The 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington, Papua New Guinea: Devastating directed blast triggered by small-scale edifice failure

Arculus, 1983, Ophiolite contaminated andesites, trachybasalts, and cognate inclusions of Mount Lamington, Papua New Guinea: anhydrite amphibole-bearing lavas and the 1951 cumulodome, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 18, 215, 10.1016/0377-0273(83)90010-0 Baker, 1946, Preliminary note on volcanic eruptions in the Goropu Mountains, southeastern Papua, during the period December, 1943, to August, 1944, J. Geol., 54, 19, 10.1086/625315 Baldwin, 2012, Tectonics of the New Guinea region, Annual Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 40, 495, 10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152540 Begét, 1992, Cyclic formation of debris avalanches at Mount St. Augustine volcano, Nature, 356, 701, 10.1038/356701a0 Belousov, 1995, The Shiveluch volcanic eruption of 12 November 1964 - explosive eruption provoked by failure of the edifice, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 66, 357, 10.1016/0377-0273(94)00072-O Belousov, 1996, Pyroclastic deposits of March 30, 1956 directed blast at Bezymianny volcano, Bull. Volcanol., 57, 649, 10.1007/s004450050118 Belousov, 1998, Bezymyanny Eruption on March 30, 1956 (Kamchatka): Sequence of events and debris-avalanche deposits, Volcanol. and Seismol., 20, 29 Belousov, 2002, Pyroclastic surges and flows from the 8-10 May 1997 explosive eruption of Bezymianny volcano, Kamchatka, Russia, Bull. Volcanol., 64, 455, 10.1007/s00445-002-0222-5 Belousov, 2007, Directed blasts and blast-currents: a comparison of the Bezymianny 1956, Mount St. Helens 1980, and Soufriere Hills, Montserrat 1997 eruptions and deposits, Bull. Volcanol., 69, 701, 10.1007/s00445-006-0109-y Boudon, 2015, What factors control superficial lava dome explosivity?, Sci. Rep., 5, 10.1038/srep14551 Clarke, 2015, Vulcanian explosions, 505 Clynne, 2008, The Pleistocene eruptive history of Mount St. Helens, Washington, from 300,000 to 12,800 years before present.In a volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 Cooper, 1987, Seismotectonics of New Guinea: a model for arc reversal following arc-continent collision, Tectonics, 6, 53, 10.1029/TC006i001p00053 Fergusson, 1953, New Zealand C14 age measurements, New Zealand J. Sci.Tech., 35, 127 Glicken, 1986 Gorshkov, 1959, Gigantic eruption of the Bezymianny volcano, Bull. Volcanologique, 20, 77, 10.1007/BF02596572 Gorshkov, 1963, Directed volcanic blasts, Bull. Volcanol., 26, 83, 10.1007/BF02597277 Haantjens, 1964, General report on lands of the Buna-Kokoda Area, territory of Papua and New Guinea Hamilton, 1979 Hoblitt, 1982 Hoblitt, 1993, Bimodal density distribution of cryptodome dacite from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, Bull.Volcanol., 55, 421, 10.1007/BF00302002 Hoblitt, 1984, Comments and Reply on “Mount St. Helens 1980 and Mount Pelée 1902—Flow or surge?”, Geology, 12, 692, 10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<692:CAROMS>2.0.CO;2 Hoblitt, 1981, Origin and stratigraphy of the deposit produced by the May 18 directed blast, 401 Houghton, 1989, A vesicularity index for pyroclastic deposits, Bull. Volcanol., 51, 451, 10.1007/BF01078811 Inman, 1952, Measures for describing the size distribution of sediments, J.Sediment. Res., 22, 125 Johnson, 1987, Large-scale volcanic cone collapse: the 1888 slope failure of Ritter volcano, and other examples from Papua New Guinea, Bulletin of Volcanology, 49, 669, 10.1007/BF01080358 Johnson, 2013 Johnson, 2020 Johnson, 1978, Delayed partial melting of subduction-modified mantle in Papua New Guinea, Tectonophysics, 46, 197, 10.1016/0040-1951(78)90114-2 Lacroix, 1904 Mueller, 2011, The porosity of pyroclasts as an indicator of volcanic explosivity, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 203, 168, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.04.006 Neill, 2010, Influence of preeruptive degassing and crystallization on the juvenile products of laterally directed explosions, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 198, 264, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.09.011 Qantas, 1951, 9 Ruxton, 1966, Correlation and stratigraphy of dacitic ash-fall layers in northeastern Papua, J.Geol. Soc. Australia, 13, 41, 10.1080/00167616608728605 Siebert, 1984, Large volcanic debris avalanches: characteristics of source areas, deposits, and associated eruptions, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 22, 163, 10.1016/0377-0273(84)90002-7 Smith, 1982, Volcanic evolution in eastern Papua, Tectonophysics, 87, 315, 10.1016/0040-1951(82)90231-1 Smith, 2014, High-magnesium andesites: the example of the Papuan Volcanic Arc, Geol. Soc, London, Special Publ., 385, 117, 10.1144/SP385.7 Smith, 1982, Strontium isotopes in Cenozoic volcanic rocks from southeastern Papua New Guinea, Lithos, 15, 199, 10.1016/0024-4937(82)90011-1 Smith, 1981, Contrasting rhyolite suites in the late Cenozoic of Papua New Guinea, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 86, 10257, 10.1029/JB086iB11p10257 Taylor, 1958, The 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington, Papua, Australia, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, 38 Taylor, 1983, 38 Tregoning, 2004, Evidence for active subduction at the New Guinea Trench, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, 10.1029/2004GL020190 Voight, 1981, Catastrophic rockslide avalanche of May 18, 347 Voight, 2002, The 1997 Boxing Day sector collapse and debris avalanche, Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, B.W.I, 21, 363 Walker, 1971, Grain-size characteristics of pyroclastic deposits, J.Geol., 79, 696, 10.1086/627699 Walker, 1973, Explosive volcanic eruptions—a new classification scheme, Geol. Rundsch., 62, 431, 10.1007/BF01840108 Woodhead, 2010, The big crunch: physical and chemical expressions of arc/continent collision in the Western Bismarck arc, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 190, 11, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.03.003