Testing the effects of brief intervention in primary care for problem drug use in a randomized controlled trial: rationale, design, and methods

Kaner EF, Dickinson HO, Beyer F, Campbell F, Schlesinger C, Heather N, Saunders JB, Burnand B, Pienaar ED: Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations. Cochrane Database of Sys Rev. 2007, 2: CD004148-

Bernstein E, Bernstein J: Effectiveness of alcohol screening and brief motivational intervention in the emergency department setting. Ann Emerg Med. 2007, 51: 751-754.

Babor TF, McRee BG, Kassebaum PA, Grimaldi PL, Ahmed K, Bray J: Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT): toward a public health approach to the management of substance abuse. Subst Abus. 2007, 28 (3): 7-30. 10.1300/J465v28n03_03.

Madras BK, Compton WM, Avula D, Stegbauer T, Stein JB, Clark HW: Screening, brief interventions, referral to treatment (SBIRT) for illicit drug and alcohol use at multiple healthcare sites: Comparison at intake and 6 months later. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008, 99 (1–3): 280-295.

Emmen MJ, Schippers GM, Bleijenberg G, Wollersheim H: Effectiveness of opportunistic brief interventions for problem drinking in a general hospital setting: systematic review. BMJ. 2004, 7 328 (7435): 318-

Saitz R, Alford DP, Bernstein J, Chang DM, Samet J, Palfai T: Screening and brief intervention for unhealthy drug use in primary care settings: Randomized clinical trials are needed. J Addict Med. 2010, 4 (3): 123-130. 10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181db6b67.

Bernstein J, Bernstein E, Tassiopoulos K, Heeren T, Levenson S, Hingson R: Brief motivational intervention at a clinic visit reduces cocaine and heroin use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005, 77 (1): 49-59. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.07.006.

Shetty V, Murphy DA, Zigler C, Yamashita DD, Belin TR: Randomized controlled trial of personalized motivational interventions in substance using patients with facial injuries. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011, 69 (9): 2396-2411. 10.1016/j.joms.2010.12.040.

Lanier D, Ko S: Screening in primary care settings for illicit drug use: assessment of screening instruments – a supplemental evidence update for the United States Preventive Services Task Force. 2008, Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

Compton WM, Thomas YF, Stinson FS, Grant BF: Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007, 64 (5): 566-576. 10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.566.

Abuse S, Administration MHS: Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: summary of National Findings. 2011, Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

Wickizer TM, Joesch J, Longhi J, Krupski A, Stark K: Employment outcomes of indigent clients receiving alcohol and drug treatment in Washington State, in Analytic Series. 1997, Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

Wickizer TM, Campbell K, Krupski A, Stark K: Employment outcomes among AFDC recipients treated for substance abuse in Washington State. Milbank Q. 2000, 78 (4): 585-608. 10.1111/1468-0009.00186.

Wickizer TM, Krupski A, Stark KD, Mancuso D, Campbell K: The effect of substance abuse treatment on Medicaid expenditures among general assistance welfare clients in Washington State. Milbank Q. 2006, 84 (3): 555-576. 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2006.00458.x.

Kypri K: Methodological issues in alcohol screening and brief intervention research. Subst Abus. 2007, 28 (3): 31-42. 10.1300/J465v28n03_04.

Smedslund G, Berg RC, Hammerstrøm KT, Steiro A, Leiknes KA, Dahl HM, Karlsen K: Motivational interviewing for substance abuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011, 11 (5): CD008063-

Burke BL, Dunn CW, Atkins DC, Phelps JS: The emerging evidence base for motivational interviewing: A meta-analytic and qualitative inquiry. J Cogn Psychother. 2004, 18 (4): 309-322. 10.1891/jcop.18.4.309.64002.

Dunn C, Deroo L, Rivara FP: The use of brief interventions adapted from motivational interviewing across behavioral domains: a systematic review. Addiction. 2001, 96 (12): 1725-1742. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961217253.x.

Bray JW, Cowell AJ, Hinde JM: A systematic review and meta-analysis of health care utilization outcomes in alcohol screening and brief intervention trials. Med Care. 2011, 49 (3): 287-294. 10.1097/MLR.0b013e318203624f.

Estee S, Wickizer T, He L, Shah MF, Mancuso D: Evaluation of the Washington State Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment project: cost outcomes for Medicaid patients screened in hospital emergency departments. Med Care. 2010, 48 (1): 18-24. 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181bd498f.

Yudko E, Lozhkina O, Fouts A: A comprehensive review of the psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2007, 32: 189-198. 10.1016/j.jsat.2006.08.002.

McLellan AT, Luborsky L, Woody GE, O'Brien CP, Druley KA: Predicting response to alcohol and drug abuse treatments. Role of psychiatric severity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983, 40 (6): 620-625. 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.04390010030004.

Hall SM, Havassy BE, Wasserman DA: Commitment to abstinence and acute stress in relapse to alcohol, opiates, and nicotine. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990, 58: 175-181.

Smith PC, Schmidt SM, Allensworth-Davies D, Saitz R: A single-question screening test for drug use in primary care. Arch Intern Med. 2010, 170 (13): 1155-1160. 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.140.

Skinner HA: The Drug Abuse Screening Test. Addict Behav. 1982, 7 (4): 363-371. 10.1016/0306-4603(82)90005-3.

Gavin DR, Ross HE, Skinner HA: Diagnostic validity of the Drug Abuse Screening Test in the assessment of DSM-III drug disorders. Br J Addict. 1989, 84 (3): 301-307. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03463.x.

Linehan MM: Standard protocol for assessing and treating suicidal behaviors for patients in treatment. The Harvard Medical School Guide to Suicidal Assessment and Interventions. Edited by: Jacobs DG. 1999, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 146-187.

Field CA, Caetano R: The effectiveness of brief intervention among injured patients with alcohol dependence: Who benefits from brief intervention?. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010, 111 (1–2): 13-20.

Cobain K, Owens L, Kolamunnage-Dona R, Fitzgerald R, Gilmore I, Pirmohamed M: Brief interventions in dependent drinkers: A comparative prospective analysis in two hospitals. Alcohol Alcohol. 2011, 46 (4): 434-440. 10.1093/alcalc/agr044.

Krupski A, Sears JM, Joesch JM, Estee S, He L, Dunn C, Huber A, Roy-Byrne P, Ries R: Impact of brief interventions and brief treatment on admissions to chemical dependency treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010, 10 (1–2): 126-136.

Cherpitel CJ, Ye Y: Drug use and problem drinking associated with primary care and emergency room utilization in the US general population: data from the 2005 national alcohol survey. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008, 97 (3): 226-230. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.033.

Katon WJ, Unützer J: Pebbles in a pond: NIMH grants stimulate improvements in primary care treatment of depression. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2006, 28 (3): 185-188. 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2006.01.004.

Oslin DW, Grantham S, Coakley E, Maxwell J, Miles K, Ware J, Blow FC, Krahn DD, Bartels SJ, Zubritsky C, Olsen E, Kirchner JE, Levkoff S: PRISM-E: comparison of integrated care and enhanced specialty referral in managing at-risk alcohol use. Psychiatr Serv. 2006, 57 (7): 954-958. 10.1176/appi.ps.57.7.954.

Miller WR, Baca C, Compton WM, Ernst D, Manuel JK, Pringle B, Schermer CR, Weiss RD, Willenbring ML, Zweben A: Addressing substance abuse in health care settings. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006, 30 (2): 292-302. 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00027.x.

O'Toole TP, Pollini RA, Ford DE, Bigelow G: The effect of integrated medical-substance abuse treatment during an acute illness on subsequent health services utilization. Med Care. 2007, 45 (11): 1110-1115. 10.1097/MLR.0b013e318127142b.

Lewin ME, Baxter RJ: America’s health care safety net: Revisiting the 2000 IOM Report. Health Aff. 2007, 26 (5): 1490-1494. 10.1377/hlthaff.26.5.1490.

Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ: Bridging the gap: a hybrid model to link efficacy and effectiveness research in substance abuse treatment. Psychiatr Serv. 2003, 54 (3): 333-339. 10.1176/appi.ps.54.3.333.

Clifford PR, Maisto SA, Davis CM: Alcohol treatment research assessment exposure subject reactivity effects: part I. Alcohol use and related consequences. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2007, 68 (4): 519-528.

Clifford PR, Maisto SA: Subject reactivity effects and alcohol treatment outcome research. J Stud Alcohol. 2000, 61 (6): 787-793.

Marsden J, Gossop M, Stewart D, Rolfe A, Farrell M: Psychiatric symptoms among clients seeking treatment for drug dependence. Intake data from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study. Br J Psychiatry. 2000, 176: 285-289. 10.1192/bjp.176.3.285.

Bogenschutz MP, Donovan DM, Adinoff B, Crandall C, Forcehimes AA, Lindblad R, Mandler RN, Oden NL, Perl HI, Walker R: Design of NIDA CTN Protocol 0047: screening, motivational assessment, referral, and treatment in emergency departments (SMART-ED). Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2011, 37 (5): 417-425. 10.3109/00952990.2011.596971.

Daeppen JB, Gaume J, Bady P, Yersin B, Calmes JM, Givel JC, Gmel G: Brief alcohol intervention and alcohol assessment do not influence alcohol use in injured patients treated in the emergency department: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Addiction. 2007, 102 (8): 1224-1233. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01869.x.

Dunn C: Brief motivational interviewing interventions targeting substance abuse in the acute care medical setting. Semin Clin Neuropsychchiatry. 2003, 8 (3): 188-196. 10.1016/S1084-3612(03)00025-X.

Dunn C, Ostafin B: Brief interventions for hospitalized trauma patients. J Trauma. 2005, 59 (Suppl 3): S88-S93.

Dunn CW, Donovan DM, Gentilello LM: Practical guidelines for performing alcohol interventions in trauma centers. J Trauma. 1997, 42: 299-304. 10.1097/00005373-199702000-00021.

Hettema J, Steele J, Miller WR: Motivational interviewing. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2005, 1: 91-111. 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143833.

Moyers TB, Martin T, Manuel JK, Hendrickson SM, Miller WR: Assessing competence in the use of motivational interviewing. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2005, 28 (1): 19-26. 10.1016/j.jsat.2004.11.001.

Longabaugh R, Woolard RE, Nirenberg TD, Minugh AP, Becker B, Clifford PR, Carty K, Sparadeo F, Gogineni A: Evaluating the effects of a brief motivational intervention for injured drinkers in the emergency department. J Stud Alcohol. 2001, 62 (6): 806-816.

Dunn C: Brief motivational interviewing interventions targeting substance abuse in the acute care medical setting. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2003, 8: 188-196. 10.1016/S1084-3612(03)00025-X.

Baer JS, Wells EA, Rosengren DB, Hartzler B, Beadnell B, Dunn C: Agency context and tailored training in technology transfer: A pilot evaluation of motivational interviewing training for community counselors. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2007, 37 (2): 191-202.

Miller WR, Yahne CE, Moyers TB, Martinez J, Pirritano M: A randomized trial of methods to help clinicians learn motivational interviewing. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004, 72 (6): 1050-1062.

Miller WR, Sorensen JL, Selzer JA, Brigham GS: Disseminating evidence-based practices in substance abuse treatment: A review with suggestions. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2006, 31 (1): 25-39. 10.1016/j.jsat.2006.03.005.

Gentilello LM, Donovan DM, Dunn CW, Rivara FP: Alcohol interventions in trauma centers. Current practice and future directions. JAMA. 1995, 274 (13): 1043-1048. 10.1001/jama.1995.03530130049027.

Wickizer T: Technical Assistance Publication Series 25. The impact of substance abuse treatment on employment outcomes among AFDC clients in Washington State. 2001, (SMA)01-3508; NCADI BKD367

Cacciola JS, Alterman AI, McLellan AT, Lin YT, Lynch KG: Initial evidence for the reliability and validity of a “Lite” version of the Addiction Severity Index. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007, 87 (2-3): 297-302. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.002.

Cacciola JS, Alterman AA, Lynch KG, Martin JM, Beauchamp ML, McLellan AT: Initial reliability and validity studies of the revised Treatment Services Review (TSR-6). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008, 92 (1-3): 37-47. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.004.

Darke S, Hall W, Heather N, Ward J, Wodak A: The reliability and validity of a scale to measure HIV risk-taking behavior among intravenous drug users. AIDS. 1991, 5: 181-185.

Rabin R, deCharro F: EQ-5D: A measure of health status from the EuroQol Group. Ann Med. 2001, 33: 337-343. 10.3109/07853890109002087.

Cartwright WS: Economic costs of drug abuse: Financial, cost of illness, and services. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2008, 34 (2): 224-233. 10.1016/j.jsat.2007.04.003.

Miller TR, Levy DT, Cohen MA, Cox KL: Cost of alcohol and drug-involved crime. Prev Sci. 2006, 7 (4): 333-342. 10.1007/s11121-006-0041-6.

Hintze J: PASS. 2008, NCSS Statistical Software, LLC. http://www.ncss.com