health among U.S. Hispanics by nativity and ethnic subgroup. Soc Sci J. 2013;50(4):646–57.
Anderson KF, Fullerton AS. Residential segregation, health, and health care: answering the Latino question. Race Soc Probl. 2014;6(3):262–79.
Moloney KL, South SJ. Ethnic density and obesity: evidence from fixed-effects models. Health Place. 2015;31:199–207.
Grigsby-Toussaint DS, Jones A, Kubo J, Bradford N. Residential segregation and diabetes risk among Latinos. Ethn Dis. 2015;25(4):451–8.
Bécares L, Shaw R, Nazroo J, Stafford M, Albor C, Atkin K, et al. Ethnic density effects on physical morbidity, mortality, and health behaviors: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(12):e33–66.
Subramanian SV, Acevedo-Garcia D, Osypuk TL. Racial residential segregation and geographic heterogeneity in black/white disparity in poor self-rated health in the US: a multilevel statistical analysis. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(8):1667–79.
Kramer MR, Cooper HL, Drews-Botsch CD, Waller LA, Hogue CR. Metropolitan isolation segregation and black–white disparities in very preterm birth: a test of mediating pathways and variance explained. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(12):2108–16.
Jones A. Segregation and cardiovascular illness: the role of individual and metropolitan socioeconomic status. Health & Place. 2013;22:56–67.
Osypuk T, Acevedo-Garcia D. Are racial disparities in preterm birth larger in Hypersegregated areas? Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(11):1295–304.
Kershaw KN, Diez Roux AV, Burgard SA, Lisabeth LD, Mujahid MS, Schulz AJ. Metropolitan-level racial residential segregation and black-white disparities in hypertension. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174(5):537–45.
Greer S, Kramer MR, Cook-Smith JN, Casper ML. Metropolitan racial residential segregation and cardiovascular mortality: exploring pathways. J Urban Health. 2014;91(3):499–509.
Kotecki JA, Gennuso KP, Givens ML, Kindig DA. Separate and sick: residential segregation and the health of children and youth in metropolitan statistical areas. J Urban Health. 2019;96(2):149–58.
Osypuk TL, Bates LM, Acevedo-Garcia D. Another Mexican birthweight paradox? The role of residential enclaves and neighborhood poverty in the birthweight of Mexican-origin infants. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70(4):550–60.
Do DP, Frank R, Zheng C, Iceland J. Hispanic segregation and poor health: It's not just black and white. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;186(8):990–9.
Alvarado SE. Neighborhood disadvantage and obesity across childhood and adolescence: evidence from the NLSY children and young adults cohort (1986–2010). Soc Sci Res. 2016;57:80–98.
Morland K, Wing S, Diez Roux A. Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places. Am J Prev Med. 2002;22(1):23–9.
Zenk SN, Schulz AJ, Israel BA, James SA, Bao S, Wilson ML. Neighborhood racial composition, neighborhood poverty, and the spatial accessibility of supermarkets in Metropolitan Detroit. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(4):660–7.
Larson NI, Story MT, Nelson MC. Neighborhood environments: disparities in access to healthy foods in the U.S. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36(1):74–81.
Bancroft C, Joshi S, Rundle A, Hutson M, Chong C, Weiss CC, et al. Association of proximity and density of parks and objectively measured physical activity in the United States: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2015;138:22–30.
Won J, Lee C, Forjuoh SN, Ory MG. Neighborhood safety factors associated with older adults' health-related outcomes: a systematic literature review. Soc Sci Med. 2016;165:177–86.
Tucker-Seeley RD, Subramanian SV, Li Y, Sorensen G. Neighborhood safety, socioeconomic status, and physical activity in older adults. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37(3):207–13.
Booth JM, Teixeira S, Zuberi A, Wallace JM Jr. Barrios, ghettos, and residential racial composition: examining the racial makeup of neighborhood profiles and their relationship to self-rated health. Soc Sci Res. 2018;69:19–33.
Do DP, Frank R, Iceland J. Black-white metropolitan segregation and self-rated health: investigating the role of neighborhood poverty. Soc Sci Med. 2017;187:85–92.
Bean F. Changing ethnic and racial diversity in the United States: a review essay. Popul Dev Rev. 2016;42(1):135–42.
Viruell-Fuentes E. Beyond acculturation: immigration, discrimination, and health research among Mexicans in the United States. Soc Sci Med. 2007;65:1524–35.
Ullmann SH, Goldman N, Pebley AR. Contextual factors and weight change over time: a comparison between U.S. Hispanics and other population sub-groups. Soc Sci Med. 2013;90:40–8.
Nobari TZ, Wang MC, Chaparro MP, Crespi CM, Koleilat M, Whaley SE. Immigrant enclaves and obesity in preschool-aged children in Los Angeles County. Soc Sci Med. 2013;92:1–8.
Wen M, Maloney TN. Latino residential isolation and the risk of obesity in Utah: the role of neighborhood socioeconomic, built-environmental, and subcultural context. J Immigr Minor Health. 2011;13(6):1134–41.
Blewett, L.A., et al., PUMS health surveys: National Health Interview Survey, Version 6.2. , U.o. Minnesota, Editor. 2016: Minneapolis.
U.S. Census Bureau, Patterns of metropolitan and micropolitan population change: 2000 to 2010 Tables. Patterns of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Population Change: 2000 to 2010 Tables 2010. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2012/dec/c2010sr-01.html. Accessed 13 Mar 2020.
Fernández-Rhodes L, et al. Accuracy of self-reported weight in Hispanic/Latino Adults of the Hispanic community health study/study of Latinos. Epidemiology. 2017;28(6):847–53.
Wen M, Kowaleski-Jones L. Sex and ethnic differences in validity of self-reported adult height, weight and body mass index. Ethn Dis. 2012;22(1):72–8.
Massey DS, Denton NA. The dimensions of residential segregation. Social Forces. 1988;67(2):281–315.
Bower KM, Thorpe RJ Jr, Rohde C, Gaskin DJ. The intersection of neighborhood racial segregation, poverty, and urbanicity and its impact on food store availability in the United States. Prev Med. 2014;58:33–9.
Kravitz-Wirtz N. A discrete-time analysis of the effects of more prolonged exposure to neighborhood poverty on the risk of smoking initiation by age 25. Soc Sci Med. 2016;148:79–92.
Allison, P.D., Logistic Regression Using SAS: Theory and Application, S. Institute, Editor. 2012.
IPUMS, User Note - Sample Design NHIS Sample Design https://nhis.ipums.org/nhis/userNotes_sampledesign.shtml, nd.
Teachman J. Body weight, marital status, and changes in marital status. J Fam Issues. 2016;37(1):74–96.
Frank, R., et al., Advancing the field of immigration and health, in Immigration and Health, R. Frank, editor. 2019, Emerald Publishing.
Portes A, Zhou M. The new second generation: segmented assimilation and its variants. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci. 1993;530(1):74–96.