Temperature resolved release of inorganic compounds from biomass
Tài liệu tham khảo
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Summary for Policymakers,” 2021.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2022
United Nations, “Paris Agreement,” 2015.
Kaltschmitt, 2016
Spliethoff, 2010
Florian Kerscher, Experimentelle Untersuchung der Alkalifreisetzung und -minderung bei der Verbrennung und Vergasung von Festbrennstoffen, 2021.
Gundula Balan, Untersuchungen des Partikelverhaltens und der Hochtemperatur-Chlorkorrosion bei der Flugstromverbrennung mit dotierten Brennstoffen, 2014.
Marschner, 2012
Kleinhans, 2018, Ash formation and deposition in coal and biomass fired combustion systems: Progress and challenges in the field of ash particle sticking and rebound behavior, Prog Energy Combust Sci, 68, 65, 10.1016/j.pecs.2018.02.001
Wang, 2012, A Critical Review on Additives to Reduce Ash Related Operation Problems in Biomass Combustion Applications, Energy Procedia, 20, 20, 10.1016/j.egypro.2012.03.004
Damoe, 2014, Impact of Coal Fly Ash Addition on Combustion Aerosols (PM 2.5) from Full-Scale Suspension-Firing of Pulverized Wood, Energy Fuels, 28, 3217, 10.1021/ef5003815
Thy, 2000, Experimental determination of high-temperature elemental losses from biomass slag, Fuel, 79, 693, 10.1016/S0016-2361(99)00195-7
Thy, 1999, High-Temperature Melting Behavior of Urban Wood Fuel Ash, Energy Fuels, 13, 839, 10.1021/ef980249q
Glarborg, 2003, Johnsson, “Fuel nitrogen conversion in solid fuel fired systems”, Prog Energy Combust Sci, 29, 89, 10.1016/S0360-1285(02)00031-X
H. Ohtake and S. Tsuneda, Eds., Phosphorus Recovery and Recycling, 1st ed. Singapore: Springer Singapore; Imprint: Springer, 2019.
Bundesregierung, Verordnung zur Neuordnung der Klärschlammverwertung, 2017.
Kurzweil, 2015
Ivan Griffin, Example: Periodic Table of Chemical Elements. [Online]. Available: https://texample.net/tikz/examples/periodic-table-of-chemical-elements/ (accessed: May 30 2022).
van Lith, 2008, Release to the Gas Phase of Inorganic Elements during Wood Combustion. Part 2: Influence of Fuel Composition, Energy Fuels, 22, 1598, 10.1021/ef060613i
van Lith, 2006, Release to the Gas Phase of Inorganic Elements during Wood Combustion. Part 1: Development and Evaluation of Quantification Methods, Energy Fuels, 20, 964, 10.1021/ef050131r
Cao, 2022, Evaluation of the effects and interactions of initial chlorine and sulphur contents on the release of potassium compounds during biomass combustion, J Energy Inst, 101, 178, 10.1016/j.joei.2022.01.014
Mason, 2016, Observations on the release of gas-phase potassium during the combustion of single particles of biomass, Fuel, 182, 110, 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.05.077
Johansen, 2011, Release of K, Cl, and S during Pyrolysis and Combustion of High-Chlorine Biomass, Energy Fuels, 25, 4961, 10.1021/ef201098n
Knudsen, 2004, Transformation and Release to the Gas Phase of Cl, K, and S during Combustion of Annual Biomass, Energy Fuels, 18, 1385, 10.1021/ef049944q
Misra, 1993, Wood ash composition as a function of furnace temperature, Biomass Bioenergy, 4, 103, 10.1016/0961-9534(93)90032-Y
Wang, 2017, Release of Potassium During Devolatilization of Spruce Bark, Energy Procedia, 105, 1295, 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.463
Tchoffor, 2013, Transformation and Release of Potassium, Chlorine, and Sulfur from Wheat Straw under Conditions Relevant to Dual Fluidized Bed Gasification, Energy Fuels, 27, 7510, 10.1021/ef401703a
Jensen, 2000, Experimental Investigation of the Transformation and Release to Gas Phase of Potassium and Chlorine during Straw Pyrolysis, Energy Fuels, 14, 1280, 10.1021/ef000104v
Okuno, 2005, Primary Release of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metallic Species during the Pyrolysis of Pulverized Biomass, Energy Fuels, 19, 2164, 10.1021/ef050002a
Mousavi, 2023, Numerical Study and Experimental Verification of Biomass Conversion and Potassium Release in a 140 kW Entrained Flow Gasifier, Energy Fuels, 37, 1116, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c03107
French RJ, Dayton DC, Milne TA. The direct observation of alkali vapor species in biomass combustion and gasification. 1994, http://doi.org/10.2172/10115003.
Frandsen F. Ash Formation, Deposition and Corrosion When Utilizing Straw for Heat and Power Production, 2011.
Dayton, 1999, Release of Inorganic Constituents from Leached Biomass during Thermal Conversion, Energy Fuels, 13, 860, 10.1021/ef980256e
Mousavi, 2023, A multi-step predictive model for the release and transformation of K-Cl-S-containing species from biomass, Combust Flame, 247, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2022.112512
de Riese, 2022, Modelling the Capture of Potassium by Solid Al-Si Particles at Pulverised Fuel Conditions, Fuel, 328, 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125321
Grimm, 2012, Influence of Phosphorus on Alkali Distribution during Combustion of Logging Residues and Wheat Straw in a Bench-Scale Fluidized Bed, Energy Fuels, 26, 3012, 10.1021/ef300275e
16967 Biogene Festbrennstoffe – Bestimmung von Hauptelementen – Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Si, Na und Ti (ISO 16967:2015); Deutsche Fassung EN ISO 16967:2015, DIN EN ISO.
Bläsing, 2013, Influence of the particle size on the release of inorganic trace elements during gasification of biomass pellets, Fuel, 111, 791, 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.03.073
Bläsing, 2013, Investigation of the effect of alkali metal sorbents on the release and capture of trace elements during combustion of straw, Combust Flame, 160, 3015, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.08.005
Dayton, 1996, Direct Observation of Alkali Vapor Release during Biomass Combustion and Gasification. 2. Black Liquor Combustion at 1100 °C, Energy Fuels, 10, 284, 10.1021/ef950210a
Porbatzki D. Freisetzung anorganischer Spezies bei der thermochemischen Umwandlung biogener Festbrennstoffe, 2008.
Sommersacher, 2015, Simultaneous Online Determination of S, Cl, K, Na, Zn, and Pb Release from a Single Particle during Biomass Combustion. Part 1: Experimental Setup-Implementation and Evaluation, Energy Fuels, 29, 6734, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b00621
Sommersacher, 2016, Simultaneous Online Determination of S, Cl, K, Na, Zn, and Pb Release from a Single Particle during Biomass Combustion. Part 2: Results from Test Runs with Spruce and Straw Pellets, Energy Fuels, 30, 3428, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02766
Jones, 2007, An investigation of the thermal and catalytic behaviour of potassium in biomass combustion, Proc Combust Inst, 31, 1955, 10.1016/j.proci.2006.07.093
Mason, 2017, Gas phase potassium release from a single particle of biomass during high temperature combustion, Proc Combust Inst, 36, 2207, 10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.020
Mason, 2015, Single particle flame-combustion studies on solid biomass fuels, Fuel, 151, 21, 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.11.088
Clery, 2018, The effects of an additive on the release of potassium in biomass combustion, Fuel, 214, 647, 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.11.040
TorrCoal Technology B.V., Input raw materials – torrefaction process – output product: Datasheet. [Online]. Available: https://www.torrcoal.com/download/input-raw-materials-torrefaction-process-output-product/ (accessed: Apr. 20 2023).
Detcheva, 2009, Calibration possibilities and modifier use in ETV ICP OES determination of trace and minor elements in plant materials, Anal Bioanal Chem, 394, 1485, 10.1007/s00216-009-2835-4
Peter Perzl, Elektrothermischer Verdampfer ETV 4000, 2019.
Carey, 1992, Electrothermal Vaporization for Sample Introduction in Plasma Source Spectrometry, Crit Rev Anal Chem, 23, 397, 10.1080/10408349208051652
Hassler, 2016, Determination of 22 trace elements in high-purity copper including Se and Te by ETV-ICP OES using SF 6 NF 3 CF 4 and H 2 as chemical modifiers, J Anal At Spectrom, 31, 642, 10.1039/C5JA00240K
Hommel, 2022, Continuous measurement of K and S release by means of ETV-ICP OES for high-temperature coal conversion processes, Fuel, 316, 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123292
Mörtenkötter, 2023, Validation of Electrothermal Vaporization for the Analysis of Biomass Samples and Comparison with Other Methods of Analysis, Waste Biomass Valoriz, 10.1007/s12649-023-02129-0
International Plant-Analytical Exchange, “Certificate of Analysis IPE-638,” vol. 1998.
Tord Hansen, “Chemische und thermische Zersetzung von Ammoniumsulfat zu Ammoniak und Schwefelsäure,”.
Insititut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung, GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank Silber. [Online]. Available: https://gestis-api.dguv.de/api/print/de/008350?excluded_chapters=&id=45dde8bbd9a7c23f306d3d623d08ad550e73a21fb13bb8318f008effdff6aaff (accessed: Apr. 26 2023).
Thy, 2009, On representative sampling and reliable chemical characterization in thermal biomass conversion studies, Biomass Bioenergy, 33, 1513, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.07.015
Díaz-Ramírez, 2014, Partitioning of K, Cl, S and P during combustion of poplar and brassica energy crops, Fuel, 134, 209, 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.05.056
Guoliang Wang, “Potassium Capture by Kaolin and Coal Fly Ash,” 2018.
Lidman Olsson, 2023, Release of phosphorus from thermal conversion of phosphorus-rich biomass chars – Evidence for carbothermic reduction of phosphates, Fuel, 341, 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.127706