Temporal changes and determinants of childhood nutritional status in Kenya and Zambia

Tzioumis E, Adair LS. Childhood dual burden of under- and overnutrition in low- and middle-income countries: a critical review. Food Nutr Bull. 2014;35:230–43.

Victora CG, Rivera JA. Optimal child growth and the double burden of malnutrition: research and programmatic implications. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100:1611S–2.

Wojcicki JM. The double burden household in sub-Saharan Africa: maternal overweight and obesity and childhood undernutrition from the year 2000: results from World Health Organization Data (WHO) and Demographic Health Surveys (DHS). BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1124.

Zeba AN, Delisle HF, Renier G, Savadogo B, Baya B. The double burden of malnutrition and cardiometabolic risk widens the gender and socio-economic health gap: a study among adults in Burkina Faso (West Africa). Public Health Nutr. 2012;15:2210–9.

Zhang N, Becares L, Chandola T. Patterns and determinants of double-burden of malnutrition among rural children: evidence from China. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0158119.

Subramanian SV, Kawachi I, Smith GD. Income inequality and the double burden of under- and overnutrition in India. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61:802–9.

Danaei G, Andrews KG, Sudfeld CR, et al. Risk factors for childhood stunting in 137 developing countries: a comparative risk assessment analysis at global, regional, and country levels. PLoS Med. 2016;13:e1002164.

Ayaya SO, Esamai FO, Rotich J, Olwambula AR. Socio-economic factors predisposing under five-year-old children to severe protein energy malnutrition at the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya. East Afr Med J. 2004;81:415–21.

Hautvast JL, van der Heijden LJ, Luneta AK, van Staveren WA, Tolboom JJ, van Gastel SM. Food consumption of young stunted and non-stunted children in rural Zambia. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53:50–9.

Kwena AM, Terlouw DJ, de Vlas SJ, et al. Prevalence and severity of malnutrition in pre-school children in a rural area of western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;68:94–9.

Olack B, Burke H, Cosmas L, et al. Nutritional status of under-five children living in an informal urban settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. J Health Popul Nutr. 2011;29:357–63.

Termote C, Raneri J, Deptford A, Cogill B. Assessing the potential of wild foods to reduce the cost of a nutritionally adequate diet: an example from eastern Baringo District, Kenya. Food Nutr Bull. 2014;35:458–79.

Trykker H, Simwambana A, Kantu K, Eberhard M. A primary health care baseline survey in a rural district in Zambia. Afr J Med Med Sci. 1994;23:147–51.

Mwaniki EW, Makokha AN. Nutrition status and associated factors among children in public primary schools in Dagoretti, Nairobi, Kenya. Afr Health Sci. 2013;13:39–46.

Semproli S, Canducci E, Ricci E, Gualdi-Russo E. Nutrient intake in 5-17-year-old African boys and girls in a rural district of Kenya. Nutr Hosp. 2011;26:765–74.

Ndiku M, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Singh P, Sabate J. Gender inequality in food intake and nutritional status of children under 5 years old in rural Eastern Kenya. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011;65:26–31.

Cole SM. The relationship between relative deprivation and adult nutritional status in rural Zambia. Am J Hum Biol. 2012;24:800–5.

Kenya Country Report. World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA. World Bank; 2016.

Zambia Country Report. World Bank Group, Washington: World Bank; 2016.

Living Standards Measurement Study. World Bank Group, Washington: World Bank; 2015.

Demographic and health survey sampling and household listing manual. Calverton, MD, USA. ICF International; 2012.

WHO. In: de Onis M, editor. Database on child growth and malnutrition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997. p. 67.

Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet. 2008;371:243–60.

Amugsi DA, Dimbuene ZT, Kimani-Murage EW, Mberu B, Ezeh AC. Differential effects of dietary diversity and maternal characteristics on linear growth of children aged 6-59 months in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2017;09:1–17. 

Kigutha HN, van Staveren WA, Veerman W, Hautvast JG. Child malnutrition in poor smallholder households in rural Kenya: an in-depth situation analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995;49:691–702.

Semproli S, Gualdi-Russo E. Childhood malnutrition and growth in a rural area of Western Kenya. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2007;132:463–9.

Fink G, Peet E, Danaei G, et al. Schooling and wage income losses due to early-childhood growth faltering in developing countries: national, regional, and global estimates. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104:104–12.

Nabwera HM, Fulford AJ, Moore SE, Prentice AM. Growth faltering in rural Gambian children after four decades of interventions: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5:e208–16.

Kimani-Murage EW, Schofield L, Wekesah F, et al. Vulnerability to food insecurity in urban slums: experiences from Nairobi, Kenya. J Urban Health. 2014;91:1098–113.

Steyn NP, Nel JH, Parker WA, Ayah R, Mbithe D. Dietary, social, and environmental determinants of obesity in Kenyan women. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39:88–97.

M'Kaibi FK, Steyn NP, Ochola S, Du Plessis L. Effects of agricultural biodiversity and seasonal rain on dietary adequacy and household food security in rural areas of Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:422.

Waswa LM, Jordan I, Herrmann J, Krawinkel MB, Keding GB. Community-based educational intervention improved the diversity of complementary diets in western Kenya: results from a randomized controlled trial. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18:3406–19.

Gewa CA, Murphy SP, Weiss RE, Neumann CG. Determining minimum food intake amounts for diet diversity scores to maximize associations with nutrient adequacy: an analysis of schoolchildren's diets in rural Kenya. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17:2667–73.

Hansen AW, Christensen DL, Larsson MW, et al. Dietary patterns, food and macronutrient intakes among adults in three ethnic groups in rural Kenya. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14:1671–9.

Abuya BA, Ciera J, Kimani-Murage E. Effect of mother's education on child's nutritional status in the slums of Nairobi. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12:80.

Carlson GJ, Kordas K, Murray-Kolb LE. Associations between women's autonomy and child nutritional status: a review of the literature. Matern Child Nutr. 2015;11:452–82.

Brunson EK, Shell-Duncan B, Steele M. Women's autonomy and its relationship to children's nutrition among the Rendille of northern Kenya. Am J Hum Biol. 2009;21:55–64.

Ziaei S, Contreras M, Zelaya Blandon E, Persson LA, Hjern A, Ekstrom EC. Women's autonomy and social support and their associations with infant and young child feeding and nutritional status: community-based survey in rural Nicaragua. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18:1979–90.

Whyte SR, Kariuki PW. Malnutrition and gender relations in Western Kenya. Health Transit Rev. 1991;1:171–87.

Tomedi A, Rohan-Minjares F, McCalmont K, Ashton R, Opiyo R, Mwanthi M. Feasibility and effectiveness of supplementation with locally available foods in prevention of child malnutrition in Kenya. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15:749–56.

Mukudi E. Nutrition status, education participation, and school achievement among Kenyan middle-school children. Nutrition. 2003;19:612–6.

Popkin BM. Nutrition transition and the global diabetes epidemic. Curr Diab Rep. 2015;15:64.