Teaching about Climate Change in Medical Education: An Opportunity
Tóm tắt
Climate change threatens many of the gains in development and health over the last century. However, it could also be a catalyst for a necessary societal transformation to a sustainable and healthy future. Doctors have a crucial role in climate change mitigation and health system adaptation to prepare for emergent health threats and a carbon-constrained future. This paper argues that climate change should be integrated into medical education for three reasons: first, to prepare students for clinical practice in a climate-changing world; secondly, to promote public health and eco-health literacy; and finally, to deepen existing learning and strengthen graduate attributes. This paper builds on existing literature and the authors’ experience to outline potential learning objectives, teaching methods and assessment tasks. In the wake of recent progress at the United Nations climate change conference, COP-21, it is hoped that this paper will assist universities to integrate teaching about climate change into medical education.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
WHO. COP21 climate agreement. Moving towards healthier people and a healthier planet. 2015. Available from: http://www.who.int/globalchange/mediacentre/events/COP21_climateagreement__health/en/
Hamel Green EI, 2009, Aust Fam Physician, 38, 726
Bell E. Climate change: is Australian rural and remote medical education and training ready for the age of consequences? In: 10th National Rural Health Conference 2009. Available from: http://www.ruralhealth.org.au/10thNRHC/10thnrhc.ruralhealth.org.au/papers/docs/Bell_Erica_B7.pdf
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Climate change: impacts, vulnerabilities andadaptation in developing countries. Bonn, Germany: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; 2007. p. 68.
Power P, 2012, Canberra: Australian Healthcare and Hospitals Association, 14
Karliner J, Guenther R. A comprehensive environmental health agenda for hospitals and health systems around the world. California: Global Green and Healthy Hospitals; 2011. p. 42. Report No.: 1.
NHS Sustainable Development Unit. Saving carbon, improving health. NHS Carbon reduction strategy. Cambridge: Sustainable Development Unit, National Health Service; 2009. p. 76.
Sustainable Development Unit. UN climate summit - cross system statement. 2014. Available from: http://www.sduhealth.org.uk/policy-strategy/engagement-resources/un-climate-summit.aspx
Armstrong F. Our uncashed dividend the health benefits of climate action. Camberwell: Climate and Health Alliance and the Climate Institute; 2012. p. 17.
Maro P, Smith D, Acquarone A. Acting now for better health: a 30% reduction target for EU climate policy. Brussels: Health Care Without Harm; Health and Environment Alliance; 2010. p. 40.
Larouche R., 2012, Greenhouse gases - emission, measurement and management. InTech, 28
Bashmakov I, 2007, Climate change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 70
Majra JP, 2009, Indian J Community Med Off Publ Indian Assoc Prev Soc Med, 34, 317
Villella C, 2011, Climate change: what do doctors think? What can doctors do?: an international survey of general practitioners
Australian Medical Council Limited. Standards for assessment and accreditation of primary medical programs. 2012. Available from: http://www.amc.org.au/files/d0ffcecda9608cf49c66c93a79a4ad549638bea0_original.pdf
The University of Melbourne Medical School, 2013, Melbourne Medical School
EcoHealth, 2016, International Association for Ecology and Health
Mello MJ, 2013, R I Med J, 98, 22
Gonzalo JD, 2015, Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll
Guicciardi S, 2015, Recent Prog Med, 106, 72
Orlando R, 2012, Conn Med, 76, 417
Cooper S P, 2010, Tex Med, 106, e1
Lee A, 2013, Focus Health Prof Educ, 14, 64
Rigby B, Wood L, Clark-Murphy M. Review of graduate skills: critical thinking, team work, ethical practice and sustainability. Sydney: Australian Learning and Teaching Council; 2009. p. 25.
Hager P, Holland S, Beckett D. Enhancing the learning and employ-ability of graduates: the role of generic skills. Melbourne: Business/Higher Education Round Table; 2002. p. 16.
Bowden J, 2000, Generic capabilities of Australian Technology Network university graduates
Goodyear P, 2013, Res Learn Technol Suppl, 21, 19909
Grose J, 2015, Nurs Health Sci
Elton L, Johnston B. Assessment in Universities: a critical review of research. London: Learning and Teaching Support Network; 2002. p. 97.
Sustainable Healthcare Education. CSH networks. Available from: http://networks.sustainablehealthcare.org.uk/network/sustainablehealthcare-education
Tomes C, 2011, Teaching sustainable healthcare to tomorrow's doctors: a mixed method analysis of medical school innovations in England