Technology, knowledge and markets: connecting the dots—electric rickshaw in India as a case study
Tóm tắt
Innovation is a process of integrated thinking. The interactions between technology, market and the need for technology remain unconnected. Connecting these unconnected dots leads to a market disruption, paving the way for an economically viable innovation. India has various national-level programmes that foster innovation environments for the creation of economic empowerment. This paper looks at one such innovation: the soleckshaw: solar electric rickshaw. The emergence of these electric rickshaws came from enhancing the design of already existing cycle rickshaws to create better rickshaws, which are socially acceptable as they reduce human drudgery and are environment friendly, leaving a low-carbon footprint. The case being highlighted here, that existing knowledge connected with existing technology to address a need, leads to new consumers and new markets and eventually causing a technology-led policy intervention. The paper also looks at the role non-exclusive licencing plays in the absorption and dissemination of an innovation.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Angre, K. (2014). Government upstages AAP, lifts ban on e-rickshaws in Delhi. from http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/government-upstages-aap-lifts-ban-on-e-rickshaws-in-delhi-579139. access on 15th December 2015.
Chakravartty, A. (2014). Last mile chaos. India: Down To Earth.
Christensen, C. (1997). The innovator’s dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
CSIR. (2009). Soleckshaw – solar powered rickshaw. from http://www.csir.res.in/csir/external/heads/aboutcsir/announcements/ngo/csir800_soleckshaw.pdf. access on 15th December 2015.
Department of Revenue, M. (2010). The Central Excise Act. M. o. Finance. India: Government of India.
Edgerton, D. (2007). The shock of the old: technology and global history since 1900. Oxford University Press.
ENS, E. N. S. (2015). Green flag to 22,000 e-rickshaws. India: The Indian Express.
Ganguly, B. (2014). Hand-pulled rickshaw - Surya Sen Street -Kolkatta: Wikimedia Commons. 2015, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hand-pulled_Rickshaw_-_Surya_Sen_Street_-_Kolkata_2014-01-01_1773.JPG. access on 15th December 2015.
George, P. (2013). Pedaling for bread: rickshaw pullers of Delhi struggle for a living. Retrieved 23–04, 2014, from http://www.ritimo.org/article4819.html. access on 15th December 2015.
Hang, C., Chen, J., & Subramian, A. M. (2010). Developing disruptive products for emerging economies: lessons from Asian cases. Engineering Management Review, IEEE, 41(4), 119–126.
Jim, W. (2011). The Singapore rickshaw pullers: the social organization of a coolie occupation, 1880–1940. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 16
Kanwar, P. (2003). Imperial Simla: the political culture of the Raj. Oxford University Press.
Kartik Kumar, S. G. (2014). It’s cheaper: dealers import rickshaw parts from China, assemble them here. The Indian Express. http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/its-cheaper-dealers-import-rickshaw-parts-from-china-assemble-them-here/. access on 15th December 2015.
KG, K. G. (2015). About Kinetic Green and Safar. India: Kinetic Engineering Limited.
Kim, W. and R. Mauborgne (1999). Strategy, value innovation, and the knowledge economy. Sloan management review. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA).
Kumar, R. (2011). Soleckshaw - an initiative to explore S&T infrastructure for inclusive growth. New Delhi: 25th Skoch Summit.
Kurosaki, T., Sawada.Y, A. Banerji and S. N. Mishra (2007). Rural–urban migration and urban poverty: socio-economic profiles of rickshaw pullers and owner-contractors in North-East Delhi. CIRJE Discussion Paper. University of Tokyo
Maji, P., Banerjee, P., Banerjee, A. J., & Maity, S. (2010). Electric motor-assisted pedal-driven tricycle. Int. J. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2(3), 202–210.
Majkowski, N. (2008). Kolkata rickshaws: who are the rickshaw wallahs? Retrieved 23–04, 2014, from http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/geopedia/Kolkata_Rickshaws. access on 15th December 2015.
Motooka, H. (2008). A study on the current role of cycle rickshaw in Southeast Asia.
MT, M. T. (2014). Transport department to draft policy on Delhi’s e-rickshaw trade, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2628443/Transport-department-draft-policy-Delhis-e-rickshaw-trade.html. access on 15th December 2015.
Narayanan, S. and V. Dixit (2009). Solar powered rickshaw. MIT Technology Review. Massachusetts: Jason Pontin.
Nayak, D. K. (2014). Changing household size in India: an inter-state comparison. Transactions. India: Institute of Indian Geographers.
Prahalad, C. (2005). Fortune at the bottom of the pyramid: eradicating poverty through profit. USA: Wharton School Publishing.
Prasad, A. K., Banerjee, A. J., Maji, P., Padhi, R. K. (2013). Soleckshaw, an alternate solution to green transport. Elixir Mechanical Engineering, 55, 13120–13123.
Rahman, M., G. D’Este and J. Bunker (2008). Problems and prospects of non-motorized public transport integration in developing cities. The 30th Conference of the Australian Institutes of Transport Research. Perth, Western Australia: Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies (EASTS).
Rahman, M., G. D’Este and J. Bunker (2009). Is there a future for non-motorized public transport in Asia? 8th International Conference of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies Surabaya, Indonesia.
Rhaman, M. (2013). Electric motorized rickshaw can preserve the inhumanity rickshaw labor in Bangladesh without interrupt power system. Dhaka, Bangladesh: 4th Global Engineering, Science and Technology Conference.
Sengupta, S. (2013). Transport department to setup charging stations for e-rickshaws. from http://www.dailypioneer.com/city/transport-department-to-set-up-charging-stations-for-e-rickshaws.html. access on 15th December 2015.
Shukla, P. R., Dhar, S., Pathak, M., & Bhaskar, K. (2014). Electric vehicle scenarios and a roadmap for India. Promoting low carbon transport in India. Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management.
Singh, M., A. Gambhir and J. Dasgupta (2011). Innovation in India: affordable innovations. Global Innovation Index. INSEAD.
Yu, D. and C. Hang (2010). A reflective review of disruptive innovation theory. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(4), 435–452.