The Accademia della Crusca in Italy: past and present
Tóm tắt
An informal organisation that is becoming quite influential in the spread of Italian in Italy, as well as abroad, is the Accademia della Crusca which began its activities during the Renaissance, under quite different auspices. Founded in Florence in 1582–1583, this Academy was inspired by the theories of Pietro Bembo (1470–1547), a Venetian who felt that the best models for literary works were those of the old Tuscan writers of the Trecento. In 1590 its members set out to select and define the words and norms in the works of the great Tuscan writers, especially in Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. This project led to the compilation of the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca (1612), the first modern language dictionary. It was produced to provide the models of the literary language: a rationale due to the paradoxical condition of Italian, a language with a great literature but without a nation state. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Accademia exercised an editorial role on the linguistic qualities of literary texts for publication, based on the puristic distinction between those forms and words which could be included, and those considered impure which were to be excluded. The last Presidents have secured for the Accademia the new role of leader of national awareness on issues of corpus and status planning with regard to the contemporary Italian language, both in Italy and abroad. In addition, they have engaged the Accademia for the first time in language-planning activities, sometimes in support of Italian in Italy, sometimes in defence of Italian in Europe.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Accademia della Crusca. (1915). Per la lingua d’Italia: Programma della Reale Accademia della Crusca. Firenze: Accademia della Crusca.
Algarotti, F. (1750). Opere Scelte. Milano: Societa tipografica de’ classici italiani (1823).
Ascoli, G. I. (1873). Proemio. Archivio Glottologico Italiano, 1, V–XXXV.
Barański, Z., & West, R. J. (Eds.). (2001). The Cambridge companion to modern Italian culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baretti, G. (1765). Diceria di Aristarco Scannabue da recitarsi nell’Accademia della Crusca il dì che sarà ricevuto Accademico, Prefazioni e Polemiche. Bari: Laterza (1911).
Battaglia, S. (1964). Grande Dizionario della Lingua Italiana. Torino: UTET.
Chambers, D. S., & Quiviger, F. (Eds.) (1995). Italian Academies of the Sixteenth Century. London: The Warburg Institute University of London, pp. 165–173.
De Mauro, T. (1970). Storia linguistica dell’Italia unita. Bari: Laterza.
Diderot, D. (1751). Lettre sur les sourds et les muets. In Oeuvres completes. Paris: Belin (1818), I, 376.
Dionisotti, C. (1967). Geografia e storia della letteratura italiana. Torino: Einaudi.
Folena, G. (1983). L’italiano in Europa: Esperienze linguistiche del Settecento. Torino: Einaudi.
Gramsci, A. (1929–1935). Quaderni dal carcere. In D. Forgacs, & G. Nowell-Smith (Eds.), Torino, Einaudi, English translation: Selections from Cultural Writings (1985), 4 Vols. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
Il Sole 24 Ore. (2008). Il custode della lingua, 4 maggio 2008, 33.
La Crusca per voi. (1990). Giustificazione, 1, October 1990, 1–2.
La Crusca per voi. (1991). La “deriva” della lingua italiana, 3, October 1991, 1–4.
La Crusca per voi. (2000a). Quesiti e Risposte 5, 20, April 2000, 7.
La Crusca per voi. (2000b). Quesiti e Risposte 7, 20, April 2000, 10.
La Crusca per voi. (2000c). Quesiti e Risposte 7, 21, October 2000, 12–13.
La Crusca per voi. (2004a). Quesiti e Risposte 1, 29, October 2004, 6.
La Crusca per voi. (2004b). Quesiti e Risposte 6, 29, October 2004, 9.
La Crusca per voi. (2006a). Quesiti e Risposte 2, 32, October 2006, 8.
La Crusca per voi. (2006b). Quesiti e Risposte 3, 32, October 2006, 14.
La Crusca per voi. (2007). La Piazza delle Lingue d’Europa e il progetto Firenze, Piazza delle Lingue d’Europa, 34, April 2007, 2.
La Crusca per voi. (2008a). L’Accademia della Crusca e le accademie europee, 36, April 2008, 8–9.
La Crusca per voi. (2008b). Contributo all’incontro delle accademie europee presso l’Institut de France, ottobre 2007, 32, October 2008, 9–10.
La Crusca per voi. (2008c). Vicissitudini giudiziarie del multilinguismo europeo, October 2008, 37, 1–5.
La Crusca per voi. (2009a). L’italiano e i travagli crescenti della scuola, 39, October 2009, 1–2.
La Crusca per voi. (2009b). Il dialetto s’impara, non s’insegna, 39, October 2009, 3–7.
La Crusca per voi. (2010a). Venti Anni, 40, April 2010, 1.
La Crusca per voi. (2010b). Le traversie dell’italiano: il caso dei concorsi comunitari, 40, April 2010, 4–6.
Lepschy, A. L., & Lepschy, G. (1977). The Italian language today. London: Hutchinson.
Lepschy, A. L., & Tosi, A. (Eds.). (2002). Multilingualism in Italy: Past and present. Oxford: Legenda.
Maiden, M., & Parry, M. (1997). The dialects of Italy. London: Routledge.
Migliorini, B. (1960). Storia della lingua italiana, Firenze: Sansoni. In T. G. Griffith (Ed.), English, abridged and recast by, The Italian Language, 2nd ed. London: Faber and Faber.
Nencioni, G. (1986). L’Accademia della Crusca e la lingua italiana. In P. Ramat, H. J. Niederehe, & K. Koerner (Eds.), The history of linguistics in Italy (pp. 107–119). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Puppo, M. (Ed.). (1957). Discussioni linguistiche del Settecento. Torino: UTET.
Richardson, B. (2001). Questions of language. In Z. Barański, & R. J. West (Eds.), pp. 62–79.
Richardson, B. (2002). The Italian of Renaissance elites in Italy and Europe. In A. L. Lepschy & A. Tosi, (Eds.), pp. 5–23.
Tosi, A. (2005). The language situation in Italy. Special issue of the series Current Issues in Language Planning. In R. B. Kaplan & R. B. Baldauf (Eds.), Buffalo, Toronto, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters (pp. 247–335). Republished in Language Planning and Policy: Europe: Vol. 3: The Baltics, Italy and Ireland, pp. 262–350.
Woodhouse, J. R. (1995). Borghini and the foundation of Accademia della Crusca. In D. S. Chambers, & F. Quiviger (Eds.), pp. 165–173.