Tenure Security and Land Appropriation under Changing Environmental Governance in Lowland Bolivia and Pará

Forests - Tập 6 Số 2 - Trang 464-491
Pablo Pacheco1, José Heder Benatti2
1Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan CIFOR Situ Gede, Bogor Barat 16115, Indonesia
2Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01—Guamá, Belem CEP 66075-110, Brazil

Tóm tắt

Appropriation of public lands associated with agricultural frontier expansion is a longstanding occurrence in the Amazon that has resulted in a highly skewed land-tenure structure in spite of recent state efforts to recognize tenure rights of indigenous people and smallholders living in or nearby forests. Growing concerns to reduce environmental impacts from agricultural development have motivated state governments to place greater attention on sustainable land management and forest conservation. This paper assesses the political and institutional conditions shaping tenure security and land appropriation in lowland Bolivia and the State of Pará in Brazil, and their links with environmental governance. The two cases show that clarifying and securing tenure rights is considered as the cornerstone for improving environmental governance. Thus, much attention has been given to the recognition of indigenous people and smallholder rights and to legalization of large-scale estates in agricultural frontiers, which have in turn influenced emerging conservation and environmental governance approaches. While policy frameworks share similar goals in the two cases, contrasting implementation approaches have been adopted: more agrarian in lowland Bolivia and more conservationist in the State of Pará.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Schmink, M., and Wood, C.H. (1992). Contested Frontiers in Amazonia, Columbia University Press.

Goodman, D., and Hall, A. (1990). The Future of Amazonia: Destruction or Sustainable Development?, St. Martinʼs Press.

Pacheco, 2011, The Recognition of Forest Rights in Latin America: Progress and Shortcomings of Forest Tenure Reforms, Soc. Nat. Resour., 25, 556, 10.1080/08941920.2011.574314

Taylor, P.L., Larson, A.M., and Stone, S. (2008). Forest Tenure and Poverty in Latin America: A Preliminary Scoping Exercise, RRI/CIFOR.

Foweraker, J. (2002). The Struggle for Land: A Political Economy of the Pioneer Frontier in Brazil from 1930 to the Present Day, Cambridge Latin American Studies.

Alston, L.J., Libecap, G.D., and Mueller, B. (1999). Titles, Conflict, and Land Use: The Development of Property Rights and Land Reform on the Brazilian Amazon. Frontier, University of Michigan Press.

Binswanger, 1991, Brazilian policies that encourage deforestation in the Amazon, World Dev., 19, 821, 10.1016/0305-750X(91)90135-5

Thiele, 1995, The displacement of peasant settlers in the Amazon: The case of Santa Cruz, Bolivia, Hum. Organ., 54, 273, 10.17730/humo.54.3.h2j7748165156151

Zimmerer, 2011, Conservation booms, land use transitions and environmental governance in Latin America,1985–2008 (Mexico, Costa Rica, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia), Latin Am. Res. Rev., 46, 82, 10.1353/lar.2011.0033

Pacheco, 2011, Landscape transformation in tropical Latin America: Assessing trends and policy implications for REDD+, Forests, 2, 1, 10.3390/f2010001

Hecht, 2005, Soybeans, development and conservation on the Amazon frontier, Dev. Chang., 36, 375, 10.1111/j.0012-155X.2005.00415.x

Pacheco, 2006, Agricultural expansion and deforestation in Lowland Bolivia: The import substitution versus the structural adjustment model, Land Use Policy, 23, 205, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2004.09.004

Nepstad, 2006, Globalization of the Amazon soy and beef industries: Opportunities for conservation, Conserv. Biol., 20, 1595, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00510.x

Walker, 2009, Ranching and the new global range: Amazônia in the 21st century, Geoforum, 40, 732, 10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.10.009

Nelson, M. El Aprovechamiento de las Tierras Tropicales en América Latina, Siglo XXI.

Nepstad, 2008, Interactions among Amazon land use, forests and climate: Prospects for a near-term forest tipping point, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B, 363, 1737, 10.1098/rstb.2007.0036

Pacheco, P. (2005). Populist and Capitalist Frontiers in the Amazon: Dynamics of Agrarian and Land-Use Change. [Ph.D. Thesis, Clark University].

Rudel, 2009, Changing drivers of deforestation and new opportunities for conservation, Conserv. Biol., 23, 1396, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01332.x

Godar, 2012, Typology and Characterization of Amazon Colonists: A Case Study Along the Transamazon Highway, Hum. Ecol., 40, 251, 10.1007/s10745-012-9457-8

Pacheco, 2009, Smallholder livelihoods, wealth and deforestation in the Eastern Amazon, Hum. Ecol., 37, 27, 10.1007/s10745-009-9220-y

Hecht, 2012, From eco-catastrophe to zero deforestation? Interdisciplinarities, politics, environmentalisms and reduced clearing in Amazonia, Environ. Conserv., 39, 4, 10.1017/S0376892911000452

Nepstad, 2011, Systemic Conservation, REDD, and the Future of the Amazon Basin, Conserv. Biol., 25, 1113, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01784.x

Anseeuw, W., Wily, L.A., Cotula, L., and Taylor, M. (2012). Land Rights and the Rush for Land: Findings of the Global Commercial Pressures on Land Research Project, IIED, CIRAD, ILC.

Gardner, B., and Raussser, G. (2001). Handbook of Agricultural Economics, Elsevier North Holland.

Schneider, R. (1995). Government and the Economy on the Amazon, The World Bank Group. Frontier World Bank Environment Paper No. 11.

Rudel, 2002, A tropical forest transition? agricultural change, out-migration, and secondary forests in the ecuadorian amazon, Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr., 92, 87, 10.1111/1467-8306.00281

Eggertsson, T. (1990). Economic Behavior and Institutions, Cambridge University Press.

North, D.C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge University Press.

Williamson, 1979, Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations, J. Law Econ., 22, 233, 10.1086/466942

Rao, P.K. (2003). The Economics of Transaction Costs, Palgrave.

Schlager, 1992, Property-rights regimes and natural resources: A conceptual analysis, Land Econ., 68, 249, 10.2307/3146375

Agrawal, 2001, Collective Action, Property Rights, and Decentralization in Resource Use in India and Nepal, Polit. Soc., 29, 485, 10.1177/0032329201029004002

Ascher, W. (1995). Communities and Sustainable Forestry in Developing Countries, ICS Press.

Baland, J.-M., and Platteau, J.-P. (1996). Halting Degradation of Natural Resources: Is There a Role for Rural Communities?, Clarendon Press.

Dietz, 2003, Struggling the commons, Science, 302, 1907, 10.1126/science.1091015

Gibson, C., Williams, J., and Ostrom, E. (2003). The Importance of Rule Enforcement for Local-Level Forest Management, Reconciling Rural Poverty Reduction and Resource Conservation.

Gibson, C.C., Ostrom, E., and MacKean, M.A. (2000). People and Forests: Communities, Institutions and Governance, The MIT Press.

Bromley, D.W. (1992). Making the Commons Work, Institute for Contemporary Studies Press.

Benjaminsen, 2008, Formalisation of land rights: Some empirical evidence from Mali, Niger and South Africa, Land Use Policy, 26, 28, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.07.003

Sikor, 2009, The limits of state-led land reform: An introduction, World Dev., 37, 1307, 10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.08.010

Colin, 2013, Securing rural land transactions in Africa. An Ivorian perspective, Land Use Policy, 31, 430, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.08.006

Pacheco, P. (1998). Estilos de Desarrollo, Deforestación y Degradación de los Bosques en las Tierras Bajas de Bolivia, CEDLA, TIERRA, CIFOR.

Fifer, 1970, The Empire Builders: A History of the Bolivian Rubber Boom and the Rise of the House of Suarez, J. Latin Am. Stud., 2, 113, 10.1017/S0022216X00005095

Pacheco, P. (1992). Integración Económica y Fragmentación Social: El Itinerario de las Barracas en la Amazonia Boliviana, Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario (CEDLA).

Mather, 1922, Exploration in the land of the Yuracares, eastern Bolivia, Geogr. Rev., 12, 42, 10.2307/208655

Arrieta, M., Abrego, G., Castillo, A., and de la Fuente, M. (1990). Agricultura en Santa Cruz: De la Encomienda Colonial a la Empresa Modernizada (1559–1985), Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigación Social.

Romero, 2003, La Reforma Agraria en las Tierras Bajas de Bolivia, Artíc. Prim., 7, 53

Dandler, 1984, El desarrollo de la agricultura, políticas estatales y el proceso de acumulación en Bolivia, Estud. Rural. Latinoam., 7, 81

Pacheco, 2010, The evolution of the timber sector in lowland Bolivia: Examining the influence of three disparate policy approaches, For. Policy Econ., 12, 271, 10.1016/j.forpol.2009.12.002

Eastwood, 1985, The Development of Colonization in Lowland Bolivia: Objetives and Evaluation, Bol. Estud. Latinoam. Caribe, 38, 61

Blanes, J., Calderón, F., Dandler, J., Prudencio, J., and Lanza, L. (1985). Tras Nuevas Raíces. Migraciones Internas y Colonización en Bolivia, Ministerio de Planeamiento-FNUAP.

Urioste, M. (1988). Segunda Reforma Agraria: Campesinos, Tierra y Educación Popular, CEDLA.

Hunnisett, G. (1996). The Forest Sector and Deforestation in Bolivia, The World Bank.

Quiroga, M.S., and Salinas, E. (1996). Minerales y Madera, Temas para el Debate Ambiental, Grupo de Acción y Reflexión sobre el Medio Ambiente.

Navia, C. (1989). Nuestro Bosque de Mañana. Síntesis Documental del Proceso Forestal Beniano 1979–1988, Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigación Social (ILDIS).

Kaimowitz, 1999, The effects of structural adjustment on deforestation and forest degradation in lowland Bolivia, World Dev., 27, 505, 10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00146-6

Angelsen, A., and Kaimowitz, D. (2001). Agricultural Technologies and Tropical Deforestation, CABI Publishing.

Bojanic, A. (2001). Balance is Beautiful: Assessing Sustainable Development in the Rain Forest of the Bolivian Amazon PROMAB Scientific Series No. 1, CIFOR, University of Utrecht and PROMAB.

Beltrán, J., and Phillips, A. (2000). Indigenous and Traditional Peoples and Protected Areas: Principles, Guidelines and Case Studies, World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA).

Teeter, L.D., Cashore, B., and Zhang, D. (2002). Forest Policy for Private Forestry, CABI Publishing.

Pacheco, 2007, El nuevo régimen forestal boliviano: Una mirada retrospectiva a diez años de su implementación, Recur. Nat. Ambient., 49, 58

Urioste, M., and Pacheco, D. (2001). Las Tierras Bajas a Fines del Siglo XX, Proyecto de Investigaciones Estratégicas.

Benneker, C. (2008). Dealing with the State, the Market and NGOs: The Impact of Institutions on the Constitution and Performance of Community Forest Enterprises (CFE) in the Lowlands of Bolivia, Wageningen University.

ABT (2011). forme Anual 2010 y Balance de la Década, Autoridad de Fiscalizacion y Control Social de Bosques y Tierra.

Balderrama, C. (2002). Estadisticas Agrarias: Tenencia de la Tierra en Bolivia (1953–2002), Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria, Embajada Real de Dinamarca-Programa Sectorial de Apoyo a los Pueblos Indígenas.

Hernáiz, I., and Pacheco, D. (2000). La Ley INRA en el Espejo de la Historia: Dos Siglos de Reformas Agrarias en Bolivia, Fundación TIERRA.

Urioste, M. (2011). Concentracion y Extranjerizacion de la tierra en Bolivia, Fundacion Tierra.

Pattie, P., and Rojas, P. (2003). Análisis de la Patente Forestal por Superficie, Proyecto de Manejo Forestal Sostenible BOLFOR.

Pacheco, P. (2005). Towards a Forestry Strategy in Bolivia: Helping Forests to Help People. Report to FAO, FAO.

Laird, S., McLain, R., and Wynberg, R. (2010). Wild Product Governance: Finding Policies that Work for Non-Timber Forest Products, Earthscan.

Pacheco, 2004, What Lies behind Decentralization? Forest, Powers and Actors in Lowlands Bolivia, Eur. J. Dev. Res., 16, 90, 10.1080/09578810410001688752

Pacheco, P. (2006). Descentralización Forestal en Bolivia: Implicaciones en el Gobierno de los Recursos Forestales y el Bienestar de los Grupos Marginados, CIFOR/IDRC.

Pacheco, P. (2006). Acceso y uso de la Tierra y Bosques en Bolivia: Sus Implicaciones Para el Desarrollo y la Conservación, UDAPE.

Andaluz, A. (1998). Los Conceptos Claves de Estado y los Planes de Ordenamiento Predial-POP, Proyecto de Manejo Forestal Sostenible, BOLFOR.

Müller, R., Pacheco, P., and Montero, J.C. (2014). The Context of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Bolivia: Drivers, Agents and Institutions, CIFOR.

INRA (2011). Informe de Gestión 2010, Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria.

Weinstein, B. (1993). A Borracha na Amazonia: Expansao e Decadencia 1850–1920, Editora Hucitec, Editora da Universidade de Sao Paulo.

Ianni, O. (1979). A Luta pela Terra: Historia Social da Terra e da Luta pela Terra numa Area da Amazonia, Vozes. [2nd ed.].

Baer, W. (2001). The Brazilian Economy: Growht and Development, Praeger Publishers.

Treccani, G.D. (2001). Violência e Grilagem: Instrumentos de Aquisição da Propriedade da Terra no Pará, UFPA, ITERPA.

Hecht, S., and Cockburn, A. (1989). The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers and Defenders of the Amazon, Verso.

Cleary, 1993, After the Frontier: Problems with Political Economy in the Modern Brazilian Amazon, Latin Am. Stud., 25, 331, 10.1017/S0022216X00004685

Eleres, P. (2002). Intervenção Territorial Federal na Amazônia, Imprensa oficial do Estado.

Schneider, R. (1993). Land Abandonment, Property Rights, and Agricultural Sustainability in the Amazon, World Bank. Dissemination Note No. 3.

Monteiro, 2005, Meio século de mineração industrial na Amazônia e suas implicações para o desenvolvimento regional, Estud. Av., 19, 187, 10.1590/S0103-40142005000100012

Benatti, J.H. (2003). Direito de Propriedade e Proteção Ambiental no Brasil: Apropriação e uso dos Recursos Naturais no Imóvel Rural, Universidade Federal do Para.

Droulers, 2000, Amazonia, la fin de la frontière, Caravelle Cahiers Monde Hisp. Luso-Brés., 75, 109

Schmink, M., and Wood, C.H. (1984). Frontier Expansion in Amazonia, University of Florida Press.

Hecht, 1988, The economics of cattle ranching in eastern Amazonia, Interciencia, 13, 233

Pacheco, P. (2002). Revisiting the Role of Fiscal Incentives on Driving Livestock Expansion in the Brazilian Amazon, The World Bank Group.

Kohlhepp, G., and Schrader, A. (1987). Homem e natureza na Amazônia, BPR Publishers.

Pacheco, 2009, Agrarian change, cattle ranching and deforestation: Assessing their linkages in southern Para, Environ. Hist., 15, 493, 10.3197/096734009X12532652872072

Castro, E., Moura, E.A.F., and Maia, M.L.S. (1995). Industrializacão e Grandes Projetos: Desorganizacão e Reorganizacão do Espaço, Universidade Federal do Para.

Hecht, 1993, The logic of livestock and deforestation in Amazonia, Bioscience, 43, 687, 10.2307/1312340

Becker, B. Condição do Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Amazônia. 4ª Conferência Nacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Brasília, Brazil.

Kohlhepp, 2001, A Amazônia frente a um novo desafio: O desenvolvimento sustentável e o programa Avança Brasil. Amazônia: Avança o Brasil?, Cad. Adenauer, 2, 9

Killeen, T. (2007). A Perfect Storm in the Amazon. Wilderness: Development and Conservation in the Context of the Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure of South. America (IIRSA), Conservation International.

Simmons, 2007, The Amazon Land War in the South of Pará, Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr., 97, 567, 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00564.x

ISA (2012). De Olho nas Terras Indigenas, Instituto Socioambiental.

ITERPA (2010). Relatório de Gestão 2010 e Análise do Período 2007–2010, Instituto de Terras do Para.

INCRA (2010). National Institute of Agrarian Reform, INCRA.

Pacheco, 2009, Agrarian Reform in the Brazilian Amazon: Its Implications for Land Distribution and Deforestation, World Dev., 37, 1337, 10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.08.019

Peduzzi, P. AGU limita venda de terras brasileiras a empresas controladas por estrangeiros. Available online:http://agencia-brasil.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/2342554/agu-limita-venda-de-terras-brasileiras-a-empresas-controladas-por-estrangeiros.

Souza, J., Carlos, M., Haiashy, S., and Verissimo, A. Deforestation alerts for forest law enforcement: The case of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Land Policy and Administration, Washington, DC, USA.

Nepstad, 2014, Slowing Amazon deforestation through public policy and interventions in beef and soy supply chains, Science, 344, 1118, 10.1126/science.1248525

Macedo, 2014, Cracking Brazilʼs Forest Code, Science, 344, 363, 10.1126/science.1246663

Wunder, 2014, Forest law enforcement in the Brazilian Amazon: Costs and income effects, Glob. Environ. Chang., 29, 294, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.021

Wunder, 2007, The efficiency of payments for environmental services in tropical conservation: Essays, Conserv. Biol., 21, 48, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00559.x