The Bitter Pill: Cessation of Oral Contraceptives Enhances the Appeal of Alternative Mates
Tóm tắt
Hormonal contraceptives change women’s natural mate preferences, leading them to prefer nurturing but less genetically compatible men. Cessation of contraceptives reverses these preferences, decreasing women’s attraction to current partners. Two studies examined whether women who had used contraceptive pills at relationship formation and stopped doing so were more vulnerable to desire attractive alternatives, primarily around ovulation, as compared to women who had not used pills at relationship formation or had used pills then but did not stop using them. In Study 1, participants watched videos of attractive and average-looking men and described imaginary dates with them, which were coded for desire expressions. In Study 2, we measured attention adhesion to attractive and average-looking men. Results showed that women who stopped using pills and were currently in high-fertility phase were especially likely to attend to, and express desire for, attractive alternatives, suggesting that cessation of contraceptives motivates the pursuit of more suitable mates.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Alvergne, A., & Lummaa, V. (2010). Does the contraceptive pill alter mate choice in humans? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 25(3), 171–179.
Arslan, R.C., Schilling, K.M., Gerlach, T.M., & Penke, L. (in press). Using 26,000 diary entries to show ovulatory changes in sexual desire and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Bertram, S. M., Loranger, M. J., Thomson, I. R., Harrison, S. J., Ferguson, G. L., Reifer, M. L., Corlett, D. H., & Gowaty, P. A. (2016). Linking mating preferences to sexually selected traits and offspring viability: good versus complementary genes hypotheses. Animal Behavior, 119, 75–86.
Birnbaum, G. E. (2018). The fragile spell of desire: a functional perspective on changes in sexual desire across relationship development. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(2), 101–127.
Birnbaum, G. E., & Finkel, E. J. (2015). The magnetism that holds us together: sexuality and relationship maintenance across relationship development. Current Opinion in Psychology, 1, 29–33.
Birnbaum, G. E., Weisberg, Y. J., & Simpson, J. A. (2011). Desire under attack: attachment orientations and the effects of relationship threat on sexual motivations. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28, 448–468.
Birnbaum, G. E., Mikulincer, M., Szepsenwol, O., Shaver, P. R., & Mizrahi, M. (2014). When sex goes wrong: a behavioral systems perspective on individual differences in sexual attitudes, motives, feelings, and behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, 822–842.
Birnbaum, G. E., Reis, H. T., Mizrahi, M., Kanat-Maymon, Y., Sass, O., & Granovski-Milner, C. (2016). Intimately connected: the importance of partner responsiveness for experiencing sexual desire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111, 530–546.
Birnbaum, S., Birnbaum, G. E., & Ein-Dor, T. (2017). Can contraceptive pill affect future offspring’s health? The implications of using hormonal birth control for human evolution. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 3(2), 89–96.
Blake, K. R., Dixson, B. J. W., O’Dean, S. M., & Denson, T. F. (2016). Standardized protocols for characterizing women’s fertility: a data-driven approach. Hormones and Behavior, 81, 74–83.
Buss, D. M., Goetz, C., Duntley, J. D., Asao, K., & Conroy-Beam, D. (2017). The mate switching hypothesis. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 143–149.
Cobey, K. D., Pollet, T. V., Roberts, S. C., & Buunk, A. P. (2011). Hormonal birth control use and relationship jealousy: evidence for estrogen dosage effects. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 315–317.
Critelli, J. W., & Bivona, J. M. (2008). Women's erotic rape fantasies: an evaluation of theory and research. Journal of Sex Research, 45, 57–70.
Daniels, K., Mosher, W. D., & Jones, J. (2013). Contraceptive methods women have ever used: United States, 1982-2010. National Health Statistics Reports, 62(62), 1–15.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149–1160.
Flegr, J., Blum, A.E., Nekola, O., & Kroupa, Š. (in press). What people prefer and what they think they prefer in short-and long-term partners. The effects of the phase of the menstrual cycle, hormonal contraception, pregnancy, and the marital and the parenthood status on partner preferences. Evolution and Human Behavior.
Fletcher, G. J. O., Simpson, J. A., Campbell, L., & Overall, N. C. (2015). Pair-bonding, romantic love, and evolution: the curious case of Homo sapiens. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10, 20–36.
Fox, E., Russo, R., Bowles, R., & Dutton, K. (2001). Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 681–700.
Gangestad, S. W., & Thornhill, R. (2008). Human estrus. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 275(1638), 991–1000.
Gangestad, S. W., Thornhill, R., & Garver-Apgar, C. E. (2005). Women’s sexual interests across the ovulatory cycle depend on primary partner developmental instability. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 272, 2023–2027.
Gangestad, S. W., Haselton, M. G., Welling, L. L. M., Gildersleeve, K., Pillsworth, E. G., Burriss, R. P., Larson, C. M., & Puts, D. A. (2016). How valid are assessments of conception probability in ovulatory cycle research? Evaluations, recommendations, and theoretical implications. Evolution and Human Behavior, 37, 85–96.
Garver-Apgar, C. E., Gangestad, S. W., Thornhill, R., Miller, R. D., & Olp, J. J. (2006). Major histocompatibility complex alleles, sexual responsivity, and unfaithfulness in romantic couples. Psychological Science, 17(10), 830–835.
Jarvis, B. G. (2016). DirectRT. (2016.1.104 ed.). New York: Empirisoft Corporation.
Jern, P., Kärnä, A., Hujanen, J., Erlin, T., Gunst, A., Rautaheimo, H., . . . Zietsch, B.P. (2018). A high-powered replication study finds no effect of starting or stopping hormonal contraceptive use on relationship quality. Evolution and Human Behavior, 39, 373–379.
Johnston, V. S., Hagel, R., Franklin, M., Fink, B., & Grammer, K. (2001). Male facial attractiveness: evidence for hormone-mediated adaptive design. Evolution and Human Behavior, 22(4), 251–267.
Jones, B.C., Perrett, D.I., Little, A.C., Boothroyd, L., Cornwell, R., Feinberg, D., … Hillier, S. (2005). Menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and oral contraceptive use alter attraction to apparent health in faces. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 272(1561), 347–354.
Jones, B. C., DeBruine, L. M., Perrett, D. I., Little, A. C., Feinberg, D. R., & Smith, M. J. L. (2008). Effects of menstrual cycle phase on face preferences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(1), 78–84.
Jones, B. C., Hahn, A. C., Fisher, C., Wang, H., Kandrik, M., Han, C., ... DeBruine, L. M. (2018). No compelling evidence that preferences for facial masculinity track changes in women's hormonal status. Psychological Science, 29(6), 996-1005.
Judd, C. M., Westfall, J., & Kenny, D. A. (2012). Treating stimuli as a random factor in social psychology: a new and comprehensive solution to a pervasive but largely ignored problem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 54–69.
Little, A. C., Jones, B. C., & Burriss, R. P. (2007). Preferences for masculinity in male bodies change across the menstrual cycle. Hormones and Behavior, 52, 633–639.
Little, A. C., Burriss, R. P., Petrie, M., Jones, B. C., & Roberts, S. C. (2013). Oral contraceptive use in women changes preferences for male facial masculinity and is associated with partner facial masculinity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(9), 1777–1785.
Lydon, J., & Karremans, J. C. (2015). Relationship regulation in the face of eye candy: a motivated cognition framework for understanding responses to attractive alternatives. Current Opinion in Psychology, 1, 76–80.
Lydon, J. E., Fitzsimons, G. M., & Naidoo, L. (2003). Devaluation versus enhancement of attractive alternatives: a critical test using the calibration paradigm. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 349–359.
Maner, J. K., Gailliot, M. T., Rouby, D. A., & Miller, S. L. (2007). Can’t take my eyes off you: attentional adhesion to mates and rivals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 389–401.
Maner, J. K., Rouby, D. A., & Gonzaga, G. C. (2008). Automatic inattention to attractive alternatives: the evolved psychology of relationship maintenance. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 343–349.
Maner, J. K., Gailliot, M. T., & Miller, S. L. (2009). The implicit cognition of relationship maintenance: inattention to attractive alternatives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 174–179.
Marcinkowska, U. M., Galbarczyk, A., & Jasienska, G. (2017). La donna è mobile? Lack of cyclical shifts in facial symmetry, and facial and body masculinity preferences: a hormone based study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 88, 47–53.
Mizrahi, M., Hirschberger, G., Mikulincer, M., Szepsenwol, O., & Birnbaum, G. E. (2016). Reassuring sex: can sexual desire and intimacy reduce relationship-specific attachment insecurities? European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(4), 467–480.
Puts, D. A. (2005). Mating context and menstrual phase affect women’s preferences for male voice pitch. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26(5), 388–397.
Roberts, S. C., Havlicek, J., Flegr, J., Hruskova, M., Little, A. C., Jones, B. C., Perrett, D. I., & Petrie, M. (2004). Female facial attractiveness increases during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle. Proceedings of the Royal Society B (Suppl.), 271, S270–S272.
Roberts, S. C., Gosling, L. M., Carter, V., & Petrie, M. (2008). MHC-correlated odor preferences in humans and the use of oral contraceptives. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 275, 2715–2722.
Roberts, S.C., Klapilova, K., Little, A.C., Burriss, R.P., Jones, B.C., DeBruine, L.M., … Havliček, J. (2012). Relationship satisfaction and outcome in women who meet their partner while using oral contraception. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279, 1430–1436.
Roberts, S. C., Little, A. C., Burriss, R. P., Cobey, K. D., Klapilová, K., Havlíček, J., Jones, B. C., DeBruine, L., & Petrie, M. (2014). Partner choice, relationship satisfaction, and oral contraception. The congruency hypothesis. Psychological Science, 25, 1497–1503.
Russell, V. M., McNulty, J. K., Baker, L. R., & Meltzer, A. L. (2014). The association between discontinuing hormonal contraceptives and wives’ marital satisfaction depends on husbands’ facial attractiveness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 111, 17081–17086.
Wedekind, C., & Füri, S. (1997). Body odor preferences in men and women: do they aim for specific MHC combinations or simply heterozygosity? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 264(1387), 1471–1479.
Wedekind, C., Seebeck, T., Bettens, F., & Paepke, A. J. (1995). MHC dependent mate preferences in humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 260(1359), 245–249.
Welling, L. L., Puts, D. A., Roberts, S. C., Little, A. C., & Burriss, R. P. (2012). Hormonal contraceptive use and mate retention behavior in women and their male partners. Hormones and Behavior, 61, 114–120.
