The Assembly of Geophysics: Scientific Disciplines as Frameworks of Consensus

Gregory A Good

Tài liệu tham khảo

[Anonymous] (1848) `Geophysik', Meyers Großes Conversationslexikon, 52 Vols (Dresden), Vol. 12, pp. 530ff. Bartels, J. (1944) Studienführer für Geophysik (Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag). Volume 7 in the series `Naturforschung und Medizin in Deutschland, 1939–1946'. Bauer, 1896, Editorial Greeting, Terrestrial Magnetism, 1, 41, 10.1029/TM001i001p00041 Bauer, 1909, A Plea for Terrestrial and Cosmical Physics, Monthly Weather Review, 37, 27, 10.1175/1520-0493-37.1.27 Bauer, L. A. (1916) `Our Part in the Advancement of World Physical Sciences', typescript, 5 pp., in Papers of George Ellery Hale, California Institute of Technology, microfilm reel 4. Bauer, L. A. (1924) `The Organization and Aims of the American Geophysical Union', Bulletin of the National Research Council, Vol. 7, Part. 5, No. 41, 7–18. Beck, H. (1961) Alexander von Humboldt, 2 Vols (Wiesbaden: Steiner). Berghaus, H. K. W. (1845–1848) Physikalischer Atlas: oder Sammlung von Karten auf denen die hauptsachlichsten Erscheinungen der anorganischen und organischen Natur nach ihrer geographischen Verbreitung und Vertheilung bildich dargestellt sind (Gotha: Justus Perthes), 2 Vols in 1. Berkner, 1962, Geophysics Today, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 43, 159, 10.1029/TR043i002p00159 Bialas, V. (1982) Erdgestalt, Kosmologie und Weltanschauung: Die Geschichte der Geodäsie als Teil der Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit (Stuttgart: Konrad Wittwer), especially Chapter 7, `Zwischen 1861 und 1914: Die Geodäsie im Zeichen internationaler Organisation'. Bigourdan, M. G. (1928) `Le Bureau des Longitudes: son histoire et ses travaux de l'origine (1795), àce jour', Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes, A1–A72. Bischof, K. G. C. (1837) Die Warmelehre des Innern unsers Erdkorpers: ein Inbegriff aller mit der Warme in Beziehung stehender Erscheinungen in und auf der Erde: nach physikalischen, chemischen und geologischen Untersuchungen (Leipzig: Barth). Bjerknes, 1938, Leipzig-Bergen. Festvortrag zur 25-Jahrfeier des Geophysikalischen Instituts der Universität Leipzig, Zeitschrift für Geophysik, 14, 49 Bowen, 1981 Brekke, 1994 Brush, S. G. (1979) `Nineteenth-century Debates about the Inside of the Earth: Solid, Liquid or Gas?’ Annals of Science 36, 225–254. Brush, 1980, Discovery of the Earth's Core, American Journal of Physics, 48, 705, 10.1119/1.12026 Buntebarth, 1981, Zur Entwicklung des Begriffes Geophysik, Abhandlungen der Braunschwiegischen Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft, 32, 95 Buntebarth, G. (1998a) `Geophysics: Disciplinary History', in Good (ed.) (1998b), pp. 377–380. Buntebarth, G. (1998b) `Heat, Internal, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries', in Good (ed.) (1998b), pp. 409–412. Burchfield, 1975 Cawood, 1977, Terrestrial Magnetism and the Development of International Collaboration in the Early Nineteenth Century, Annals of Science, 34, 551, 10.1080/00033797700200321 Cawood, 1979, The Magnetic Crusade, Isis, 70, 493, 10.1086/352338 Ciardi, M. (1998) `Atmosphere, Chemistry of', in Good (ed.) (1998b), pp. 39–43. The Compact Oxford English Dictionary (1994) 2nd edn (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Cook, 1998 Crawford, 1996 Daniel, 1973, One Hundred Years of International Co-operation in Meteorology (1873–1973), WMO Bulletin, 22, 156 Daniels, 1976, The Process of Professionalization in American Science, 64 Dean, 1990, Robert Mallet and Seismology, Annals of Science, 48, 39, 10.1080/00033799100200121 Denza, F. (1882) La meteorologia e la fisica terrestre: al III congresso geografico internazionale di Venezia (Rome). Doel, R. E. (1998) `Geophysics in Universities', in Good (ed.) (1998b), pp. 380–384. Doel, 1999, Theories and Origins in Planetary Physics, Isis, 90, 563, 10.1086/384418 Edney, M. (1998) `Geography: Disciplinary History', in Good (ed.) (1998b), pp. 277–82. This article places geography in social context. Fara, 1996 Fleming, 1990 Fleming, J. R. (1998a) Historical Perspectives on Climate Change (New York: Oxford University Press). Fleming, J. R. (1998b) `Meteorological Services, National and Regional', in Good (ed.) (1998b), pp. 558–561. Forbes, E. G. (1980) `Mathematical cosmography', in Rousseau and Porter (eds), pp. 417–448. Fourier, 1822 Fox, 1974, The Rise and Fall of Laplacian Physics, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 4, 89, 10.2307/27757328 Francoeur, L. (1840) Uranographie; ou, Traité élémentaire d'astronomie, à l'usage des personnes peu versées dans les mathématiques, des géographes, des marins, des ingénieurs, etc., accompagné de planisphères; 2nd edn, revue et considérablement augmentee (Paris: Mme. Ve. Courcier, 1818). See also his Geodesie, ou Traité de la figure de la terre et de ses parties; comprenant la topographie, l'arpentage, le nivellement, la géomorphie terrestre et astronomique, la construction des cartes, la navigation, 2nd edn (Paris: Bachelier). Friedman, 1989 Fröbel, 1834, Entwurf eines Systems der geographischen Wissenschaften I, Mitteilungen aus dem Gebiete der Theoretischen Erdkunde, 1, 1 Garland, 1979, The Contributions of Carl Friedrich Gauss to Geomagnetism, Historia Mathematica, 6, 5, 10.1016/0315-0860(79)90100-9 Gauss, C. F. and Weber, W. (1837, 1838, 1839) Resultate aus den Beobachtungen des magnetischen Vereins im Jahre 1836 (Göttingen and Leipzig). Geiger, 1986 Geison, 1981, Scientific Change, Emerging Specialties, and Research Schools, History of Science, 19, 20, 10.1177/007327538101900103 Geison, G. L. and Holmes, F. L. (eds) (1993) Osiris, Vol. 8: Research Schools: Historical Reappraisals. Geschwind, C.-H. (1996) `Earthquakes and their Interpretation: The Campaign for Seismic Safety in California, 1906–1933’ (Ph.D. thesis, Johns Hopkins University). Golinski, J. (1998) Making Natural Knowledge: Contructivism and the History of Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), especially Chapter 2, `Identity and Discipline', pp. 47–78. Good, 1985, Geomagnetics and Scientific Institutions in 19th-Century America, EOS, 66, 521, 10.1029/EO066i027p00521 Good, 1988, The Study of Geomagnetism in the Late 19th Century, EOS, 69, 218, 10.1029/88EO00133 Good, 1991, The Rockefeller Foundation, the Leipzig Geophysical Institute and National Socialism in the 1930s, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 21, 299, 10.2307/27757665 Good, 1991, Follow the Needle, Earth Sciences History, 10, 154, 10.17704/eshi.10.2.jk4q1816t4536104 Good, G. A. (1994a) `Vision of a Global Physics: The Carnegie Institution and the First World Magnetic Survey', in Good (ed.), pp. 29–36. Good, G. A. (ed.) (1994b) The Earth, the Heavens, and the Carnegie Institution of Washington (History of Geophysics, Vol. 5) (Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union). Good, G. A. (1998a) `Geomagnetism, Theories between 1800 and 1900', in Good (ed.) (1998b), pp. 350–357. Good, G. A. (ed.) (1998b) Sciences of the Earth (New York and London: Garland). Graham, L. Lepenies, W. and Weingart, P. (eds) (1983) Functions and Uses of Disciplinary Histories (Dordrecht, Boston and Lancaster: D. Reidel). Greenberg, 1994 Guidoboni, E. (1998) `Seismology, Historical', in Good (ed.) (1998b), pp. 749–754. Guntau, M. and Laitko, H. (1991) `On the Origin and Nature of Scientific Disciplines', in Woodward and Cohen (eds), pp. 17–28. This is a partial translation of Guntau and Laitko (eds) (1987) Der Ursprung der modernen Wissenschaften: Studien zur Entstehung wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen (Berlin: Akademie Verlag), Chapter 1, pp. 17–89. Herschel, J. (1830) Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Taylor). Herschel, J. (1840) `Terrestrial Magnetism', Quarterly Review, 1840. Reprinted in Essays from the Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews (London: Longman et al.), pp. 63–141. Herschel, J. (ed.) (1851) A Manual of Scientific Enquiry; Prepared for the use of Officers in her Majesty's Navy; and Travellers in General (London: John Murray). Herschel, J. (1861a) Meteorology (Edinburgh: Black). First published in the Encyclopædia Britannica (1859). Herschel, J. (1861b) Physical Geography (Edinburgh: Black). First published in the Encyclopedia Britannica (1859). Hopkins, W. (1838) `Researches in Physical Geology', Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 6, 1–84. This first article was followed by a series, cited and discussed in Kushner (1993), Chapter 1. Humboldt, A. (1845–1862) Kosmos: Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung, 5 Vols (Stuttgart: Cotta). Jewell, R. (1994) `Vilhelm Bjerknes's Duty to Produce Something Clear and Real in Meteorological Science', in Good (ed.) (1994b), pp. 37–46. Jungnickel, C. and R. McCormmach (1986) Intellectual Mastery of Nature: Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein, 2 Vols (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press). Kämtz, L. F. (1831–1836) Lehrbuch der Meteorologie, 3 Vols (Leipzig: Gebauersche Buchhandlung). Kargon, 1977 Kertz, W. (1979) `Die Entwicklung der Geophysik zur eigenständigen Wissenschaft', Mitteilungen der Gauss-Gesellschaft, No. 16, 41–54. Kohler, R. E. (1985) `Discipline History', in W. F. Bynum, E. J. Browne and R. Porter (eds) Dictionary of the History of Science, paperback edition (Princeton: Princeton University Press), pp. 104–105. Körber, H.-G. (1958) `Alexander von Humboldts und Carl Friedrich Gauß’ organisatorisches Wirken auf geomagnetischem Gebiet, eine Betrachtung über die Anfänge neuerer Organisationsformen der geophysikalischen Wissenschaften', Forschungen und Fortschritte 32, No. 1, 1–8. Kushner, D. (1993) `Sir George Darwin and a British School of Geophysics', Osiris, 2nd series, 8, 196–223. Lemaine, G., MacLeod, R., Mulkay, M. and Weingart, P. (eds) (1976) Perspectives on the Emergence of Scientific Disciplines (The Hague and Paris: Mouton; Chicago: Aldine), especially the introduction: Lemaine et al., `Problems in the Emergence of New Disciplines', pp. 1–23. Levi-Strauss, C. (1966) The Savage Mind (Chicago: Chicago University Press), transl. from La Pensée sauvage (Paris: Librairie Plon, 1962). Lulofs, J. (1743) Introductio ad cognitionem atque usum utriusque globus, institutionibus domesticis accommodatus (Leyden). Lulofs, 1755 Mallet, 1848, On the Dynamics of Earthquakes, Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, 21, 50 Manning, 1988 Miirskii, E. M. (1980) Mezdisciplinarnyje issledovaniya I disciplinarnaya organizaciya nauki (Moscow). Morrell, 1972, The Chemist Breeders, Ambix, 19, 1, 10.1179/000269872790223346 Morrel, J. and Thackray, A. (1981) Gentlemen of Science: Early Years of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press). Needell, 1992, From Military Research to Big Science, 290 Oldroyd, D. (1996) Thinking about the Earth: A History of Ideas in Geology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), Chapter 10, `Thinking with Instruments: Earthquakes, Early Seismology and the Earth's Hidden Interior', pp. 224–247. Olesko, 1991 Oreskes, 1999 Pintus, A. (1998) `Gravity, Newton, and the Eighteenth Century', in Good (ed.) (1998b), pp. 399–403. Poisson, 1835 Porter, R. (1980) `The Terraqueous Globe', in Rousseau and Porter (eds), pp. 285–324. Poser, H. and C. Burrichter (eds) (1988) Die geschichtliche Perspektive in den Disziplinen der Wissenschaftsforschung (Berlin: Technische Universität Berlin). Pyenson, 1985 Pyenson, 1993 Rousseau, G. S. and Porter, R. (eds) The Ferment of Knowledge: Studies in the Historiography of Eighteenth-Century Science (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press). Schroeder-Gudehus, B. (1978) Les scientifiques et la paix: La communauté scientifique internationale au cours des années 20 (Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université Montréal). Schroeder-Gudehus, B. (1990) `Nationalism and Internationalism', in R. C. Olby et al., Companion to the History of Modern Science (London and New York: Routledge), pp. 909–919. Schröder, 1982, Emil Wiechert und seine Bedeutung für die Entwicklung der Geophysik zur exakten Wissenschaft, Archive for the History of the Exact Sciences, 27, 369, 10.1007/BF00328005 Schröder, W. (1983) `Die Georgia Augusta und der Aufstieg der Geophysik zur exakten Naturwissenschaft', Universität Göttingen Informationen, 9–12. Schröder, 1988, Emil Wiechert and the Foundation of Geophysics, Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 38, 277 Schröder, W. (1988b) `Uppsala und Göttingen: Streiflichter zum Beginn der internationalen seismologischen Kooperation', Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik (Leipzig) 97, 450–459. Schröder, 1992, Georg von Neumayer (1826–1909) und die internationale Entwicklung der Geophysik, Gesnerus, 49, 45, 10.1163/22977953-04901006 Secchi, A. (1879) Lezioni elementari di fisica terrestre: coll'aggiunta di due discorsi sopra la grandezza del creato; opera compilata da scritti inediti (Torino and Rome: Ermanno Loescher). Sergent, 1868 Servos, 1983, To Explore the Borderland, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 14, 147, 10.2307/27757528 Servos, J. (1993) `Research Schools and their Histories', Osiris, 2nd series, 8, 3–15. Silliman, 1974, Fresnel and the Emergence of Physics as a Discipline, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 4, 137, 10.2307/27757329 Slotten, 1994 Terrall, 1998, Heroic Narratives of Quest and Discovery, Configurations, 6, 223, 10.1353/con.1998.0019 Valone, D. (1998a) `Earthquakes, Theories since 1800', Good (ed.) (1998b), pp. 214–219. Valone, D. (1998b) `Seismology: Disciplinary History', in Good (ed.) (1998b), pp. 745–749. Widmalm, 1995, Science and Neutrality, Minerva, 33, 339, 10.1007/BF01096517 Wiederkehr, K. H. (1985) `The “Göttinger Magnetische Verein” (Magnetic Association or Magnetic Union) and the Antarctic Expedition of James Clark Ross 1839–1843’ in W. Schröder, Historical Events and People in Geosciences (Frankfurt-am-Main: Peter Lang), pp. 73–79. Woodward, W. R. (1991) `World Views and Scientific Discipline Formation: How East German Science Studies Contributed to the Fall of the Cultural Wall', in Woodward and Cohen (eds), pp. 1–15. Woodward, W. R. and Cohen, R. S. (eds) (1991) World Views and Scientific Discipline Formation: Science Studies in the German Democratic Republic (Dordrecht: Kluwer). Yoshida, H. (1999) `Aikitu Tanakadate and the Beginning of Physical Researches in Japan’ (Ph.D. thesis, Hokkaido University).