Tectonic evolution of the Lachlan Orogen, southeast Australia: historical review, data synthesis and modern perspectives
Tóm tắt
The Lachlan Orogen, like many other orogenic belts, has undergone paradigm shifts from geosynclinal to plate‐tectonic theory of evolution over the past 40 years. Initial plate‐tectonic interpretations were based on lithologic associations and recognition of key plate‐tectonic elements such as andesites and palaeo‐subduction complexes. Understanding and knowledge of modern plate settings led to the application of actualistic models and the development of palaeogeographical reconstructions, commonly using a non‐palinspastic base. Igneous petrology and geochemistry led to characterisation of granite types into ‘I’ and ‘S’, the delineation of granite basement terranes, and to non‐mobilistic tectonic scenarios involving plumes as a heat source to drive crustal melting and lithospheric deformation. More recently, measurements of isotopic tracers (Nd, Sr, Pb) and U–Pb SHRIMP age determinations on inherited zircons from granitoids and detrital zircons from sedimentary successions led to the development of multiple component mixing models to explain granite geochemistry. These have focused tectonic arguments for magma genesis again more on plate interactions. The recognition of fault zones in the turbidites, their polydeformed character and their thin‐skinned nature, as well as belts of distinct tectonic vergence has led to a major reassessment of tectonic development. Other geochemical studies on Cambrian metavolcanic belts showed that the basement was partly backarc basin‐ and forearc basin‐type oceanic crust. The application of 40Ar–39Ar geochronology and thermochronology on slates, schist and granitoids has better constrained the timing of deformation and plutonism, and illite crystallinity and bo mica spacing studies on slates have better defined the background metamorphic conditions in the low‐grade parts. The Lachlan deformation pattern involves three thrust systems that constitute the western Lachlan Orogen, central Lachlan Orogen and eastern Lachlan Orogen. The faults in the western Lachlan Orogen show a generalised east‐younging (450–395 Ma), which probably relates to imbrication and rock uplift of the sediment wedge, because detailed analyses show that the décollement system is as old in the east as it is in the west. Overall, deformation in the eastern Lachlan Orogen is younger (400–380 Ma), apart from the Narooma Accretionary Complex (
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
AndersonJ. A. C.1997.A structural metamorphic and isotopic geochemical study of sedimentary enclaves from the southern Lachlan Fold Belt.PhD thesis. La Trobe University Melbourne (unpubl.).
Anderson J. A. C., 1996, U–Pb zircon ages from the Koetong Adamellite: implications for granite genesis and local basement in NE Victoria, Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, 42, 1
Andrews E. C., 1938, The structural history of Australia during the Palaeozoic: the stabilisation of a continent, Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 71, 118, 10.5962/p.360189
Ashley P. M., 1971, The geology of the Coolac Serpentinite and adjacent rocks east of Tumut, New South Wales, Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 104, 11
Ashley P. M., 1983, Field and geochemical characteristics of the Coolac Ophiolite suite and its possible origin in a marginal sea, Mineralogical Magazine, 120, 1
Barron L. M., 1996, The limburgite suite in the Bathurst–Dubbo area, Geological Survey of New South Wales Quarterly Notes, 99, 1
Beavis F. C., 1962, The geology of the Kiewa area, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 75, 349
Beavis F. C., 1968, Structural geology and graptolites of the Ordovician rocks at Steiglitz, Victoria, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 81, 97
Begg G., 1988, Ductile and brittle deformation in the Cann Valley granitoids, Victoria, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 34, 95, 10.1080/08120098708729395
Berry R. F., 2002, Mexico–Tasmania correlations, Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, 67, 101
BierleinF. P. FosterD. A. GrayD. R.&DavidsonG. J.Timing of orogenic gold mineralization in northeast Tasmania: implications for tectonic and metallogenic evolution of Palaeozoic SE Australia.Mineralium Deposita(in press).
Bischoff G. C. O., 1987, Newly discovered Middle and Late Cambrian fossils from the Wagonga Beds of New South Wales, Australia, Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Paläontologie, 175, 39
Black L. P., 1997, Dating Tasmania's oldest geological events, Australian Geological Survey Organization Record, 1997
BloomerS. H. TaylorB. MacLeodC. J. SternR. J. FryerP. HawkinsJ. W.&JohnsonL.1995.Early arc volcanism and the ophiolite problem: a perspective from drilling in the Western pacific.In:TaylorB.&NatlandJ. eds.Active Margins and Marginal Basins of the Western Pacific. pp.1–30. American Geophysical Union Monograph88.
Braun J., 2004, Tectonic evolution of the Lachlan Fold Belt, southeastern Australia: constraints from coupled numerical models of crustal deformation and surface erosion driven by subduction of the underlying mantle, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 141, 281, 10.1016/j.pepi.2003.11.007
BraunJ.&ShawR.2001.A thin‐plate model of Palaeozoic deformation of the Australian lithosphere: implications for understanding the dynamics of intracratonic deformation.In:MillerJ. A. HoldsworthR. E. BuickI. S.&HandM.eds.Continental Reactivation and Reworking pp.165–193. Geological Society of London Special Publication184.
Brown D. A., 1968, The Geological Evolution of Australia and New Zealand
Browne W. R., 1947, A short history of the Tasman Geosyncline of eastern Australia, Science Progress, 140, 623
BucherM.1998.Timing of deformation plutonism and cooling in the western Lachlan Fold Belt southeastern Australia.PhD thesis. La Trobe University Melbourne (unpubl.).
BurrettC. F.&MartinE. L.(Editors)1989.Geology and mineral resources of Tasmania.Geological Society of Australia Special Publication15.
Cas R. A. F., 1983, A review of the palaeogeographic and tectonic development of the Palaeozoic Lachlan Fold Belt of southeastern Australia, Geological Society of Australia Special Publication, 10
Cas R. A. F., 1988, Geology of Victoria., 63
Cas R. A. F., 1976, Hill End Trough: new radiometric ages, Search, 7, 205
Chappell B. W., 1994, Lachlan and New England: fold belts of contrasting magmatic and tectonic development, Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 127, 47, 10.5962/p.361337
Chen Y. D., 1991, Zircon inheritance in mafic inclusions from Bega Batholith granites, southeastern Australia: an ion microprobe study, Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 17787, 10.1029/JB095iB11p17787
Clemens J. D., 1981, Crystallisation and origin of some peraluminous (S‐type) granitic magmas, Canadian Mineralogist, 19, 111
ConeyP. J.1992.The Lachlan Belt of eastern Australia and circum‐Pacific tectonic evolution.In:FergussonC. L.&GlenR. A. eds.The Palaeozoic Eastern Margin of Gondwanaland. Tectonics of the Lachlan Fold Belt Southeastern Australia and Related Orogens pp.1–25. Tectonophysics214.
Coney P. J., 1990, The regional tectonics of the Tasman Orogenic system, eastern Australia, Journal of Structural Geology, 125, 19
CrawfordA. J. MeffreS.&SymondsP. A.2003.120 to 0 Ma tectonic evolution of the southwest Pacific and analogous geological evolution of the 600–220 Ma Tasman Fold Belt System.In:HillisR. R.&MüllerR. D. eds.Evolution and Dynamics of the Australian Plate pp.383–403. Geological Society of Australia Special Publication22and Geological Society of America Special Paper372.
Crook K. A. W., 1969, Contrasts between Atlantic and Pacific geosynclines, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2, 289
Crook K. A. W., 1974, Cratonisation of west Pacific‐type geosynclines, Journal of Geology, 87, 24, 10.1086/627934
CrookK. A. W.&PowellC. McA.1976.The evolution of the southeastern part of the Tasman Geosyncline.Field Guide for Excursion 17A of the 25th International Geological Congress Sydney.
David T. W. E., 1919, Sequence, glaciation and correlation of Carboniferous rocks of the Hunter River district, N.S.W, Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 53, 246, 10.5962/p.359758
Edwards A. B., 1953, Proceedings of the 5th Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress.
EdwardsJ. WohltK. E. SlaterK. R. OlshinaA.&HutchinsonD. F.1998. Heathcote and parts of Woodend and Echuca. 1:100 000 Map Area Geological Report.Geological Survey of Victoria Report108.
FaganR. K.1979.Deformation metamorphism and anatexis of an Early Palaeozoic flysch sequence in northeastern Victoria.PhD Thesis. University of New England Armidale (unpublished).
FergussonC. L.1987a.Early Palaeozoic backarc deformation in the Lachlan Fold Belt southeastern Australia: implications for Terrane Translations in Eastern Gondwanaland. In:Leitch E. C.&Scheibner E. eds.Terrane Accretion and Orogenic Belts pp.39–56. American Geophysical Union Geodynamics Series19.
Fergusson C. L., 1987, Multiple folding of the Ordovician sequence, Tambo River, eastern Victoria, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 109, 293
Fergusson C. L., 2000, 40Ar/39Ar and K–Ar age constraints on the timing of regional deformation, south coast New South Wales, Lachlan Fold Belt: problems and implications, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 48, 395, 10.1046/j.1440-0952.2001.00866.x
FergussonC. L.&VandenBergA. H. M.2003.Ordovician – the development of craton‐derived deep‐sea turbidite successions.In:BirchW. D.ed.Geology of Victoria. pp.95–115. Geological Society of Australia Special Publication23.
Fergusson C . L., 2004, Argentine and Cape River Metamorphics, Townsville – Charters Towers Region, northeastern Australia: remnants of Ordovician extensional tectonics, Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, 73, 156
Finlayson D. M., 1979, Explosion seismic profiles and implications for crustal evolution in southeastern Australia, BMR Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, 4, 243
Fisher N., 1974, The Tasman Geosyncline – A Symposium in Honour of Dorothy Hill., 3
FosterD. A. GrayD. R.&OfflerR.1996. The western subprovince of the Lachlan Fold Belt: structural style geochronology metamorphism and tectonics.Geological Society of Australia Specialist Group in Geochemistry Mineralogy and Petrology Field Guide1.
FosterD. A. GrayD. R.&SpaggiariC. V.Timing of subduction and exhumation along the Cambrian East Gondwana margin and the formation of Paleozoic back‐arc basins.Geological Society of America Bulletin(in press).
GlenR. A. ClareA.&SpencerR.1996.Extrapolating the Cobar Basin model to the regional scale: Devonian basin formation and inversion in western New South Wales.In:CookW. G. FordA. J. H. McDermottJ. J. StandishP. N. StegmanC. L.&StegmanT. M.eds.The Cobar Mineral Field – A 1996 Perspective pp.43–88. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Spectrum Series3/96.
Goscombe B., 2002, Structure of the Kaoko Belt, Namibia: progressive evolution of a classic transpressional orogen, Journal of Structural Geology, 25, 1049, 10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00150-5
GrayD. R.1997.Tectonics of the southeastern Australian Lachlan Fold Belt: structural and thermal aspects.In:BurgJ‐P.&FordM.eds.Orogeny Through Time pp.149–177. Geological Society of London Special Publications121.
GrayD. R.&CullJ. P.1992.Thermal regimes anatexis and orogenesis: relations in the western Lachlan Fold Belt southeastern Australia.In:FergussonC. L.&GlenR. A.eds.The Palaeozoic Eastern Margin of Gondwanaland. Tectonics of the Lachlan Fold Belt Southeastern Australia and Related Orogens pp.441–461. Tectonophysics214.
Gray D. R., 1988, Geology of Victoria, 1
GrayD. R. FosterD. A. MorandV. J. WillmanC. E. CayleyR. A. SpaggiariC. V. TaylorD. H. GrayC. M. VandenBergA. H. M. HendrickxM. A.&WilsonC. J. L.2003.Structure metamorphism geochronology and tectonics of Palaeozoic Rocks—interpreting a complex long‐lived orogenic system.In:BirchW. M.ed.Geology of Victoria pp.15–71. Geological Society of Australia Special Publication23.
Gray D. R., 2000, Eastern Australia crustal evolution. timing and temporal links between Delamerian and Lachlan orogens, including Tasmania, Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, 59, 189
Guy B. B., 1968, Progressive and retrogressive metamorphism in the Tumbarumba–Geehi District, N.S.W, Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 101, 183, 10.5962/p.360925
HallR.1996.Reconstructing Cenozoic Asia.In:HallR.&BlundellD. J.eds.Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia pp.153–184. Geological Society of London Special Publication106.
Hand M., 2001, The metamorphic expression of the Alice Springs Orogeny, Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, 64, 72
HandM. MawbyJ. MillerJ. BallèvreM. HensenB. MöllerA.&BuickI. S.1999. Tectonothermal evolution of the Harts and Strangways Ranges Region eastern Arunta Inlier central Australia.Geological Society of Australia Specialist Group in Geochemistry Mineralogy & Petrology Field Guide4.
HartleyM.2000.Examination of field and geochronological evidence for the significance of the 500 Ma Delamerian Orogeny in Australia.PhD thesis. La Trobe University Melbourne (unpubl.).
Hopwood T. P., 1977, Stratigraphy and structure of the Cooma Metamorphic Complex, Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 23, 345, 10.1080/00167617608728949
Howitt A. W., 1889, Notes on the metamorphic rocks of the Omeo district, Gippsland, Proceedings of the Association for the Australian Advancement of Science 1888, 206
JonesJ. G.1976.Lachlan Fold Belt: An actualistic approach to environmental/tectonic interpretation.In:PowellC. McA.&JohnsonB. D.eds.Geology and Mineralisation of the Lachlan Fold Belt pp.10–14.Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists Bulletin7.
Joplin G. A., 1947, Petrological studies in the Ordovician of New South Wales. IV. The northern extension of the northeast Victorian metamorphic complex, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 72, 87
Keay S., 2000, Identifying granite sources by SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology: an application to the Lachlan Fold Belt, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 137, 323, 10.1007/s004100050553
Kilgour B., 2002, Magnetic Anomaly Images of Australia.
Kilgour B., 2002, Gravity Anomaly Images of the Australian Region.
Korsch R. J., 1993, New England Orogen, Eastern Australia, Proceedings of the NEO'93 Conference, 85
KorschR. J. Wake‐DysterK. D. JohnstoneD. W.1997.Crustal architecture of the New England Orogen based on deep crustal seismic reflection profiling.In:AshleyP. M.&FloodP. G.Tectonics and Metallogenesis of the New England Orogen pp.29–51.Geological Society of Australia Special Publication.
LaceyW. C.1976.Geological evolution and mineralization.In:Powell C. McA.&Johnson B. D. eds.Geology and Mineralisation of the Lachlan Fold Belt pp.2–8. Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists Bulletin7.
LeitchE. C.&ScheibnerE.1987.Stratotectonic Terranes of the Eastern Australian Tasmanides.In:LeitchE. C.&ScheibnerE.eds.Terrane Accretion and Orogenic Belts pp.1–19. American Geophysical Union Geodynamic Series19.
MillerD. T.1994.A Delamerian Fold‐Thrust Belt: The Stuart Shelf to the Murray Basin Province; geological geophysical and structural evidence.PhD thesis. Flinders University Adelaide (unpubl.).
Offler R., 1999, Timing of deformation, metamorphism, and fault movements within the Adelaide Fold Belt: implications for Tasmanide orogenesis, Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, 53, 175
Oversby B., 1971, Palaeozoic plate tectonics in the southern Tasman Geosyncline, Nature, 234, 45
OwenM.&WybornD.1979.Geology and Geochemistry of the Tantangara and Brindabella 1:100 000 Sheet Areas.Bureau of Mineral Resources Bulletin204.
PackhamG. H.1969a.The general features of the geological provinces of New South Wales.In:PackhamG. H.eds.Geology of New South Wales pp.1–17. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia16.
PackhamG. H.1969b.Tectonics and sedimentation.In:PackhamG. H.eds.Geology of New South Wales pp.216–226. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia16.
PackhamG. H.1987.The eastern Lachlan Fold Belt of southeast Australia. A possible Late Ordovician to Early Devonian sinistral strike slip regime.In:LeitchE. C.&ScheibnerE.eds.Terrane Accretion and Orogenic Belts pp.67–82. American Geophysical Union Geodynamic Series19.
Packham G. H., 1974, The Tasman Geosyncline, 129
Pinchin J., 1980, Intracrustal seismic reflections from the Lachlan Fold Belt near Canberra, BMR Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, 5, 305
PowellC. McA.1983b. Geology of the N.S.W. South Coast and adjacent Victoria with emphasis on the Pre‐Permian structural history.Geological Society of Australia Specialist Group in Tectonics and Structural Geology Field Guide1.
Powell C. McA., 1984, Phanerozoic Earth History of Australia, 290
Powell C. McA., 1983, Timing of regional deformation in the Hill Trough: a reassessment, Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 23, 407, 10.1080/00167617608728955
Rogerson R. J., 1976, Metamorphism, folding and plutonism in the Wagga Metamorphic Belt of N.E. Victoria, Australian Society of Exploration Geophysics Bulletin, 7, 41, 10.1071/EG976041
Rossiter A. G., 1996, Magma mixing and the origin of S‐ and I‐type granites, Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, 41, 372
SandifordM.&KeaysR. R.1986.Structural and tectonic constraints on the origin of gold deposits in the Ballarat Slate Belt Victoria.In:KeppieJ. D. BoyleR. W.&HaynesS. J.eds.Turbidite‐hosted Gold Deposits pp.15–24. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper32.
Scheibner E., 1972, Actualistic models in tectonic mapping, Report 24th International Geological Congress, 3, 405
ScheibnerE.1985.Suspect terranes in the Tasman Fold Belt System eastern Australia.In:HowellD. G.eds.Tectonostratigraphic Terranes of the Circum‐Pacific Region pp.493–514. Circum‐Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources Earth Science Series1.
ScheibnerE.1987.Paleozoic tectonic development of eastern Australia in relation to the Pacific region.In:LeitchE. C.&ScheibnerE.eds.Terrane Accretion and Orogenic Belts pp.133–165. American Geophysical Union Geodynamic Series19.
Scheibner E., 1989, Clarke Memorial Lecture 1989: The tectonics of New South Wales in the second decade of application of the plate tectonic paradigm, Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 122, 35
ScheibnerE.&BasdenH.(Editors)1996.Geology of New South Wales – Synthesis Vol.1 Structural Framework.Geological Survey of New South Wales Memoir Geology13 (1).
ScheibnerE.&BasdenH.(Editors)1998.Geology of New South Wales – Synthesis Vol.2.Geological Evolution.Geological Survey of New South Wales Memoir Geology13 (2).
Schuchert C., 1916, The problem of continental fracturing and diastrophism in Oceania, American Journal of Science, 42, 91, 10.2475/ajs.s4-42.248.91
Scotese C. R., 2001, Atlas of Earth History
Smith J. V., 1992, Experimental kinematic analysis of en echelon structures in relation to the Cobar Basin, Lachlan Fold Belt, Tectonophysics, 214, 269, 10.1016/0040-1951(92)90201-G
Soesoo A., 1998, Divergent double subduction: tectonic and petrologic consequences: Reply, Geology, 26, 1053
Solomon M., 1972, Tectonic evolution of the Tasman Orogenic Zone, eastern Australia, Nature, 237, 3
SpaggiariC. V. GrayD. R.&FosterD. A.2003a.Tethyan and Cordilleran‐type ophiolites of eastern Australia: implications for the evolution of the Tasmanides.In:DilekY.&RobinsonP. T.eds.Ophiolites in Earth's History pp.517–539. Geological Society of London Special Publication218.
Stauffer M. R., 1967, The establishment of recumbent folds in the Lower Palaeozoic near Queenbeyan, New South Wales, Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 13, 419, 10.1080/00167616608728622
SteeleD. A.1993.Petrological studies on gneisses and granites of the Tallangatta region NE Victoria.PhD thesis. La Trobe University Melbourne (unpubl.).
Suppell D. W., 1986, Platinum in basic to ultrabasic intrusive complexes at Fifield: a preliminary report, Geological Survey of New South Wales Quarterly Notes, 65, 1
Talent J. A., 1965, The stratigraphic and diastrophic evolution of the central and eastern Victoria in Middle Palaeozoic times, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 79, 179
TalentJ. A. BerryW. B. N.&BoucotA. J.1975. Correlation of the Silurian rocks of Australia New Zealand and New Guinea.Geological Society of America Special Paper150.
TattamC. M.1929.The Metamorphic rocks of northeast Victoria.Geological Survey of Victoria Bulletin52.
Turner S. P., 1996, Rb/Sr dating of differentiated cleavage from the upper Adelaidean metasediments at Hallets Cove, southern Adelaide fold belt, Journal of Structural Geology, 16, 1233, 10.1016/0191-8141(94)90066-3
Turner F. J., 1963, Structural Analysis of Metamorphic Tectonites
Vallance T. G., 1967, Palaeozoic low‐pressure regional metamorphism in southeastern Australia, Meddelelser Fra Dansk Geologisk Forening, 17, 494
VallanceT. G.1969.Plutonic and metamorphic rocks.In:PackhamG. H.eds.The Geology of New South Wales pp.180–200. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia16.
VandenBerg A. H. M., 2000, Timing of orogenic events in the Lachlan Orogen, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 46, 691, 10.1046/j.1440-0952.1999.00738.x
VandenBergA. H. M. WillmanC. E. MaherS. SimonsB. A. CayleyR. A. TaylorD. H. MorandV. J. MooreD. H.&RadojkovicA.2000.The Tasman Fold Belt System in Victoria.Geological Survey of Victoria Special Publication.
Veevers J. J., 1984, Phanerozoic Earth History of Australia
Veevers J. J., 2000, Billion‐Year Earth History of Australia and Neighbours in Gondwanaland
Veevers J. J., 1984, Phanerozoic Earth History of Australia, 278
Voisey A. H., 1959, Australian geosynclines, Australian Journal of Science, 22, 188
Watson J. M., 2003, Character, extent and significance of broken formation for the Tabberrabbera Zone, central Lachlan Orogen, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 48, 943, 10.1046/j.1440-0952.2001.00911.x
Webby B. D., 1976, The Ordovician System, Proceedings of the Palaeontological Association Symposium, Birmingham, September 1974, 417
WebbyB. D.1987.Biostratigraphic significance of some Ordovician faunas in relation to east Australia Tasmanide suspect terranes.In:LeitchE. C.&Scheibner E.eds.Terrane Accretion and Orogenic Belts pp.103–117. American Geophysical Union Geodynamic Series19.
WhiteA. J. R.&ChappellB. W.1983.Granitoid types and their distribution in the Lachlan Fold Belt southeastern Australia.In:RoddickJ. A.eds.Circum‐Pacific Plutonic terranes pp.21–34. Geological Society of America Memoir159.
White A. J. R., 1974, Geologic setting and emplacement of some Australian Palaeozoic batholiths and implications for intrusive mechanisms, Pacific Geology, 8, 159
Williams I. S., 1991, Inherited and detrital zircons—clues to the early growth of crust in the Lachlan Fold Belt, Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, 29, 58
Williams I. S., 1994, In search of the provenance of the early Palaeozoic flysch in the Lachlan Fold Belt, southeastern Australia, Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, 37, 464