Testing the DSM-5 severity indicator for bulimia nervosa in a treatment-seeking sample

Russell G (1979) Bulimia nervosa: an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med 9:429–448. doi: 10.1017/S0033291700031974

Mitchell JE, Agras S, Wonderlich S (2007) Treatment of bulimia nervosa: where are we and where are we going? Int J Eat Disord 40:95–101. doi: 10.1002/eat.20343

Culbert KM, Racine SE, Klump KL (2015) Research review: what we have learned about the causes of eating disorders—a synthesis of sociocultural, psychological, and biological research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 56:1141–1164. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12441

Dakanalis A, Carrà G, Calogero R, Zanetti MA, Gaudio S, Caccialanza R, Riva G, Clerici M (2015) Testing the cognitive-behavioural maintenance models across DSM-5 bulimic-type eating disorder diagnostic groups: a multi-study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 265(8):663–776. doi: 10.1007/s00406-014-0560-2

Keel PK, Brown TA (2010) Update on course and outcome in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 43:195–204. doi: 10.1002/eat.20810

Bakalar JL, Shank LM, Vannucci A, Radin RM, Tanofsky-Kraff M (2015) Recent advances in developmental and risk factor research on eating disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. doi: 10.1007/s11920-015-0585-x

Ágh T, Kovács G, Supina D, Pawaskar M, Herman BK, Vokó Z, Sheehan DV (2016) A systematic review of the health-related quality of life and economic burdens of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Eat Weight Disord. doi: 10.1007/s40519-016-0264-x

Steinhausen H, Weber S (2009) The outcome of bulimia nervosa: findings from one-quarter century of research. Am J Psychiatry 166:1331–1341. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09040582

American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington

Mond JM (2013) Classification of bulimic-type eating disorders: from DSM-IV to DSM-5. J Eat Disord. doi: 10.1186/2050-2974-1-33

van Hoeken D, Veling W, Sinke S, Mitchell JE, Hoek HW (2009) The validity and utility of sub-typing bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 42:595–602. doi: 10.1002/eat.20724

Wilfley DE, Bishop ME, Wilson GT, Agras WS (2007) Classification of eating disorders: toward DSM-5. Int J Eat Disord 40:123–129. doi: 10.1002/eat.20436

Agüera Z, Riesco N, Jiménez-Murcia S, Islam MA, Granero R, Vicente E, Peñas-Lledó E, Arcelus J, Sánchez I, Menchon JM, Fernández-Aranda F (2013) Cognitive behaviour therapy response and dropout rate across purging and nonpurging bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: DSM-5 implications. BMC Psychiatry 13:285. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-285

American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington

Grilo CM, Ivezaj V, White MA (2015) Evaluation of the DSM-5 severity indicator for bulimia nervosa. Behav Res Ther 67:41–44. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.02.002

Regier DA, Kuhl EA, Kupfer DJ (2013) The DSM-5: classification and criteria changes. World Psychiatry 12:92–98. doi: 10.1002/wps.20050

Smink FR, van Hoeken D, Oldehinkel AJ, Hoek HW (2014) Prevalence and severity of DSM-5 eating disorders in a community cohort of adolescents. Int J Eat Disord 47:610–619. doi: 10.1002/eat.22316

Dakanalis A, Carrà G, Timko A, Volpato C, Pla-Sanjuanelo J, Zanetti A, Clerici M, Riva G (2015) Mechanisms of influence of body checking on binge eating. Int J Clin Health Psychol 15(2):93–104. doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.03.003

Dakanalis A 2016 Sociocultural, psychological, and neurocognitive correlate of body checking. Int J Clin Health Psychol (in press)

Fairburn CG, Cooper Z (1993) The Eating Disorder Examination. In: Fairburn CG, Wilson GT (eds) Binge eating: nature, assessment, and treatment, 1st edn. Guilford Press, New York, pp 317–360

Lampard AM, Sharbanee JM (2015) The cognitive-behavioural theory and treatment of bulimia nervosa: an examination of treatment mechanisms and future directions. Aust Psychol 50:6–13. doi: 10.1111/ap.12078

Dakanalis A, Timko CA, Riva G, Madeddu F, Clerici M, Zanetti MA (2014) A comprehensive examination of the transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral model of eating disorders in males. Eat Behav 15(1):63–67. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.10.003

Allen KL, Byrne SM, McLean NJ (2012) The dual-pathway and cognitive-behavioural models of binge eating: prospective evaluation and comparison. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 21:51–62. doi: 10.1007/s00787-011-0231-z

Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, Doll HA, O’Connor ME, Bohn K, Hawker DM, Wales JA, Palmer RL (2009) Transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with eating disorders: a two-site trial with 60-week follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 166:311–319. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08040608

Reas DL, Whisenhunt BL, Netemeyer R, Williamson DA (2002) Development of the body checking questionnaire: a self-report measure of body checking behaviors. Int J Eat Disord 31:324–333. doi: 10.1002/eat.10012

First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW (1996) Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders-patient edition (SCID-I/P, version 2.0). New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research Department, New York

Furukawa TA, Kessler RC, Slade T, Andrews G (2003) The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Psychol Med 33:357–362. doi: 10.1017/S0033291702006700

Gameroff MJ, Wickramaratne P, Weissman MM (2012) Testing the Short and Screener versions of the Social Adjustment Scale-Self-report (SAS-SR). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 21:52–65. doi: 10.1002/mpr.358

Garner DM (2004) Eating Disorder Inventory-3 professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa

Reid HM (2014) Introduction to statistics: fundamental concepts and procedures of data analysis. Sage Publications, London

Goldschmidt AB, Peterson CB, Wonderlich SA, Crosby RD, Engel SG, Mitchell JE, Crow SJ, Cao L, Berg KC (2013) Trait-level and momentary correlates of bulimia nervosa with a history of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 46:140–146. doi: 10.1002/eat.22054

Dakanalis A, Timko A, Serino S, Riva G, Clerici M, Carrà G (2016) Prospective psychosocial predictors of onset and cessation of eating pathology amongst college women. Eur Eat Disord Rev 24(3):251–256. doi: 10.1002/erv.2433

Dakanalis A, Clerici M, Caslini M, Gaudio S, Serino S, Riva G, Carrà G (2016) Predictors of initiation and persistence of recurrent binge eating and inappropriate weight compensatory behaviors in men. Int J Eat Disord 49(6):581–590. doi: 10.1002/eat.22535

Abbate-Daga G, Pierò A, Gramaglia C, Fassino S (2005) Factors related to severity of vomiting behaviors in bulimia nervosa. Psychiatry Res 30(134):75–84. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2004.01.013

Tabri N, Murray HB, Thomas JJ, Franko DL, Herzog DB, Eddy KT (2015) Overvaluation of body shape/weight and engagement in non-compensatory weight-control behaviors in eating disorders: is there a reciprocal relationship? Psychol Med 45:2951–2958. doi: 10.1017/S0033291715000896

Edler C, Haedt AA, Keel PK (2007) The use of multiple purging methods as an indicator of eating disorder severity. Int J Eat Disord 40:515–520. doi: 10.1002/eat.20416

Spoor ST, Stice E, Burton E, Bohon C (2007) Relations of bulimic symptom frequency and intensity to psychosocial impairment and health care utilization: results from a community-recruited sample. Int J Eat Disord 40:505–514. doi: 10.1002/eat.20410

Dakanalis A, Timko CA, Zanetti MA, Rinaldi L, Prunas A, Carrà G, Riva G, Clerici M (2014) Attachment insecurities, maladaptive perfectionism, and eating disorder symptoms: a latent mediated and moderated structural equation modeling analysis across diagnostic groups. Psychiatry Res 215:176–184. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.10.039

Colleen Stiles-Shields E, Labuschagne Z, Goldschmidt AB, Doyle AC, Le Grange D (2012) The use of multiple methods of compensatory behaviors as an indicator of eating disorder severity in treatment-seeking youth. Int J Eat Disord 45:704–710. doi: 10.1002/eat.22004

Dakanalis A, Timko CA, Carrà G, Clerici M, Zanetti MA, Riva G, Caccialanza R (2014) Testing the original and the extended dual-pathway model of lack of control over eating in adolescent girls. A two-year longitudinal study. Appetite 82:180–193. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.022

Dakanalis A, Carrà G, Clerici M, Riva G (2015) Efforts to make clearer the relationship between body dissatisfaction and binge eating. Eat Weight Disord 20(1):145–146. doi: 10.1007/s40519-014-0152-1

Dakanalis A, Zanetti MA, Clerici M, Madeddu F, Riva G, Caccialanza R (2013) Italian version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Psychometric proprieties and measurement invariance across sex. BMI-status and age. Appetite 71:187–195. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.08.010

Riva G, Gaggioli A, Dakanalis A (2013) From body dissatisfaction to obesity: how virtual reality may improve obesity prevention and treatment in adolescents. Stud Health Technol Inform 184:356–362. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-209-7-356

Dakanalis A, Favagrossa L, Clerici M, Prunas A, Colmegna F, Zanetti MA, Riva G (2015) Body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptomatology: a latent structural equation modeling analysis of moderating variables in 18-to-28-year-old males. J Psychol 149(1):85–112. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2013.842141

Pla-Sanjuanelo J, Ferrer-García M, Gutiérrez-Maldonado J, Riva G, Andreu-Gracia A, Dakanalis A, Fernandez-Aranda F, Forcano L, Ribas-Sabaté J, Riesco N, Rus-Calafell M, Sánchez I, Sanchez-Planell L (2015) Identifying specific cues and contexts related to bingeing behavior for the development of effective virtual environments. Appetite 87:81–89. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.098

Lampard AM, Byrne SM, McLean N, Fursland A (2011) An evaluation of the enhanced cognitive-behavioral model of bulimia nervosa. Behav Res Ther 49:529–535. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.002

Dakanalis A, Carrà G, Calogero R, Fida R, Clerici M, Zanetti MA, Riva G (2015) The developmental effects of media-ideal internalization and self-objectification processes on adolescents’ negative body-feelings, dietary restraint, and binge eating. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 24(8):997–1010. doi: 10.1007/s00787-014-0649-1

Goldschmidt AB, Wonderlich SA, Crosby RD, Engel SG, Lavender JM, Peterson CB, Crow SJ, Cao L, Mitchell JE (2014) Ecological momentary assessment of stressful events and negative affect in bulimia nervosa. J Consult Clin Psychol 82:30–39. doi: 10.1037/a0034974

Berg KC, Crosby RD, Cao L, Peterson CB, Engel SG, Mitchell JE, Wonderlich SA (2013) Facets of negative affect prior to and following binge-only, purge-only, and binge/purge events in women with bulimia nervosa. J Abnorm Psychol 122(1):111–118. doi: 10.1037/a0029703

Wonderlich SA, Peterson CB, Crosby RD, Smith TL, Klein MH, Mitchell JE, Crow SJ (2014) A randomized controlled comparison of integrative cognitive-affective therapy (ICAT) and enhanced cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-E) for bulimia nervosa. Psychol Med 44:543–553. doi: 10.1017/S0033291713001098

Hartmann A, Zeeck A, van der Kooij AJ (2009) Severity of bulimia nervosa. Measurement and classification into health or pathology. Psychopathology 42:22–31. doi: 10.1159/000173700

Dakanalis A, Bartoli F, Caslini M, Crocamo C, Zanetti MA, Riva G, Clerici M, Carrà G (2016) Validity and clinical utility of the DSM-5 severity specifier for bulimia nervosa: results from a multisite sample of patients who received evidence-based treatment. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. doi: 10.1007/s00406-016-0712-7

Lock J, Agras WS, Le Grange D, Couturier J, Safer D, Bryson SW (2013) Do end of treatment assessments predict outcome at follow-up in eating disorders? Int J Eat Disord 46:771–778. doi: 10.1002/eat.22175