The Cu−Ti (Copper-Titanium) system

31Kro: W. Von Kroll, “Tempered Titanium-Copper Alloys”,Z. Metallkd. 23, 33–39 (1931) in German. (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

31Sch: E. E. Schumacher and W. C. Ellis, “Age Hardening of Copper-Titanium Alloys”,Metal and Alloys, 2, 111 (1931). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

32Hen: F. R. Hensel and E. I. Larsen, “Age, Hardening Copper-Titanium Alloys”,Trans. AIME, 99, 55–64 (1932) (Equi Diagram)

39Lav: F. Laves and H. J. Wallbaum, “On the Crystal Chemistry of Titanium Alloys”,Naturwissenschaften, 27, 674–675 (1939) in German. (Crys Structure; Experimental)

51Kar: N. Karlsson, “An X-Ray Study of the Phases in t Copper-Titanium System”,J. Inst. Met., 79, 391–405 (1951). (Crys Structure; Experimental)

51Mcq: A. D. McQuillan, “The Application of Hydrogen Equilibrium-Pressure Measurements to the Investigation of Titanium Alloy Systems”,J. Inst. Met., 79, 73–88 (1951). (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

Indicates key paper52Jou: A. Joukainen, N. J. Grant, and C. F. Floe, “Titanium-Copper Binary Phase Diagram”,Trans. AIME, 194, 766–770 (1952) (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

52Rau: E. Raub, P. Walter, and M. Engel, “Alloys of Titanium with Copper, Silver and Gold”,Z. Metallkd., 43, 112–118 (1952) in German. (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

52Ros: W. Rostoker, “Observations of the Occurrence of Ti2X Phases”,Trans. AIME 194 209–210 (1952). (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

Indicates key paper53Trz: W. Trzebiatowski, J. Berak, and T. Romotowski, “The Copper-Titanium System”,Roczniki Chemii, 27, 426–437 (1953) in Polish. (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

55Hol: F.C. Holden, A.A. Watts, H.R. Ogden and R.I. Jaffee”, “Heat Treatment and Mechanical Properties of Ti−Cu Alloys”,Trans. AIME, 203, 117–125 (1955). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

56Sim: W. Simon, “Dissertation Work”,Berg Akad. Clausthal (1956) in German. (Lattice Parameters; Experimental)

58Vig: V.N. Vigdorovitch, A.N. Krestovnikov and M.V. Malitsev, “Phase Diagram of the Copper-Titanium System”,Izv. Akad. Nauk SSR Otd. Tech. Nauk, (2), 145–148 (1958) in Russian. (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

59Doi: T. Doi, “On the Structure Changes Produced by Aging of Cu−Ti Alloy”,Acta Met., 7, 291–292 (1959) (Meta Phases; Experimental)

59Man: J. Manenc, “Existence of Precipitation stages in the Age-Hardening of Cu-Based Ti Alloys”Acta Met., 7, 808–808 (1959) in French. (Meta Phases; Experimental)

59Saa: M.J. Saarivirta and H.S. Cannon, “Copper-Titanium Alloys Have High Strength”Metal Progress, 72(2), 81–84 (1959). (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

60Kal: K.P. Kalinin and M.Z. Spiridonova, “Investigation of the Properties of Copper-Titanium Alloys”Tr. Gos. Nauchn-Issled. Proektn. Inst. Obrab. Isvetn. Met., 18, 46–57 (1960) in Russian. (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

60Nes: E.G. Nesterenko and K.V. Chuistov, “Structural Transformations in the Aging of Copper-Titanium Alloy”Fiz. Met. Metalloved., 9(3), 415–421 (1960) in Russian; TR:Phys. Met. Metallogr., 9(3), 81–86 (1960). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

60Sat: T. Sato, S. Hukai, and Y.C. Huang, “The Ms Points of Binary Titanium Alloys”J. Aust. Inst. Met., 5(2), 149–153 (1960). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

61Enc: E. Ence and H. Margolin, “A Study of the Ti−Cu−Zr System and the Structure of Ti2Cu,”Trans. AIME, 221, 320–322 (1961). (Crys Structure; Experimental)

62Bor: N.G. Boriskina and K.P. Myasnikova, “Solubility of Iron, Manganese and Copper in α-Titanium,”Titan. Ego Splavy, Akad. Nauk SSR Inst. Met., 7, 61–67 (1962) in Russian. (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

Indicates key paper62Heu: U. Heubner and G. Wasserman, “Investigation of Precipitation and Tempering Behavior of Supersaturated Cu−Ti Solid Solutions,”Z. Metallkd., 53, 153–154 (1962) in German. (Meta Phases; Experimental)

62Mue: M.H. Mueller, M.V. Nevitt, and H.W. Knott, “A Study of the Ti−Cu−Zr System and the Structure of Ti2Cu”,Trans. AIME, 224, 611–612 (1962). (Crys Structure; Experimental)

Indicates key paper62Zwi: U. Zwicker, “Tempering and Mechanical Properties of Copper-Titanium Alloys,”Z. Metallkd., 53, 709–714 (1962) in German. (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

63Luz: I. P. Luzhikov, V. M. Novikova, and A. P. Mareev, “Solubility of β-Stabilizers in α-Titanium,”Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Metallov., (2), 13–16 (1963) in Russian; TR:Met. Sci. Heat Treat., (2), 78–81 (1963) (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

63Hah: H. D. Hahlbohm, “Electrical, Magnetic and Galvano-Magnetic Measurements of Copper-Titanium and Gold-Titanium”Z. Metallkd., 5, 515–518 (1963) in German. (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

63Mue: M. H. Mueller and H. W. Knott, “The Crystal Structures of Ti2Cu, Ti2Ni, Ti4Ni2O, and Ti4Cu2O,”Trans. AIME, 227, 674–678 (1963). (Crys Structure; Experimental)

Indicates key paper63Pie: P. Pietrokowsky and J. R. Maticich, “The Use of the Electron-Microprobe Analyzer in the Study of Binary Metal Alloy Systems”,X-Ray Optics and X-Ray Microanalysis 3rd Intl. Symp., 591–602, (1963). (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

64Sch: K. Schubert, H. G. Meissner, and W. Rossteutscher, “Structure Data on Metallic Phases(11)”,Naturwissenschaften, 51, 507 (1964) in German. (Crys Structure; Experimental)

Indicates key paper65Sch: K. Schubert, “On the Constitution of the Titanium-Copper and Titanium-Silver System,”Z. Metallkd., 56(3) 197–198 (1965) in German. (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

Indicates key paper66Ere: V. N. Eremenko, Y. I. Buyanov, and S. B. Prima, “Phase Diagram of the System Titanium-Copper”,Porosh. Met., Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, 6(6), 77–87 (1966) in Russian; TR: Sov.Powder Met., (6), 494–502 (1966). (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

66Sat: K. Sato, “Direct Observations on Precipitation in Copper-Titanium Alloys,”Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met., 7, 267–272 (1966). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

66Van: J. H. N. Van Vucht, “Influence of Radius Ratio on the Structure of Intermetallic Copounds of theAB 3 Type”,J. Less-Common Met., 11, 308–322 (1966). (Crys Structure; Experimental)

66Zwi: U. Zwicker, E. Kalsch, T. Nishimura, D. Ott, and H. Seilstorfer, “Effect of Impurities on the Phase Equilibria of Curich Copper-Titanium Alloys,”Metall., 20(12), 1252–1255 (1966) in German. (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

67Gar: Yu V. Gardina, L. T. Gordeeva, L. G. Timonina, and N. R. Zifferman, “Metallic Compounds in the Ti−Cu System”Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Metall., (2), 10–11 (1967); TR:Met. Sci. Heat Treat., (2), 85–86 (1967). (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

67Sai: K. Saito, K. Iida, and R. Watanabe “The Ageing Behaviour of Cu-4 wt. % Ti Alloy,”Trans. Nat. Res. Inst. Met., 9(5) 21–27 (1967). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

68Pfe: H. U. Pfeifer, S. Bhan, and K. Schubert, “On the Structures of Ti−Ni−Cu and Quasi-Homologous Alloys,”J. Less-Common Met., 14, 291–302 (1968) in German. (Crys Structure; Experimental)

68Ray: R. Ray, B. C. Geissen, and N. J. Grant, “New Non-Crystalline Phases in Splat-Cooled Transition Metal Alloys”,Scripta Met., 2, 357–359 (1968). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

69Sin: A. K. Sinha, “Close-Packed OrderedAB 3 Structures in Binary Transition Metal Alloys,”Trans. AIME, 245, 237–240 (1969). (Crys Structure; Experimental)

70Ble: P. A. Blenkinsop and R. E. Goosey, “A Study of the Age Hardening Reaction in Titanium-2 1/2 Copper,”Sci. Technol. Appl. Titanium, Proc. Intl. Conf., R.I. Jaffee and N.E. Promisel, Ed., 783–793 (1970) (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

70Kau: L. Kaufman and H. BernsteinComputer Calculation of Phase Diagrams, Academic Press (1970). (Thermo; Theory)

70Kru: W. E. Krull and R. W. Newman, “The Lattice Parameter of the α Copper-Titanium Solid Solution,”J. Appl. Cryst., 3, 519–521 (1970). (Lattice Parameter; Experimental)

70Lue: G. Luetjering and S. Weissmann, “Mechanical Properties and Structure of Age-Hardened Ti−Cu Alloys”,Met. Trans., 1, 1641–1649 (1970) (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

70Wil1: J. C. Williams, D. H. Polonis, and R. Taggart, “An Electron Microscopy Study of Phase Transformations in Titanium-Copper Alloys”,Sci. Technol. Appl. Titanium, Proc. Intl. Conf., E. I. Jaffee and N. E. Promisel, Ed., 733–743 (1970). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

70Wil2: J. C. Williams, R. Taggart, and D. H. Polonis, “The Morphology and Substructure of Ti−Cu Martensite”,Met Trans., 1, 2265–2270 (1970). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

71Gie: B. C. Giessen and D. Szymanski, “A Meta Phase TiCu3(m),”J. Appl. Cryst., 4, 257–259 (1971). (Meta Phases)

71Hak: T. Hakkarainen, Thesis, Helsinki Univ. of Technology (1971). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

71Wil: J. C. Williams, R. Taggart, and D. H. Polonis, “An Electron Microscopy Study of Modes of Intermetallic Precipitation in Ti−Cu Alloys,”Met. Trans., 2, 1139–1148 (1971) (Meta Phases; Experimental)

72Mic: H. T. Michels, I. B. Cadoff, and E. Levine, “Precipitation-Hardening in Cu-3.6 Wt. Pct. Ti,”Met. Trans., 3, 667–674 (1972). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

73Cor: J. A. Cornie, A. Datta, and W. A. Soffa, “An Electron Microscopy Study of Precipitation in Cu−Ti Sideband Alloys”,Met. Trans., 4, 727–733 (1973). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

73Kni: R. Knights and P. Wilkes, “The Precipitation of Titanium in Copper and Copper-Nickel Base Alloys”,Acta Met., 21, 1503–1514 (1973). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

73Pol: A. F. Polesya and L. S. Slipchenko, “Formation of Amorphous Phases and Meta Solid Solutions in binary Ti and Zr Alloys with Fe, Ni and Cu”,Akad. Nauk SSSR Metally, (6), 173–178 (1973); TR:Russ. Met., (6), 103–107 (1973). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

73Tsu1: T. Tsujimoto, K. Saito, and K. Hashimoto, “X-Ray Small-Angle Scattering Study on the Early Stages of the Decomposition in a Cu-4 wt% Ti Alloy,”J. Jpn. Inst. Met., 37(1) 67–72 (1973) in Japanese. (Meta Phases; Experimental)

73Tsu2: T. Tsujimoto, K. Hashimoto, and K. Saito, “X-Ray Small-Angle Scattering Study on the Later Stages of the Decomposition in a Cu-4 wt% Ti Alloy,”J. Jpn. Inst. Metal., 37(1) 61–67 (1973) in Japanese. (Meta Phases; Experimental)

73Zan: A. Zangvil, S. Yamamoto, and Y. Murakami, “Electron Microscopic Determination of Orientation Relationship and Habit Plane for Ti−Cu Martensite,”Met. Trans., 4, 467–475 (1973). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

74Dut: J. Dutkiewicz, “The Influence of Temperature on the Ageing of Copper-Titanium Alloys,”Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci., 22(4), 323–328 (1974). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

74lau1: D. E. Laughlin and J. W. Cahn, “Ordering in Copper-Titanium Alloys,”Met. Trans., 5, 972–974 (1974). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

74Lau2: D. E. Laughlin and J. W. Cahn, “The Crystal Structure of the Metastable Precipitate in Copper-Based Copper-Titanium Alloys,”Scripta Met., 8, 75–78 (1974). (Crys Structure; Experimental)

75Lau: D. E. Laughlin and J. W. Cahn, “Spinodal Decomposition in Age Hardening Copper-Titanium Alloys,”Acta Met., 23, 329–339 (1975). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

75Pol: A. F. Polesya and L. S. SLipchenko, “Metastable Phase with bcc Lattice in the Copper-Titanium System,”Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Tsvetn. Metall., (6), 144–147 (1975) in Russian. (Meta Phases; Experimental)

75Vai: T. K. Vaidyanathan and K. Mukherjee, “Continuous Precipitation in Cu-Rich Cu−Ti Binary and Cu−Ti−Al Ternary Alloys,”J. Mat. Sci., 10, 1697–1710 (1975). (Meta Phases, (cu); Experimental)

76Dat: A. Datta and W. A. Soffa, “The Structure., and Properties of Age Hardened Cu−Ti Alloys,”Acta Met., 24, 987–1001 (1976). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

76Vai: T.K. Vaidyanathan and K. Mukherjee, “Precipitation in Cu−Ti and Cu−Ti-Alloys, Discontinuous and Localized Precipitation,”Mat. Sci. Eng., 24, 143–152 (1976). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

76Zan: A. Zangvil, S. Yamamoto, and Y. Murakami, “Morphology and Substructure of Ti−Cu Martensite and Its Aged Martensite”Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met., 16, 575–581 (1976). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

77Dut: J. Dutkiewicz, “Mechanism of Spinodal Decomposition. Discontinuous Precipitation and Ordering in Aged Alloys with F.C.C. Lattice,” Sci. Bull. Stan. Stas. Univ. Min. and Met. No. 675, Bull. 80, 56–99 (1977) in Polish (Meta Phases; Experimental)

78Dut: J. Dutkiewicz, “Spinodal Decomposition, Ordering, and Discontinuous Precipitation in Deformed and Aged Copper-Titanium Alloys,”Metals Technol., 5(10), 333–340 (1978). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

78Kau: L. Kaufman, “Coupled Phase Diagrams and Thermochemical Data for Transition Metal Binary Systems-III”Calphad, 2(5), 117–146 (1978). (Thermo; Experimental)

Indicates key paper79Ari: M. Arita, R. Kinaka, and M. Someno, “Application of the Metal-Hydrogen Equilibration for Determining Thermodynamic Properties in the Ti−Cu System,”Met. Trans., 10A, 529–534 (1979). (Thermodynamics; Experimental)

79Eco: R. C. Ecob, J. V. Bee, and B. Ralph, “The Structure of the β-Phase in Dilute Copper-Titanium Alloys,”Phys. Stat. Sol. (a), 52, 201–210 (1979). (Crys Structure; Experimental)

79Sak: M. Sakata, N. Cowlam, and H. A. Davies, “Neutron Diffraction Measurement of the Structure Factor of a CuTi Metallic Glass,”J. Phys. F.: Metal Phys., 9(12), L235-L240 (1979). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

Indicates key paper79Vig: G. Vigier, J. M. Pelletier, and J. Merlin, “Determination of Copper Solubility in Titanium and Study of Ti−Cu Solid Solution Stability by Thermoelectric Power Measurements”,J. Less-Common Met., 64, 175–183 (1979). (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

80Eco: R. C. Ecob, J. V. Bee, and B. Ralph, “Some Ordering Phenomena in the β Cu4Ti Phase,”J. Micro., 119 Pt. 1, 153–161 (1980). (Crys Structure; Experimental)

80Gac: J. C. Gachon, J. P. Hilger, M. Notin, and J. Hertz, “Enthalpies and Free Enthalpies of Formation for Dilute Binary Solid Solutions Cu-M (M in the First Long Period),”J. Less-Common Met., 72, 167–192 (1980). (Thermo; Experimental)

80Rao: D. Raoux, J. F. Sadoc, P. Lagarde, A. Sadoc, and A. Fontaine, “Local Structure in a Cu2Ti Amorphous Alloy by EXAFS and X-Ray Scattering,”J. Phys. Colloq. C8, 41(8), C-207–C-210 (1980). (Meta Phases)

80Sak: M. Sakata, N. Cowlam, and H. A. Davies, “Measurements of Compositional Order in Binary Metallic Glasses”,J. Phys. Colloq. C8, 41(8), C-190–C-193 (1980) (Meta Phases; Experimental)

80Pel: J. M. Pelletier, G. Vigier, R. Borrelly, and J. Merlin, “Isothermal Decomposition of Solid Solutions in a Ti−2.5 wt Cu Alloy”,Titanium ′80, Sci. and Techn., Proc. 4th Intl. Conf. on Titanium, H. Kimura and O. Izumi, Ed., 1408–1417 (1980) (Meta Phases; Experimental)

81BAP: “Melting Points of the Elements”,Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams,2(1), 145–146 (1981).

81Ciz: P. Cizinsky and J. Pesicka, “The Spinodal Decomposition of Cu−Ti Alloys”Czech J. Phys. B, 31, 752–755 (1981). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

81Fuk: T. Fukunaga, K. Kai, N. Masaaki, N. Watanabe, and K. Suzuki, “High Resolution Short-Range Structure of Ni−Ti and Cu−Ti Alloy Glasses by Pulsed Neutron Total Scattering”, Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Rapidly Quenched Metals (Sendai), 347–350 (1981). (Meta Phases; Experimental)

81Sak: M. Sakata, N. Cowlam, and H. A. Davies, “Chemical Short-Range Order in Liquid and Amorphous Cu66Ti34 Alloys”,J. Phys. F.: Metal Phys., 11, L157-L162 (1981). (Meta Phases; Experimetal)

81Yok: H. Yokokawa and O. J. Kleppa, “Thermochemistry of Liquid Alloys of Transition Metals. II.—(Copper and Titanium) at 1372 K”,J. Chem. Thermodyn., 13(8), 703–715 (1981). (Thermo; Experimental)

82Kle: O. J. Kleppa and S. Watanabe, “Thermochemistry of Alloys of Transition Metals: Part III. Copper-Silver,-Titanium,-Zirconium, and-Hafnium at 1373 K”,Met. Trans. 13B, 391–401 (1982). (Thermo; Experimental)

82Shu: R. Shull, A. McAlister, and J. Murray, (1982) to be published. (Equi Diagram; Experimental)

82Som: F. Sommer, K.-H. Klapper, I. Arpshofen, and B. Predel, “Thermodynamic Investigation of Liquid Copper-Titanium Alloys”,Z. Metallkd., 73, 581–584 (1982) (Thermo)

82Woy: C. Woychik and T. B. Massalski, private communication (1982). (Meta Phases; Experimental)