The Battle of Algiers and Colonial Analogy in the Panther 21
Tóm tắt
It made headlines when the prosecution screened The Battle of Algiers (1966) as evidence in a 1969–1971 New York Supreme Court case concerning over a dozen members of the Black Panther Party. According to the prosecution, the pseudo-documentary depicting a pivotal battle in the fight for Algerian Independence informed the defendants’ purported plan to bomb sites in New York City. The allegation presented a tactical link between the defendants and the anticolonial organization, the F.L.N., depicted in the film. This paper argues that the screening acted counterproductively for the prosecution, however, by highlighting and bolstering an ideological link between the F.L.N. and the Panthers, in turn reinforcing the relevance of the “colonial analogy” the Panthers popularized.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aaronson, T. (2019). Terrorism’s double standard: violent far-right extremists are rarely prosecuted as terrorists. The Intercept. Available at: https://theintercept.com/2019/03/23/domestic-terrorism-fbi-prosecutions/. Last accessed 07/30/2019.
Asbury, E. E. (1970a). ‘Battle of Algiers’ is presented at Black Panthers’ Trial here. New York Times, November 6. Available at: https://nyti.ms/1HE17hV. Accessed 07/30/2019.
Asbury, E. E. (1970b). Algerian film called Panther guide. New York Times, November 10. Available at: https://nyti.ms/1HE2VHw. Last accessed 07/30/2019.
Balagoon, K., Bird, J., Cetewayo, R. C., Dharuba, R. H., Hassan, A. B., Jamal, A. K., Kinshasa, K., Odinga, B., Om, S., Powell, C., Shakur, A., Shakur, L., & Squire, C. (1971). Look for me in the whirlwind: the collective autobiography of the New York 21. New York: Random House, Inc.
Bordwell, D., & Thompson, K. (2013). Film art: an introduction (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Breslin, C. (1972). One year later: the radicalization of the Panther 13 jury. New York Magazine, 5(22), 53–63.
Chaberski, S. G. (1975). The strategy of defense in a political trial: the trial of the ‘Panther 21.’ (unpublished doctoral dissertation). New York: Columbia University.
Christenson, R. (Ed.). (1991). Political trials in history: from antiquity to the present. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Cleaver, K. N. (1998). Back to Africa: The evolution of the International Section of the Black Panther Party (1969-1972). In C. E. Jones (Ed.), The Black Panther Party [reconsidered] (pp. 211–254). Baltimore: Black Classic Press.
Corbin, C. M. (2017). Terrorists are always Muslim but never white: at the intersection of critical race theory and propaganda. Fordham Law Review, 86(2), 455–485.
Dingeman, J. (2008). ‘You cannot continually inflict’: an interview with Saadi Yacef. Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media, 49(2), 48–64.
Dobie, M. (2016). ‘The Battle of Algiers’ at 50: from 1960s radicalism to the classrooms of West Point. Los Angeles Review of Books, September 25. Available at: https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/battle-algiers-50-1960s-radicalism-classrooms-west-point/. Accessed: 07/30/2019.
Donner, F. (1990). Protectors of privilege: red squads and police repression in urban America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Editorial Board. (2015). Lynching as racial terrorism. New York Times, February 11. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/11/opinion/lynching-as-racial-terrorism.html. Last accessed: 07/30/2019.
Erlenbusch-Anderson, V. (2018). Genealogies of terrorism: revolution, state violence, empire. New York: Columbia University Press.
Fabe, M. (2004). Closely watched films: an introduction to the art of narrative film technique. Oakland: University of California Press.
Fanon, F. ([1961] 2004). The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press.
Fisher, J. (2017). Film and affect, theories entwined: the case of the war genre in Saving Private Ryan (Steven Speilberg, 1998). In D. Wehrs & T. Blake (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of affect studies and textual criticism (pp. 513–541). London: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Flores, R. J. O., & Lobo, A. P. (2013). The reassertion of a black/non-black color line: the rise in integrated neighborhoods without blacks in New York City, 1970–2010. Journal of Urban Affairs, 35(3), 255–282.
Fortner, M. J. (2015). Black silent majority: the Rockefeller drug Laws and the politics of punishment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Free the NY 21 and All Political Prisoners (1969). The Black Panther, June 7.
Ginger, A. F. (1971). What can be done to minimize racism in jury trials. Journal of Public Law, 20(2), 427–442.
Hakman, N. (1972). Political trials in the legal order: a political scientist's perspective. Journal Of Public Law, 21(1), 73–126.
Hall, S. (1973). Encoding and decoding in the television discourse. In Paper for the council of Europe colloquy “training in the critical reading of televisual language”. Leicester: Council & the Centre for Mass Communication Research.
Harrison, N. (2007). An interview with Saadi Yacef. Interventions, 9(3), 405–413.
Jeffries, J. L. (Ed.). (2010). On the ground: the Black Panther Party in communities across America. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
Jones, C. E. (Ed.). (1998). The Black Panther Party [reconsidered]. Baltimore: Black Classic Press.
Kael, P. (1973). The current cinema: politics and thrills. The New Yorker, 236–244.
Kempton, M. (1973). The briar patch: The People of the State of New York v. Lumumba Shakur et al. New York: E. P. Dutton Co., Inc.
Kennebeck, E. (1971). Black Panthers in New York: not guilty of what? The Nation, October 4, 296–304.
Kennebeck, E. (1973). Juror number four: the trial of thirteen Black Panthers as seen from the Jury Box. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
kioni-sadiki, d., & Meyer, M. (Eds.). (2017). Look for me in the whirlwind: from the Panther 21 to 21st-century revolutions. Oakland: PM Press.
Klein, W. (1970). Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther [motion picture]. Algeria: Office National pour le Commerce et l'Industrie Cinématographique (ONCIC).
Lefcourt. (1969). Voir dire of New York grand jury. 28 GUILD PRAC (Vol. 78, p. 85).
Marcus, P. (1977). Conspiracy: the criminal agreement, in theory and in practice. The Georgetown Law Journal, 65, 925–969.
Mellen, J. (1973). Filmguide to the Battle of Algiers. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Meyer, P. (2001). Why a jury trial is more like a movie than a novel. Journal of Law and Society, 28(1), 133–146.
Moore, L. (2008). Arab, Muslim, woman: voice and vision in postcolonial literature and film. London: Routledge.
O'Leary, A. (2019). The Battle of Algiers. Milan: Mimesis International.
Pennock, P. E. (2017). The rise of the Arab American left: activists, allies, and their fight against imperialism and racism, 1960s–1980s. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
People v. Shakur. (1969). Index no. 1848–69: record of trial.
Plantinga, C. (2013). The affective power of movies. In A. P. Shimamura (Ed.), Psychocinematics: exploring cognition at the movies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pontecorvo, G. (1966). The Battle of Algiers [motion picture]. Rome and Algiers: Igor Films and Casbah Film Company.
Pontecorvo, G., Kalishman, H., & Landau, G. (1974). Using the contradictions of the system: An Interview with Gillo Pontecorvo. Cinéaste, 6(2), 2–6.
Robson, P. (2004). Law and film studies: autonomy and theory. In M. Freeman (Ed.), Law and popular culture: current legal issues (pp. 21–46). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Said, E. (2000a). The quest for Gillo Pontecorvo. In E. Said. Reflections on exile & other literary & cultural essays (pp. 282–292). London: Granta Books.
Said, E. (2000b). The dictatorship of truth: an interview with Gillo Pontecorvo. Cineaste, XXV(2), 24–25.
Said, E. ([1978] 2003). Orientalism. London: Penguin.
Shaw, T. (2014). Cinematic terror: a global history of terrorism on film. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
Shohat, E., & Stam, R. (2014). Unthinking Eurocentrism: multiculturalism and the media (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.
Silbey, J., & Slack, M. H. (2014). The semiotics of film in US Supreme Court cases. Law, Culture and Visual Studies, 179 Suffolk University Law School Research Paper No. 14–16.
Solidarity Day next Monday. (1970). New York Amsterdam News, October 31.
Srivastava, N. (2005a). Anti-colonial violence and the ‘dictatorship of truth’ in the films of Gillo Pontecorvo: an interview. Interventions, 7(1), 97–106.
Srivastava, N. (2005b). Interview with the Italian film director Gillo Pontecorvo, Rome, Italy, 1 July 2003. Interventions, 7(1), 107–117.
Supreme Court of the State of New York County of New York. (1969a). Indictment for The People of the State of New York against Lumumba Abdul Shakur et al. index number 1848–69. Appendix I to Chaberski, S. G. (1975). The strategy of defense in a political trial: the trial of the ‘Panther 21.’ (pp. 432–439). (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Columbia University, New York.
Supreme Court of the State of New York County of New York. (1969b). Superseding Indictment for The People of the State of New York against Lumumba Abdul Shakur et al. Index number 1848 1/2–69. Appendix II to Chaberski, S. G. (1975). The strategy of defense in a political trial: the trial of the ‘Panther 21.’ (pp. 440–453). (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Columbia University, New York.
Tolnay, S. E., & Beck, E. M. (2018). ‘Racialized Terrorism’ in the American south: do completed Lynchings tell an accurate story? Social Science History, 42(4), 677–701.
Whitfield, S. J. (2012). Cine Qua Non: the political import and impact of The Battle of Algiers. Revue LISA/LISA e-journal, X(1), 249–270.
Zimroth, P. L. (1974). Perversions of justice: the prosecution and acquittal of the Panther 21. New York: Viking Adult.