Temporal Variation in Fitness Components and Population Dynamics of Large Herbivores
Tóm tắt
▪ Abstract In large-herbivore populations, environmental variation and density dependence co-occur and have similar effects on various fitness components. Our review aims to quantify the temporal variability of fitness components and examine how that variability affects changes in population growth rates. Regardless of the source of variation, adult female survival shows little year-to-year variation [coefficient of variation (CV <10%)], fecundity of prime-aged females and yearling survival rates show moderate year-to-year variation (CV <20%), and juvenile survival and fecundity of young females show strong variation (CV >30%). Old females show senescence in both survival and reproduction. These patterns of variation are independent of differences in body mass, taxonomic group, and ecological conditions. Differences in levels of maternal care may fine-tune the temporal variation of early survival. The immature stage, despite a low relative impact on population growth rate compared with the adult stage, may be the critical component of population dynamics of large herbivores. Observed differences in temporal variation may be more important than estimated relative sensitivity or elasticity in determining the relative demographic impact of various fitness components.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Asher GW, 1985, Bull. R. Soc. N.Z., 22, 217
Ballard WB, 1986, Alces, 22, 201
Bartmann RM, 1992, Wildl. Monogr., 121, 1
Berger J. 1986.Wild Horses of the Great Basin.Social Competition and Population Size. Chicago, IL: Univ. Chicago Press
Berger J, 1994, Bison: Mating and Conservation in Small Populations.
Berry HH, 1981, Madoqua, 12, 255
Boer AH, 1992, Alces Suppl., 1, 1
Boyce MS, 1982, Trans. Int. Congr. Game Biol., 14, 101
Byers JA, 1997, American Pronghorn.
Catchpole EA, 1998, Rep. UKC/IMS/98/32.
Challies CN, 1985, Bull. R. Soc. N.Z., 22, 23
Clarke CMH, 1981, N.Z. J. Ecol., 4, 126
Clutton-Brock TH, 1982, Red Deer: Behavior and Ecology of Two Sexes.
du Plessis SS, 1972, Wildl. Monogr., 30, 1
Dusek GL, 1989, Wildl. Monogr., 104, 1
Epstein MB, 1983, Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Fish Wildl. Agencies, 37th,, 161
Fowler CW, 1979, Proc. Conf. Sci. Res. Natl. Parks, 1st,, 1, 427
Fuller TK, 1991, Wildl. Monogr., 110, 1
Gaillard JM, Liberg O, Andersen R, Hewison AJM, Cederlund G. 1998.Population dynamics of roe deer.InThe European Roe Deer: The Biology of Success, ed. R Andersen, P Duncan, JDC Linnell, pp. 309–35. Oslo: Scand. Univ. Press
Gaillard JM, 1987, Gibier Faune Sauvag., 4, 31
Gasaway WC, 1992, Wildl. Monogr., 120, 1
Hamlin KL, Mackie RJ. 1989.Mule deer in the Missouri River Breaks, Montana.A Study of Population Dynamics in a Fluctuating Environment. Rep. Helena: Mont. Dep. Fish, Wildl. Parks, Study No. BG-1.0
Harvey PH, 1991, The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology., 10.1093/oso/9780198546412.001.0001
Hayssen V, van Tienhoven A. 1993.Asdell's Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction.A Compendium of Species-Specific Data. Ithaca, NY: Comstock
Heard D, 1997, Alces, 33, 165
Keiper R, 1984, Am. J. Vet. Res., 45, 991
Logan T, 1973, Proc. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm., 26, 27
Loison A, 1999, Evol. Ecol. Res., 1, 611
Markgren G, 1969, Viltrevy, 6, 129
McCullough DR. 1979.The George Reserve Deer Herd.Population Ecology of a K-Selected Species. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. Mich. Press
McCullough DR, 1994, Wildl. Soc. Bull., 22, 295
McCullough DR, 1997, Wildl. Soc. Bull., 25, 296
McShea WJ, 1997, The Science of Overabundance. Deer Ecology and Population Management.
Merrill EH, Boyce MS. 1991.Summer range and elk population dynamics in Yellowstone National Park.InThe Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, ed. RB Keiter, MS Boyce, pp. 263–73. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
Miller FL, 1988, Can. Wildl. Serv., 66, 1
Murphy DA, 1966, N. Am. Wildl. Conf., 31, 129
Nowak RM, 1991, Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 2.
Pac DF, Mackie RJ, Jorgensen HE. 1991.Mule Deer Population Organization, Behavior and Dynamics in a Rocky Mountain Environment.Rep. Mont. Dep. Fish, Wildl. Parks
Sinclair ARE. 1989.Population regulation in animals.InEcological Concepts, ed. JM Cherrett, pp. 197–241. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Sci.
Skogland T, 1989, Adv. Ethol., 29, 1
Talbot LM, 1963, Wildl. Monogr., 12, 1
Thing H, 1987, Holarct. Ecol., 10, 95
Tuljapurkar S, 1996, Structured-Population Models in Marine, Terrestrial, and Freshwater Systems.
Van Ballenberghe V, Ballard WB. 1997.Population dynamics.InEcology and Management of the North American Moose, ed. CC Schwartz, AW Franzmann, pp. 223–45. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Inst. Press
Wehausen JD, 1996, Wildl. Soc. Bull., 24, 471
Wehausen JD, 1987, Trans. West. Sect. Wildl. Soc., 23, 65
Wilson DE, 1977, Wildl. Monogr., 54, 1