The Contribution of NGOs in General and Skål International Particularly, in Tourism Development

Ruhet Genç1
1Turkish-German University (TGU), Istanbul, Turkey

Tóm tắt

This paper aims to highlight the importance of non-governmental organisations (NGOs), especially the Skål movement for sustainable tourism. NGOs play a role in developing tourism sustainably by taking into account a community’s attachment, engagement and commitment. NGOs play a vital role in tourism management and development. Skål International which was originally established as an European initiative in the 1930s and has flourished worldwide today is one of the few NGOs that has proven itself as a reliable resource for tourism development. By conducting environmental awareness programs and playing a liaison role between the private sector, communities and the government, Skål develops and establishes standards to be applied in the sector. Other crucial roles include bringing together media representatives, tourism stakeholders, academics and regulators in developing the tourism industry. The involvement of Skål and NGOs in general is beneficial for the tourism industry.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Ball, C., & Dunn, L. L. (1995). Non-governmental organisations: Guidelines for good policy and practice. London : Commonwealth Foundation. Chomsky, N. (1999). Profits over people – Neoliberalism and the global order. New York: Seven Stories. Davies, J. (2002). Research Note: Exploring open spaces and protecting natural places. Journal of Ecotourism, 1(2&3), 173–180. Davis, B. (2001). Commentary: Tourism research and social theory - expanding the focus. Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 3(2), 125–134. Finnetty, S. (2001). Analysing the roles of local non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in sustainable tourism: A case study of Belize, Central America. Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). Paper 430. Groom, A.J.R. & Taylor, Paul. (Eds). (1975). Functionalism: Theory and practice in international relations. London: University of London Press. Hall, C.M. (1991). Introduction to tourism in Australia: Impacts, planning and development. London: Longman Cheshire. Halpenny, E.A. (2003). NGOs as conservation agents: Achieving conservation through marine ecotourism. In J.C. Wilson & B. Garrod (Eds), Marine ecotourism: Issues and experiences. Clevedon: Channel View Publications. Higgins, B.R. (2001). Tour operators. In D.B. Weaver (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of ecotourism. Wallingford: CABI. International Institute for Sustainable Development. (2015). What is sustainable development? Environmental, economic and social well-being for today and tomorrow. Retrieved from www.iisd.org Jepson, P. (2005). Governance and accountability of environmental NGOs. Environmental Science & Policy, 8(5), 515–524. Le Blanc, D., Roehrl, A., Ritz, J., Jussila, R., Plutakhina, M., UNEP-DTIE, Zubcevic, I., Soltau, F., Martinho, M. & O’Connor, D. (2015). Global Sustainable Development Report 2015. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1758GSDR%202015%20Advance%20Unedited%20Version.pdf McDonald, M. & Wearing, S. (2002). Reconciling communities expectations of ecotourism: A case study of the Avoca Beach rock platform. In J.C. Wilson (Ed.), Marine ecotourism: Issues and experiences. Clevedon: Channel View Publications. Mitchell, R.E. & Reid, D.G. (2001). Community integration: Island tourism in Peru. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), 113–39. Pepper, D. (1993). Eco-socialism: From deep ecology to social justice. London: Routledge. Salamon, L. M., & Anheier, H. K. (1994). The emerging sector: The nonprofit sector in comparative perspective-an overview. Baltimore : Institute for Policy Studies, John Hopkins University Seth, L. & Deepti, S. (1999). Governance in the Commonwealth: Current debates. Retrieved from http://www.commonwealthfoundation.com/sites/cwf/files/downloads/Governance_in_the_Commonwealth_current_debates.pdf Simpson, C. M. (2008). Community benefit tourism initiatives – a conceptual oxymoron? Tourism Management, 29, 1–18. Timothy, D.J. (2002). Tourism and community development. In R. Sharpley & D. Telfer (Eds.), Tourism and development: Concepts and issues (pp. 149–64). Clevedon: Channel View Publications. Timothy, D.J. & Ioannides, D. (2002). Tour operator hegemony: Dependency and oligopoly in insular destinations. In Y. Apostopoulos & D.J. Gayle (Eds.), Island tourism and sustainable development: Caribbean, Pacific, and Mediterranean experiences. Westport: Praeger. United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO). (2015). The list of TERN members. Retrieved from http://rcm.unwto.org/content/tern-members UNCSD NGO Steering Committee. (1999). Sustainable tourism: A non-governmental organization perspective. Retrieved from http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/401ngo4.pdf. Wearing, S. (2001). Volunteer tourism: Experiences that make a difference. Wallingford: CABI. Wearing, S., Cynn, S., Pointing, J. & McDonald, M. (2002). Converting environmental concern into ecotourism purchases: A qualitative evaluation of international backpapers in Australia. Journal of Ecotourism, 1(2&3), 133–148 Wearing, S. & McDonald, M. (2002). The development of community-based tourism: Re-thinking the relationship between tour operators and development agents as intermediaries in rural and isolated area communities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(3), 191–206. Wearing, S., McDonald, M., & Ponting, J. (2005). Building a decommodified research paradigm in tourism: The contribution of NGOs. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 13(5), 424–439. Weiss, T. G., & Gordenker, L. (1996). NGOs, the UN, and global governance. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers Wilkinson, P.F. (1997). Tourism policy and planning: Case studies from the Commonwealth Caribean. New York: Cognizant.