Tackling the effects of extracellular vesicles in fibrosis

Abramowicz, 2016, Proteomic analysis of exosomal cargo: the challenge of high purity vesicle isolation, Mol. Biosyst., 12, 1407, 10.1039/C6MB00082G Amosse, 2018, Phenotyping of circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) in obesity identifies large EVs as functional conveyors of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, Mol. Metab., 18, 134, 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.10.001 Andreu, 2016, Comparative analysis of EV isolation procedures for miRNAs detection in serum samples, J. Extracell. Vesicles, 5, 31655, 10.3402/jev.v5.31655 Arner, 2010, Adipocyte turnover: relevance to human adipose tissue morphology, Diabetes, 59, 105, 10.2337/db09-0942 Arner, 2011, Genetic predisposition for Type 2 diabetes, but not for overweight/obesity, is associated with a restricted adipogenesis, PLoS One, 6, 10.1371/journal.pone.0018284 Babuta, 2022, Extracellular vesicles in inflammation: focus on the microRNA cargo of EVs in modulation of liver diseases, J. Leukoc. Biol., 111, 75, 10.1002/JLB.3MIR0321-156R Bai, 2021, CircRNA_0026344 via exosomal miR-21 regulation of Smad7 is involved in aberrant cross-talk of epithelium-fibroblasts during cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary fibrosis, Toxicol. Lett., 347, 58, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.04.017 Bai, 2020, Exosomal circ_DLGAP4 promotes diabetic kidney disease progression by sponging miR-143 and targeting ERBB3/NF-κB/MMP-2 axis, Cell Death Dis., 11, 10.1038/s41419-020-03169-3 Barnes, 2011, Myofibroblast differentiation during fibrosis: role of NAD(P)H oxidases, Kidney Int., 79, 944, 10.1038/ki.2010.516 Bartel, 2009, MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions, Cell, 136, 215, 10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.002 Baum, 2011, Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts: what are we talking about?, J. Cardiovasc. Pharm., 57, 376, 10.1097/FJC.0b013e3182116e39 Behrens, 2020, Extracellular vesicles as regulators of kidney function and disease, Intensive Care Med. Exp., 8, 22, 10.1186/s40635-020-00306-2 Bikbov, 2020, Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, Lancet, 395, 709, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3 Boor, 2010, Renal fibrosis: novel insights into mechanisms and therapeutic targets, Nat. Rev. Nephrol., 6, 643, 10.1038/nrneph.2010.120 Booth, 2006, Exosomes and HIV Gag bud from endosome-like domains of the T cell plasma membrane, J. Cell Biol., 172, 923, 10.1083/jcb.200508014 Börger, 2017, Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles and their potential as novel immunomodulatory therapeutic agents, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18, 1450, 10.3390/ijms18071450 Borges, 2013, TGF-β1-containing exosomes from injured epithelial cells activate fibroblasts to initiate tissue regenerative responses and fibrosis, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 24, 385, 10.1681/ASN.2012101031 Borza, 2021, DDR1 contributes to kidney inflammation and fibrosis by promoting the phosphorylation of BCR and STAT3, JCI Insight Brennan, 2020, A comparison of methods for the isolation and separation of extracellular vesicles from protein and lipid particles in human serum, Sci. Rep., 10, 1039, 10.1038/s41598-020-57497-7 Brigstock, 2021, Extracellular vesicles in organ fibrosis: mechanisms, therapies, and diagnostics, Cells, 10, 10.3390/cells10071596 Buscemi, 2011, The single-molecule mechanics of the latent TGF-β1 complex, Curr. Biol., 21, 2046, 10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.037 Buzás, 2018, Molecular interactions at the surface of extracellular vesicles, Semin. Immunopathol., 40, 453, 10.1007/s00281-018-0682-0 Camino, 2022, Human obese white adipose tissue sheds depot-specific extracellular vesicles and reveals candidate biomarkers for monitoring obesity and its comorbidities, Transl. Res., 239, 85, 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.01.006 Camino, 2020, Deciphering adipose tissue extracellular vesicles protein cargo and its role in obesity, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21, 9366, 10.3390/ijms21249366 Can, 2016, The investigation of circulating microRNAs associated with lipid metabolism in childhood obesity, Pediatr. Obes., 11, 228, 10.1111/ijpo.12050 Caruso, 2018, Apoptotic cell-derived extracellular vesicles: more than just debris, Front. Immunol., 9, 1486, 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01486 Castaño, 2018, Obesity-associated exosomal miRNAs modulate glucose and lipid metabolism in mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 12158, 10.1073/pnas.1808855115 Chanda, 2019, Fibronectin on the surface of extracellular vesicles mediates fibroblast invasion, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 60, 279, 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0062OC Chartoumpekis, 2012, Differential expression of microRNAs in adipose tissue after long-term high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice, PLoS One, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0034872 Chen, 2021, Exosomal miR-500 derived from lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophage accelerates liver fibrosis by suppressing MFN2, Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9 Cinti, 2005, Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans, J. Lipid Res., 46, 2347, 10.1194/jlr.M500294-JLR200 Cocucci, 2015, Ectosomes and exosomes: shedding the confusion between extracellular vesicles, Trends Cell Biol., 25, 364, 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.01.004 Coelho, 2013, Biochemistry of adipose tissue: an endocrine organ, Arch. Med. Sci., 9, 191, 10.5114/aoms.2013.33181 Colombo, 2014, Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles, Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 30, 255, 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326 Connolly, 2015, Characterisation of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles released pre- and post-adipogenesis, J. Extracell. Vesicles, 4, 10.3402/jev.v4.29159 Corrales, 2021, Obesity and pregnancy, the perfect metabolic storm, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 75, 1723, 10.1038/s41430-021-00914-5 Crewe, 2017, The ominous triad of adipose tissue dysfunction: inflammation, fibrosis, and impaired angiogenesis, J. Clin. Invest., 127, 74, 10.1172/JCI88883 d’Alessandro, 2021, Extracellular vesicles in pulmonary fibrosis models and biological fluids of interstitial lung disease patients: a scoping review, Life, 11, 10.3390/life11121401 Datta, 2018, Fat fibrosis: friend or foe?, JCI Insight, 3, 10.1172/jci.insight.122289 de Abreu, 2020, Native and bioengineered extracellular vesicles for cardiovascular therapeutics, Nat. Rev. Cardiol., 17, 685, 10.1038/s41569-020-0389-5 Delić, 2016, Urinary exosomal miRNA signature in type II diabetic nephropathy patients, PLoS One, 11, 10.1371/journal.pone.0150154 Deng, 2009, Adipose tissue exosome-like vesicles mediate activation of macrophage-induced insulin resistance, Diabetes, 58, 2498, 10.2337/db09-0216 Deng, 2019, Exosomes from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate cardiac damage after myocardial infarction by activating S1P/SK1/S1PR1 signaling and promoting macrophage M2 polarization, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 114, 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105564 di Carlo, 2018, The perivascular origin of pathological fibroblasts, J. Clin. Investig., 128, 54, 10.1172/JCI93558 Divoux, 2012, Mast cells in human adipose tissue: link with morbid obesity, inflammatory status, and diabetes, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 97, 10.1210/jc.2012-1532 Divoux, 2010, Fibrosis in human adipose tissue: composition, distribution, and link with lipid metabolism and fat mass loss, Diabetes, 59, 2817, 10.2337/db10-0585 Djudjaj, 2019, Cellular and molecular mechanisms of kidney fibrosis, Mol. Asp. Med, 65, 16, 10.1016/j.mam.2018.06.002 Dooley, 2012, TGF-β in progression of liver disease, Cell Tissue Res., 347, 245, 10.1007/s00441-011-1246-y Doyle, 2019, Overview of extracellular vesicles, their origin, composition, purpose, and methods for exosome isolation and analysis, Cells, 8, 10.3390/cells8070727 Du, 2021, Extracellular vesicles-derived miR-150-5p secreted by adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibits CXCL1 expression to attenuate hepatic fibrosis, J. Cell. Mol. Med., 25, 701, 10.1111/jcmm.16119 Dubois, 2006, Decreased expression of adipogenic genes in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes, Obesity, 14, 1543, 10.1038/oby.2006.178 Eddy, 2014, Overview of the cellular and molecular basis of kidney fibrosis, Kidney Int. Suppl., 10.1038/kisup.2014.2 Eguchi, 2016, Circulating adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles are novel markers of metabolic stress, J. Mol. Med., 94, 1241, 10.1007/s00109-016-1446-8 Eirin, 2020, Extracellular vesicles released by adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells from obese pigs fail to repair the injured kidney, Stem Cell Res., 47, 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101877 Eirin, 2017, Mesenchymal stem cell–derived extracellular vesicles attenuate kidney inflammation, Kidney Int., 92, 114, 10.1016/j.kint.2016.12.023 Elmore, 2007, Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death, Toxicol. Pathol., 35, 495, 10.1080/01926230701320337 Erdbrügger, 2016, Extracellular vesicles in renal diseases: more than novel biomarkers?, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 27, 12, 10.1681/ASN.2015010074 Escasany, 2019, Underlying Mechanisms of Renal Lipotoxicity in Obesity, Nephron, 143, 10.1159/000494694 Escasany, 2021, Transforming growth factor β3 deficiency promotes defective lipid metabolism and fibrosis in murine kidney, Disease Models & Mechanisms, 14, 10.1242/dmm.048249 Eyre, 2011, Monocyte-and endothelial-derived microparticles induce an inflammatory phenotype in human podocytes, Nephron - Exp. Nephrol., 119, 10.1159/000329575 Ferrante, 2015, Adipocyte-derived exosomal miRNAs: a novel mechanism for obesity-related disease, Pediatr. Res., 77, 447, 10.1038/pr.2014.202 Fiorentino, 2018, Acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease transition, Contrib. Nephrol., 45, 10.1159/000484962 Gao, 2020, Extracellular vesicles derived from adipose mesenchymal stem cells alleviate PM2.5-induced lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis, Med. Sci. Monit., 26, 10.12659/MSM.922782 Garcia-Martin, 2021, MicroRNA sequence codes for small extracellular vesicle release and cellular retention, Nature Gebeshuber, 2013, Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is induced by microRNA-193a and its downregulation of WT1, Nat. Med., 19, 481, 10.1038/nm.3142 Giordano, 2013, Obese adipocytes show ultrastructural features of stressed cells and die of pyroptosis, J. Lipid Res., 54, 2423, 10.1194/jlr.M038638 Gómez-Ferrer, 2021, HIF-overexpression and pro-inflammatory priming in human mesenchymal stromal cells improves the healing properties of extracellular vesicles in experimental Crohn’s disease, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22, 10.3390/ijms222011269 Gorelik, 2002, Transforming growth factor-beta in T-cell biology, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2, 46, 10.1038/nri704 Gressner, A.M., Weiskirchen, R., n.d. Modern pathogenetic concepts of liver fibrosis suggest stellate cells and TGF-beta as major players and therapeutic targets. J. Cell. Mol. Med., vol. 10, pp. 76–99. 〈https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00292.x〉. Gu, 2021, ER stress—induced adipocytes secrete-aldo-keto reductase 1B7—containing exosomes that cause nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 163, 220, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.011 Guan, 2020, Injured tubular epithelial cells activate fibroblasts to promote kidney fibrosis through miR-150-containing exosomes, Exp. Cell Res., 392, 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112007 Guo, 2019, Integrin β1-enriched extracellular vesicles mediate monocyte adhesion and promote liver inflammation in murine NASH, J. Hepatol., 71, 1193, 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.07.019 Henderson, 2020, Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines, Nature, 587, 555, 10.1038/s41586-020-2938-9 Heymann, 2016, Immunology in the liver--from homeostasis to disease, Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 13, 88, 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.200 Hu, 2012, Exosomal miRNAs: biological properties and therapeutic potential, Front. Genet., 3, 10.3389/fgene.2012.00056 Hu, 2021, Extracellular vesicle activities regulating macrophage- and tissue-mediated injury and repair responses, Acta Pharm. Sin. B Hu, 2020, MiR-196b-5p-enriched extracellular vesicles from tubular epithelial cells mediated aldosterone-induced renal fibrosis in mice with diabetes, BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care, 8, 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-001101 Huang, 2017, Urinary exosomal miR-193a can be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children, BioMed Res. Int., 2017, 1 Ibrahim, 2010, Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: structural and functional differences, Obes. Rev., 11, 11, 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00623.x Jensen, 2008, Role of body fat distribution and the metabolic complications of obesity, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 93, 10.1210/jc.2008-1585 Jeon, 2020, microRNA in extracellular vesicles released by damaged podocytes promote apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells, Cells, 9, 10.3390/cells9061409 Jia, 2018, Exendin-4 ameliorates high glucose-induced fibrosis by inhibiting the secretion of miR-192 from injured renal tubular epithelial cells, Exp. Mol. Med., 50, 10.1038/s12276-018-0084-3 Jia, 2019, Extracellular vesicles from albumin-induced tubular epithelial cells promote the M1 macrophage phenotype by targeting klotho, Mol. Ther., 27, 1452, 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.05.019 Jin, 2020, Circular RNA in renal diseases, J. Cell. Mol. Med., 24, 6523, 10.1111/jcmm.15295 Jin, 2020, Exosomal miRNA-215-5p derived from adipose-derived stem cells attenuates epithelial–mesenchymal transition of podocytes by inhibiting ZEB2, BioMed Res. Int., 2020, 1 Karpman, 2017, Extracellular vesicles in renal disease, Nat. Rev. Nephrol., 13, 545, 10.1038/nrneph.2017.98 Kawai, 2009, PPAR-gamma agonist attenuates renal interstitial fibrosis and inflammation through reduction of TGF-beta, Lab. Invest., 89, 47, 10.1038/labinvest.2008.104 Keophiphath, 2009, Macrophage-secreted factors promote a profibrotic phenotype in human preadipocytes, Mol. Endocrinol., 23, 11, 10.1210/me.2008-0183 Kershaw, 2004, Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89, 2548, 10.1210/jc.2004-0395 Khan, 2009, Metabolic dysregulation and adipose tissue fibrosis: role of collagen VI, Mol. Cell. Biol., 29, 1575, 10.1128/MCB.01300-08 Khodayari, 2020, Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficient individuals have circulating extracellular vesicles with profibrogenic cargo, Cell Commun. Signal., 18, 140, 10.1186/s12964-020-00648-0 Kim, 2013, EVpedia: an integrated database of high-throughput data for systemic analyses of extracellular vesicles, J. Extracell. Vesicles, 2, 10.3402/jev.v2i0.20384 Kim, 2019, The circulating exosomal microRNAs related to albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy, J. Transl. Med., 17, 236, 10.1186/s12967-019-1983-3 Kishore, 2021, Roles of macrophage polarization and macrophage-derived miRNAs in pulmonary fibrosis, Front. Immunol., 12, 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678457 Koeck, 2014, Adipocyte exosomes induce transforming growth factor beta pathway dysregulation in hepatocytes: a novel paradigm for obesity-related liver disease, J. Surg. Res., 192, 268, 10.1016/j.jss.2014.06.050 Kosanović, 2021, Extracellular vesicles and renal fibrosis: an odyssey toward a new therapeutic approach, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22, 3887, 10.3390/ijms22083887 Kranendonk, 2014, Effect of extracellular vesicles of human adipose tissue on insulin signaling in liver and muscle cells, Obesity, 22, 2216, 10.1002/oby.20847 Kristensen, 2019, The biogenesis, biology and characterization of circular RNAs, Nat. Rev. Genet., 20, 675, 10.1038/s41576-019-0158-7 Lacasa, 2007, Macrophage-secreted factors impair human adipogenesis: involvement of proinflammatory state in preadipocytes, Endocrinology, 148, 868, 10.1210/en.2006-0687 Lakatos, 2007, The role of PPARs in lung fibrosis, PPAR Res., 2007, 10.1155/2007/71323 Lange, 2019, MiR‐21 is up‐regulated in urinary exosomes of chronic kidney disease patients and after glomerular injury, J. Cell. Mol. Med., 23, 4839, 10.1111/jcmm.14317 Lee, 2009, Circulating TGF-beta1 as a reliable biomarker for chronic kidney disease progression in the African-American population, Kidney Int., 76, 10, 10.1038/ki.2009.130 Lessard, 2015, Characterization of dedifferentiating human mature adipocytes from the visceral and subcutaneous fat compartments: fibroblast-activation protein alpha and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 as major components of matrix remodeling, PLoS One, 10 Li, 2020, Current understanding of the role of adipose-derived extracellular vesicles in metabolic homeostasis and diseases: communication from the distance between cells/tissues, Theranostics, 10, 7422, 10.7150/thno.42167 Li, 2020, Exosomes: carriers of pro-fibrotic signals and therapeutic targets in fibrosis, Curr. Pharm. Des., 25, 4496, 10.2174/1381612825666191209161443 Li, 2018, Potential value of urinary exosome-derived let-7c-5p in the diagnosis and progression of type II diabetic nephropathy, Clin. Lab., 64, 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2018.171031 Li, 2020, Metabolic syndrome increases senescence-associated micro-RNAs in extracellular vesicles derived from swine and human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, Cell Commun. Signal., 18, 124, 10.1186/s12964-020-00624-8 Li, 2019, HIF-1α inducing exosomal microRNA-23a expression mediates the cross-talk between tubular epithelial cells and macrophages in tubulointerstitial inflammation, Kidney Int., 95, 388, 10.1016/j.kint.2018.09.013 Liu, 2020, Caloric restriction alleviates aging-related fibrosis of kidney through downregulation of miR-21 in extracellular vesicles, Aging, 12, 18052, 10.18632/aging.103591 Liu, 2020, Tubule-derived exosomes play a central role in fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis, Kidney Int., 97, 1181, 10.1016/j.kint.2019.11.026 Liu, 2011, Cellular and molecular mechanisms of renal fibrosis, Nat. Rev. Nephrol., 10.1038/nrneph.2011.149 Liu, 2006, Renal fibrosis: new insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutics, Kidney Int., 10.1038/sj.ki.5000054 Liu, 2020, Podocyte-released migrasomes in urine serve as an indicator for early podocyte injury, Kidney Dis., 6, 422, 10.1159/000511504 Lolmède, 2011, Immune cells in adipose tissue: key players in metabolic disorders, Diabetes Metab., 37, 283, 10.1016/j.diabet.2011.03.002 Long, 2022, Mechanical communication in fibrosis progression, Trends Cell Biol., 32, 70, 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.10.002 Looze, 2009, Proteomic profiling of human plasma exosomes identifies PPARgamma as an exosome-associated protein, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 378, 433, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.11.050 Lötvall, 2014, Minimal experimental requirements for definition of extracellular vesicles and their functions: a position statement from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles, J. Extracell. Vesicles, 3, 26913, 10.3402/jev.v3.26913 Lou, 2017, MiR-122 modification enhances the therapeutic efficacy of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells against liver fibrosis, J. Cell. Mol. Med., 21, 2963, 10.1111/jcmm.13208 Lu, 2020, Diabetic nephropathy: perspective on extracellular vesicles, Front. Immunol., 11, 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00943 Ludwig, 2019, Challenges in exosome isolation and analysis in health and disease, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20, 4684, 10.3390/ijms20194684 Lv, 2018, Exosomal CCL2 from tubular epithelial cells is critical for albumin-induced tubulointerstitial inflammation, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 29, 919, 10.1681/ASN.2017050523 Lv, 2020, Exosomal miRNA-19b-3p of tubular epithelial cells promotes M1 macrophage activation in kidney injury, Cell Death Differ., 27, 210, 10.1038/s41418-019-0349-y Lv, 2018, Inflammation and renal fibrosis: recent developments on key signaling molecules as potential therapeutic targets, Eur. J. Pharm., 820, 65, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.016 Ma, 2015, Discovery of the migrasome, an organelle mediating release of cytoplasmic contents during cell migration, Cell Res., 25, 24, 10.1038/cr.2014.135 Macías, 2019, Comparison of six commercial serum exosome isolation methods suitable for clinical laboratories. Effect in cytokine analysis, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. (CCLM), 57, 1539, 10.1515/cclm-2018-1297 Marcelin, 2021, Adipose tissue fibrosis in obesity: etiology and challenges, Annu. Rev. Physiol. Marcelin, 2019, Deciphering the cellular interplays underlying obesity-induced adipose tissue fibrosis, J. Clin. Invest., 129, 4032, 10.1172/JCI129192 Martin-Medina, 2018, Increased extracellular vesicles mediate WNT5A signaling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 198, 1527, 10.1164/rccm.201708-1580OC Martins, 2015, FIZZ1-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation from adipocytes and its potential role in dermal fibrosis and lipoatrophy, Am. J. Pathol., 185, 2768, 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.06.005 Martin-Taboada, 2021, From obesity to chronic kidney disease: how can adipose tissue affect renal function?, Nephron, 145, 609, 10.1159/000515418 Meng, 2016, TGF-β: the master regulator of fibrosis, Nat. Rev. Nephrol., 12, 325, 10.1038/nrneph.2016.48 Minciacchi, 2015, Large oncosomes contain distinct protein cargo and represent a separate functional class of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles, Oncotarget, 6, 11327, 10.18632/oncotarget.3598 Mleczko, 2018, Extracellular vesicles from hypoxic adipocytes and obese subjects reduce insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 62 Morales, 2021, Renoprotective role of bariatric surgery in patients with established chronic kidney disease, Clin. Kidney J., 14, 2037, 10.1093/ckj/sfaa266 Morello, 2013, Large oncosomes mediate intercellular transfer of functional microRNA, Cell Cycle, 12, 3526, 10.4161/cc.26539 Mori, 2019, Extracellular miRNAs: from biomarkers to mediators of physiology and disease, Cell Metab., 30, 656, 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.07.011 Mori, 2014, Characteristic expression of extracellular matrix in subcutaneous adipose tissue development and adipogenesis; comparison with visceral adipose tissue, Int. J. Biol. Sci., 10, 825, 10.7150/ijbs.8672 Müller, 2011, Microvesicles released from rat adipocytes and harboring glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins transfer RNA stimulating lipid synthesis, Cell Signal., 23, 1207, 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.03.013 Murano, 2013, Time course of histomorphological changes in adipose tissue upon acute lipoatrophy, Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis., 23, 723, 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.03.005 Nawaz, 2018, Extracellular vesicles and matrix remodeling enzymes: the emerging roles in extracellular matrix remodeling, progression of diseases and tissue repair, Cells, 7, 167, 10.3390/cells7100167 Nazarie Ignat, 2021, Regenerative potential of mesenchymal stem cells’ (MSCs) secretome for liver fibrosis therapies, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22 Noren Hooten, 2020, Extracellular vesicles as signaling mediators in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol., 318, C1189, 10.1152/ajpcell.00536.2019 Oh, 2012, Increased macrophage migration into adipose tissue in obese mice, Diabetes, 61, 346, 10.2337/db11-0860 O’Reilly, 2016, MicroRNAs in fibrosis: opportunities and challenges, Arthritis Res. Ther., 18, 11, 10.1186/s13075-016-0929-x Palviainen, 2020, Extracellular vesicles from human plasma and serum are carriers of extravesicular cargo—Implications for biomarker discovery, PLoS One, 15, 10.1371/journal.pone.0236439 Pan, 2019, Adipocyte-secreted exosomal microRNA-34a inhibits M2 macrophage polarization to promote obesity-induced adipose inflammation, J. Clin. Invest., 129, 834, 10.1172/JCI123069 Pasarica, 2009, Adipose tissue collagen VI in obesity, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 94, 5155, 10.1210/jc.2009-0947 Pauley, 2008, MicroRNAs and their emerging roles in immunology, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1143, 226, 10.1196/annals.1443.009 Pegtel, 2019, Exosomes, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 88, 487, 10.1146/annurev-biochem-013118-111902 Pellegrinelli, 2016, Adipose tissue plasticity: how fat depots respond differently to pathophysiological cues, Diabetologia, 59, 1075, 10.1007/s00125-016-3933-4 Pellegrinelli, 2014, Human adipocyte function is impacted by mechanical cues, J. Pathol., 233, 183, 10.1002/path.4347 Perez-Hernandez, 2021, Urinary- and plasma-derived exosomes reveal a distinct microRNA signature associated with albuminuria in hypertension, Hypertension, 77, 960, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16598 Piersma, 2015, Signaling in fibrosis: TGF-β, WNT, and YAP/TAZ converge, Front. Med., 2, 59, 10.3389/fmed.2015.00059 Povero, 2015, Lipid-induced hepatocyte-derived extracellular vesicles regulate hepatic stellate cells via microRNA targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 1, 646, 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.07.007 Psaraki, 2021, Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: the regenerative impact in liver diseases, Hepatology Qu, 2019, Microvesicles containing microRNA-216a secreted by tubular epithelial cells participate in renal interstitial fibrosis through activating PTEN/AKT pathway, Eur. Rev. Med. Pharm. Sci., 23, 6629 Qu, 2017, Exosomes derived from miR-181-5p-modified adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells prevent liver fibrosis via autophagy activation, J. Cell. Mol. Med., 21, 2491, 10.1111/jcmm.13170 Raposo, 2013, Extracellular vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and friends, J. Cell Biol., 200, 373, 10.1083/jcb.201211138 Reggio, 2016, Increased basement membrane components in adipose tissue during obesity: links with TGFβ and metabolic phenotypes, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 101, 2578, 10.1210/jc.2015-4304 Rilla, 2019, Extracellular vesicles are integral and functional components of the extracellular matrix, Matrix Biol., 75–76, 201, 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.003 Rockel, 2020, Anti-fibrotic mechanisms of exogenously-expanded mesenchymal stromal cells for fibrotic diseases, Semin. Cell Dev. Biol., 101, 87, 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.014 Rockey, 2015, Fibrosis--a common pathway to organ injury and failure, N. Engl. J. Med., 372, 1138, 10.1056/NEJMra1300575 Rozier, 2021, Extracellular vesicles are more potent than adipose mesenchymal stromal cells to exert an anti-fibrotic effect in an in vitro model of systemic sclerosis, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22, 6837, 10.3390/ijms22136837 Samuelson, 2018, Fed-EXosome: extracellular vesicles and cell–cell communication in metabolic regulation, Essays Biochem., 62, 165, 10.1042/EBC20170087 Savage, 2003, Human metabolic syndrome resulting from dominant-negative mutations in the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, Diabetes, 52, 910, 10.2337/diabetes.52.4.910 Schiessl, 2020, The role of tubule-interstitial crosstalk in renal injury and recovery, Semin. Nephrol., 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2020.01.012 Sheng, 2020, New insights into the role and mechanism of partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition in kidney fibrosis, Front. Physiol., 10.3389/fphys.2020.569322 Shi, 2003, Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus, Cell, 113, 685, 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00432-X Shi, 2014, Differential expression of microRNAs in omental adipose tissue from gestational diabetes mellitus subjects reveals miR-222 as a regulator of ERα expression in estrogen-induced insulin resistance, Endocrinology, 155, 1982, 10.1210/en.2013-2046 Song, 2000, Influence of alternatively and classically activated macrophages on fibrogenic activities of human fibroblasts, Cell. Immunol., 204, 19, 10.1006/cimm.2000.1687 Song, 2018, Adipocyte-derived exosomes carrying sonic hedgehog mediate M1 macrophage polarization-induced insulin resistance via Ptch and PI3K pathways, Cell. Physiol. Biochem., 48, 1416, 10.1159/000492252 Sonoda, 2009, Decreased abundance of urinary exosomal aquaporin-1 in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol., 297, F1006, 10.1152/ajprenal.00200.2009 Spalding, 2008, Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans, Nature, 453, 783, 10.1038/nature06902 Spencer, 2010, Adipose tissue macrophages in insulin-resistant subjects are associated with collagen VI and fibrosis and demonstrate alternative activation, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 299, 10.1152/ajpendo.00329.2010 Srivastava, 2019, microRNA crosstalk influences epithelial-to-mesenchymal, endothelial-to-mesenchymal, and macrophage-to-mesenchymal transitions in the kidney, Front. Pharm., 10, 904, 10.3389/fphar.2019.00904 Strissel, 2007, Adipocyte death, adipose tissue remodeling, and obesity complications, Diabetes, 56, 2910, 10.2337/db07-0767 Su, 2020, Podocyte-derived extracellular vesicles mediate renal proximal tubule cells dedifferentiation via microRNA-221 in diabetic nephropathy, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 518, 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111034 Sun, 2013, Fibrosis and adipose tissue dysfunction, Cell Metab., 18, 470, 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.06.016 Sun, 2016, The origin of renal fibroblasts/myofibroblasts and the signals that trigger fibrosis, Differentiation, 10.1016/j.diff.2016.05.008 Takov, 2019, Comparison of small extracellular vesicles isolated from plasma by ultracentrifugation or size-exclusion chromatography: yield, purity and functional potential, J. Extracell. Vesicles, 8, 10.1080/20013078.2018.1560809 Tam, 2012, Adipose tissue remodeling in children: the link between collagen deposition and age-related adipocyte growth, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 97, 1320, 10.1210/jc.2011-2806 Tang, 2017, Comparison of isolation methods of exosomes and exosomal RNA from cell culture medium and serum, Int. J. Mol. Med., 40, 834, 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3080 Tecklenborg, 2018, The role of the immune system in kidney disease, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 192, 142, 10.1111/cei.13119 Théry, 2018, Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines, J. Extracell. Vesicles, 7, 10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750 Toh, 2018, MSC exosome works through a protein-based mechanism of action, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 46, 843, 10.1042/BST20180079 Tschumperlin, 2018, Mechanosensing and fibrosis, J. Clin. Invest., 128, 74, 10.1172/JCI93561 Uil, 2021, Cellular origin and microRNA profiles of circulating extracellular vesicles in different stages of diabetic nephropathy, Clin. Kidney J., 14, 358, 10.1093/ckj/sfz145 van Deun, 2017, EV-TRACK: transparent reporting and centralizing knowledge in extracellular vesicle research, Nat. Methods, 14, 228, 10.1038/nmeth.4185 van Niel, 2018, Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 19, 213, 10.1038/nrm.2017.125 Vaskova, 2020, Sacubitril/valsartan improves cardiac function and decreases myocardial fibrosis via downregulation of exosomal miR‐181a in a rodent chronic myocardial infarction model, J. Am. Heart Assoc., 9, 10.1161/JAHA.119.015640 Velázquez-Enríquez, 2021, Proteomic analysis reveals key proteins in extracellular vesicles cargo associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in vitro, Biomedicines, 9 Villarroya-Beltri, 2013, Sumoylated hnRNPA2B1 controls the sorting of miRNAs into exosomes through binding to specific motifs, Nat. Commun., 4, 2980, 10.1038/ncomms3980 Virtue, 2010, Adipose tissue expandability, lipotoxicity and the metabolic syndrome–an allostatic perspective, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1801, 338, 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.12.006 Wada, 2007, Fibrocytes: a new insight into kidney fibrosis, Kidney Int., 72, 269, 10.1038/sj.ki.5002325 Wang, 2017, Unique molecular profile of exosomes derived from primary human proximal tubular epithelial cells under diseased conditions, J. Extracell. Vesicles, 6, 10.1080/20013078.2017.1314073 Wang, 2021, Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes carry MicroRNA-671 to alleviate myocardial infarction through inactivating the TGFBR2/Smad2 axis, Inflammation, 44, 1815, 10.1007/s10753-021-01460-9 Wang, 2021, CircUbe3a from M2 macrophage-derived small extracellular vesicles mediates myocardial fibrosis after acute myocardial infarction, Theranostics, 11, 6315, 10.7150/thno.52843 Wang, 2013, Circulating miR-130b mediates metabolic crosstalk between fat and muscle in overweight/obesity, Diabetologia, 56, 2275, 10.1007/s00125-013-2996-8 Wang, 2017, Macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition contributes to interstitial fibrosis in chronic renal allograft injury, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 28, 2053, 10.1681/ASN.2016050573 Wei, 2020, Recent advances in understanding the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in renal fibrosis, Int. Urol. Nephrol., 52, 1287, 10.1007/s11255-020-02474-2 Wells, 2013, Tissue mechanics and fibrosis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1832, 884, 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.02.007 Wen, 2020, Decreased secretion and profibrotic activity of tubular exosomes in diabetic kidney disease, Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol., 319, 664, 10.1152/ajprenal.00292.2020 Wipff, 2007, Myofibroblast contraction activates latent TGF-β1 from the extracellular matrix, J. Cell Biol., 179, 1311, 10.1083/jcb.200704042 Witwer, 2013, Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research, J. Extracell. Vesicles, 2, 20360, 10.3402/jev.v2i0.20360 Wolf, 1967, The nature and significance of platelet products in human plasma, Br. J. Haematol., 13, 269, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1967.tb08741.x Wu, 2017, Exosomes from high glucose-treated glomerular endothelial cells trigger the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and dysfunction of podocytes, Sci. Rep., 7 Wu, 2016, Exosomes from high glucose-treated glomerular endothelial cells activate mesangial cells to promote renal fibrosis, Biol. Open, 5, 484, 10.1242/bio.015990 Xia, 2018, Microvesicles containing microRNA-21 induce myocardial fibrosis via AKT pathway, Eur. Rev. Med. Pharm. Sci., 22, 4634 Yáñez-Mó, 2015, Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions, J. Extracell. Vesicles, 4, 27066, 10.3402/jev.v4.27066 Yang, 2018, Exosomes derived from cardiomyocytes promote cardiac fibrosis via myocyte-fibroblast cross-talk, Am. J. Transl. Res., 10, 4350 Ying, 2017, Adipose tissue macrophage-derived exosomal miRNAs can modulate in vivo and in vitro insulin sensitivity, Cell, 171, 372, 10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.035 Yu, 2021, Exosomes from M2 macrophage promote peritendinous fibrosis posterior tendon injury via the MiR-15b-5p/FGF-1/7/9 pathway by delivery of circRNA-Ep400, Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9, 10.3389/fcell.2021.595911 Yuan, 2019, Myofibroblast in kidney fibrosis: origin, activation, and regulation, 253 Zang, 2019, Differential expression of urinary exosomal microRNAs miR-21-5p and miR-30b-5p in individuals with diabetic kidney disease, Sci. Rep., 9, 10900, 10.1038/s41598-019-47504-x Zhang, 2019, Early podocyte injury and elevated levels of urinary podocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in swine with metabolic syndrome: role of podocyte mitochondria, Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol., 317, F12, 10.1152/ajprenal.00399.2018 Zhang, 2019, Transfer of functional cargo in exomeres, Cell Rep., 27, 940, 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.009 Zhang, 2019, Microvesicle-containing miRNA-153-3p induces the apoptosis of proximal tubular epithelial cells and participates in renal interstitial fibrosis, Eur. Rev. Med. Pharm. Sci., 23, 10065 Zhang, 2016, Adipocyte-derived microvesicles from obese mice induce M1 macrophage phenotype through secreted miR-155, J. Mol. Cell Biol., 8, 505, 10.1093/jmcb/mjw040 Zhang, 2015, Inflamed macrophage microvesicles induce insulin resistance in human adipocytes, Nutr. Metab., 12, 10.1186/s12986-015-0016-3 Zhao, 2018, Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells attenuate adipose inflammation and obesity through polarizing M2 macrophages and beiging in white adipose tissue, Diabetes, 67, 235, 10.2337/db17-0356 Zhao, 2021, Exosomal miR-21 from tubular cells contributes to renal fibrosis by activating fibroblasts via targeting PTEN in obstructed kidneys, Theranostics, 11, 8660, 10.7150/thno.62820 Zhao, 2020, Urinary exosomal miRNA-4534 as a novel diagnostic biomarker for diabetic kidney disease, Front. Endocrinol., 11, 10.3389/fendo.2020.00590 Zheng, 2018, Microvesicles containing microRNA-21 secreted by proximal tubular epithelial cells are involved in renal interstitial fibrosis by activating AKT pathway, Eur. Rev. Med. Pharm. Sci., 22, 707 Zhou, 2008, Urinary exosomal transcription factors, a new class of biomarkers for renal disease, Kidney Int., 74, 613, 10.1038/ki.2008.206 Zhou, 2013, Urinary exosomal Wilms’ tumor-1 as a potential biomarker for podocyte injury, Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol., 305, F553, 10.1152/ajprenal.00056.2013 Zhou, 2006, Exosomal Fetuin-A identified by proteomics: a novel urinary biomarker for detecting acute kidney injury, Kidney Int., 70, 1847, 10.1038/sj.ki.5001874 Zhou, 2021, Tubular cell-derived exosomal miR-150-5p contributes to renal fibrosis following unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury by activating fibroblast in vitro and in vivo, Int. J. Biol. Sci., 17, 4021, 10.7150/ijbs.62478 Zhou, 2013, MiR-21-containing microvesicles from injured tubular epithelial cells promote tubular phenotype transition by targeting PTEN protein, Am. J. Pathol., 183, 1183, 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.032 Zhu, 2017, Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells employed exosomes to attenuate AKI-CKD transition through tubular epithelial cell dependent Sox9 activation, Oncotarget, 8, 70707, 10.18632/oncotarget.19979 Zhu, 2021, Lateral transfer of mRNA and protein by migrasomes modifies the recipient cells, Cell Res., 31, 237, 10.1038/s41422-020-00415-3 Zhu, 2019, Exosomes from high glucose–treated macrophages activate glomerular mesangial cells via TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway in vivo and in vitro, FASEB J., 33, 9279, 10.1096/fj.201802427RRR Zhu, 2021, Exosomal hsa_circ_0125310 promotes cell proliferation and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy via sponging miR‐422a and targeting the IGF1R/p38 axis, J. Cell. Mol. Med.