Temperature and human thermal comfort effects of street trees across three contrasting street canyon environments
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ali-Toudert F, Mayer H (2007a) Effects of asymmetry, galleries, overhanging façades and vegetation on thermal comfort in urban street canyons. Sol Energy 81:742–754
Ali-Toudert F, Mayer H (2007b) Thermal comfort in an east–west oriented street canyon in Freiburg (Germany) under hot summer conditions. Theor Appl Climatol 87:223–237
Berry R, Livesley SJ, Aye L (2013) Tree canopy shade impacts on solar irradiance received by building walls and their surface temperature. Build Environ 69:91–100
Blazejczyk K, Epstein Y, Jendritzky G, Staiger H, Tinz B (2012) Comparison of UTCI to selected thermal indices. Int J Biometeorol 56:515–535
Bowler DE, Buyung-Ali L, Knight TM, Pullin AS (2010) Urban greening to cool towns and cities: a systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landsc Urban Plan 97:147–155
Bröde P, Fiala D, Błażejczyk K, Holmér I, Jendritzky G, Kampmann B, Tinz B, Havenith G (2012) Deriving the operational procedure for the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). Int J Biometeorol 56:481–494
Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) (2013) Special climate statement 45 — a prolonged autumn heatwave for southeast Australia. Issued 15 March 2013, Commonwealth of Australia
Charalampopoulos I, Tsiros I, Chronopoulou-Sereli A, Matzarakis A (2013) Analysis of thermal bioclimate in various urban configurations in Athens, Greece. Urban Ecosyst 16:217–233
City of Melbourne (CoM) (2012) Urban forest strategy: making a great city greener 2012–2032. http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/urbanforest
Coutts AM, Beringer J, Tapper NJ (2007) Impact of increasing urban density on local climate: spatial and temporal variations in the surface energy balance in Melbourne, Australia. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 46:477–493
Coutts AM, Tapper NJ, Beringer J, Loughnan M, Demuzere M (2013) Watering our cities: the capacity for water sensitive urban design to support urban cooling and improve human thermal comfort in the Australian context. Prog Phys Geogr 37:2–28
Georgi NJ, Zafiriadis K (2006) The impact of park trees on microclimate in urban areas. Urban Ecosyst 9:195–209
Johansson E (2006) Influence of urban geometry on outdoor thermal comfort in a hot dry climate: a study in Fez, Morocco. Build Environ 41:1326–1338
Kántor N, Unger J (2011) The most problematic variable in the course of human-biometeorological comfort assessment — the mean radiant temperature. Cent Eur J Geosci 3:90–100
Lee H, Holst J, Mayer H (2013) Modification of human-biometeorologically significant radiant flux densities by shading as local method to mitigate heat stress in summer within urban street canyons. Adv Meteorol. doi: 10.1155/2013/312572
Lin B-S, Lin Y-J (2010) Cooling effect of shade trees with different characteristics in a subtropical urban park. HortSci 45:83–86
Loughner CP, Allen DJ, Zhang D-L, Pickering KE, Dickerson RR, Landry L (2012) Roles of urban tree canopy and buildings in urban heat island effects: parameterization and preliminary results. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 51:1775–1793
Lynn BH, Carlson TN, Rosenzweig C, Goldberg R, Druyan L, Cox J, Gaffin S, Parshall L, Civerolo K (2009) A modification to the NOAH LSM to simulate heat mitigation strategies in the New York City Metropolitan Area. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 48:199–216
Matzarakis A, Rutz F, Mayer H (2010) Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments: basics of the RayMan model. Int J Biometeorol 54:131–139
May PB, Livesley SJ, Shears I (2013) Managing and monitoring tree health and soil water status during extreme drought in Melbourne, Victoria. Arboricult Urban For 39:136–145
McPherson EG, Simpson JR, Xiao Q, Wu C (2011) Million trees Los Angeles canopy cover and benefit assessment. Landsc Urban Plan 99:40–50
Nicholls N, Skinner C, Loughnan M, Tapper N (2008) A simple heat alert system for Melbourne, Australia. Int J Biometeorol 52:375–384
Offerle B, Eliasson I, Grimmond C, Holmer B (2007) Surface heating in relation to air temperature, wind and turbulence in an urban street canyon. Bound-Layer Meteorol 122:273–292
Oke TR (2004) Initial guidance to obtain representative meteorological observations at urban sites. Instruments and methods of observation program. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva
Park M, Hagishima A, Tanimoto J, Narita K-I (2012) Effect of urban vegetation on outdoor thermal environment: field measurement at a scale model site. Build Environ 56:38–46
Peters EB, McFadden JP, Montgomery RA (2010) Biological and environmental controls on tree transpiration in a suburban landscape. J Geophys Res 115, G04006
Salmond JA, Roth M, Oke TR, Christen A, Voogt JA (2012) Can surface-cover tiles be summed to give neighborhood fluxes in cities? J Appl Meteorol Climatol 51:133–149
Shashua-Bar L, Hoffman ME (2000) Vegetation as a climatic component in the design of an urban street: an empirical model for predicting the cooling effect of urban green areas with trees. Energy Build 31:221–235
Shashua-Bar L, Oded P, Arieh B, Dalia B, Yaron Y (2010a) Microclimate modelling of street tree species effects within the varied urban morphology in the Mediterranean City of Tel Aviv, Israel. Int J Climatol 30:44–57
Shashua-Bar L, Pearlmutter D, Erell E (2010b) The influence of trees and grass on outdoor thermal comfort in a hot-arid environment. Int J Climatol 31:1498–1506
Souch CA, Souch C (1993) The effect of trees on summertime below canopy urban climates: a case study Bloomington, Indiana. J Arboric 19:303–312
Spronken-Smith RA, Oke TR (1998) The thermal regime of urban parks in two cities with different summer climates. Int J Remote Sens 19:2085–2104
Thorsson S, Lindberg F, Eliasson I, Holmer B (2007) Different methods for estimating the mean radiant temperature in an outdoor urban setting. Int J Climatol 27:1983–1993
US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service (2002) Neighborhood tree survey. Northeastern Research Station