THE NEWER MACROLIDES: AZITHROMYCIN AND CLARITHROMYCIN

Adam, 1993, Clarithromycin 250 mg b.i.d. for 5 or 10 days in the treatment of adult patients with purulent bronchitis, Infection, 21, 265, 10.1007/BF01728910

Adelglass, 1998, A multicenter, investigator-blinded, randomized comparison of oral levofloxacin and oral clarithromycin in the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis, Pharmacotherapy, 18, 1255, 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1998.tb03145.x

Amsden, 1995, Macrolides versus azalides: A drug interaction update, Ann Pharmacother, 29, 906, 10.1177/106002809502900913

Ballow, 1992, Azithromycin: The first azalide antibiotic, Ann Pharmacother, 26, 1253, 10.1177/106002809202601014

Bartlett, 1998, Community-acquired pneumonia in adults: Guidelines for management, Clin Infect Dis, 26, 811, 10.1086/513953

Bergman, 1999, Antimicrobial activities and postantibiotic effects of clarithromycin, 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin, and azithromycin in epithelial cell lining fluid against clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 43, 1291, 10.1128/AAC.43.5.1291

Blum, 1998, Lack of effect of treating Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia, N Engl J Med, 339, 1875, 10.1056/NEJM199812243392602

Bradbury, 1993, Comparison of azithromycin versus clarithromycin in the treatment of patients with lower respiratory tract infection, J Antimicrob Chemother, 31, 153, 10.1093/jac/31.suppl_E.153

Bush, 1994, Azithromycin and erythromycin in the treatment of cervical chlamydial infection during pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol, 84, 61

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998, 1998 guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, MMWR, 47, 1

Chien, 1993, Treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: A multi-center, double-blind, randomized study comparing clarithromycin with erythromycin, Chest, 103, 697, 10.1378/chest.103.3.697

Chu, 1993, Effect of moderate or severe hepatic impairment on clarithromycin pharmacokinetics, J Clin Pharmacol, 33, 480, 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb04692.x

Clement, 1998, A comparison of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of azithromycin and co-amoxiclav in the treatment of sinusitis in adults, J Int Med Res, 26, 66, 10.1177/030006059802600202

Clifford, 1999, Double-blind comparative trial of ciprofloxacin versus clarithromycin in the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis. Sinusitis infection study group, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 108, 360, 10.1177/000348949910800408

Dattwyler, 1996, Clarithromycin in treatment of early Lyme disease: A pilot study, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 40, 468, 10.1128/AAC.40.2.468

Dunn, 1996, Azithromycin: A review of its pharmacological properties and use as 3-day therapy in respiratory tract infections, Drugs, 51, 483, 10.2165/00003495-199651030-00013

Eady, 1990, Multiple mechanisms of erythromycin resistance, J Antimicrob Chemother, 26, 461, 10.1093/jac/26.4.461

Eisenberg, 1994, Azithromycin and clarithromycin, Current Clinical Topics in Infectious Diseases, 14, 52

Fennerty, 1998, A comparison of 10 and 14 days of lansoprazole triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection, Arch Intern Med, 158, 1651, 10.1001/archinte.158.15.1651

Fernandes, 1986, In vitro and in vivo evaluation of A-56268 (TE-031), a new macrolide, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 30, 865, 10.1128/AAC.30.6.865

Ferrero, 1990, Metabolism and disposition of clarithromycin in man, Drug Metab Dispos, 18, 441

Foulds, 1996, The absence of any effect of food on the bioavailability of azithromycin administered as tablets sachet or suspension, J Antimicrob Chemother, 37, 37, 10.1093/jac/37.suppl_C.37

Foulds, 1990, The pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in human serum and tissues, J Antimicrob Chemother, 25, 73, 10.1093/jac/25.suppl_A.73

Fraschini, 1990, The diffusion of clarithromycin and roxithromycin into nasal mucosa, tonsil, and lung in humans, J Antimicrob Chemother, 25, 61, 10.1093/jac/27.suppl_A.61

Garey, 1999, Intravenous azithromycin, Ann Pharmacother, 33, 218, 10.1345/aph.18046

Gladue, 1989, In vitro and in vivo uptake of azithromycin (CP-62,993) by phagocytic cells: Possible mechanism of delivery and release at sites of infection, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 33, 277, 10.1128/AAC.33.3.277

Guay, 1993, Overview of the tolerability profile of clarithromycin in preclinical and clinical trials, Drug Safety, 8, 350, 10.2165/00002018-199308050-00003

Guerriero, 1997, Two cases of clarithromycin-induced digoxin toxicity, Pharmacotherapy, 17, 1035, 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1997.tb03796.x

Hamedani, 1991, The safety and efficacy of clarithromycin in patients with Legionella pneumonia, Chest, 100, 1503, 10.1378/chest.100.6.1503

Handsfield, 1994, Multicenter trial of single-dose azithromycin vs. ceftriaxone in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea, Sex Transm Dis, 21, 107, 10.1097/00007435-199403000-00010

Hardy, 1992, Clarithromycin, a unique macrolide: A pharmacokinetic, microbiological, and clinical overview, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 15, 39, 10.1016/0732-8893(92)90055-X

Hardy, 1990, Enhancement of the in vitro and in vivo activities of clarithromycin against Haemophilus influenzae by 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin, its major metabolite in humans, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 34, 1407, 10.1128/AAC.34.7.1407

Henry, 1999, Comparison of sparfloxacin and clarithromycin in the treatment of acute bacterial maxillary sinusitis. Sparfloxacin multicenter AMS study group, Clin Ther, 21, 340, 10.1016/S0149-2918(00)88291-0

Hoffman, 1999, Efficacy of a 1-week regimen of ranitidine bismuth citrate in combination with metronidazole and clarithromycin for Helicobacter pylori eradication, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 13, 503, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00498.x

Hopkins, 1991, Clinical toleration and safety of azithromycin, Am J Med, 91, 40, 10.1016/0002-9343(91)90401-I

Howden, 1998, Guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori infection, Am J Gastroenterol, 93, 2330, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00684.x

Johnson, 1991, The role of azalide antibiotics in the treatment of chlamydia, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 164, 1794, 10.1016/0002-9378(91)90562-6

Kinasewitz, 1991, Azithromycin versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute bacterial pneumonia, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 10, 872, 10.1007/BF01975846

Klapan, 1999, Azithromycin versus amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of acute sinusitis, Am J Otolaryngol, 20, 7, 10.1016/S0196-0709(99)90044-3

Langtry, 1997, Clarithromycin. A review of its efficacy in the treatment of respiratory tract infections in immunocompetent patients, Drugs, 53, 973, 10.2165/00003495-199753060-00006

Lanza, 1996, Ranitidine bismuth citrate plus clarithromycin is effective in eradicating H. pylori, healing duodenal ulcers, and preventing ulcer relapse, Gastroenterology, 110, A172

Lassus, 1990, Comparative studies of azithromycin in skin and soft-tissue infections and sexually transmitted infections by Neisseria and Chlamydia species, J Antimicrob Chemother, 25, 115, 10.1093/jac/25.suppl_A.115

Lauharanta, 1993, Single-dose oral azithromycin versus seven-day doxycycline in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis in males, J Antimicrob Chemother, 31, 177, 10.1093/jac/31.suppl_E.177

Leclercq, 1991, Bacterial resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin antibiotics in bacteria, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 35, 1267, 10.1128/AAC.35.7.1267

Leclercq, 1991, Intrinsic and unusual resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin antibiotics in bacteria, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 35, 1273, 10.1128/AAC.35.7.1273

Lister, 1993, Comparison of azithromycin and doxycycline in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis in men, J Antimicrob Chemother, 31, 185, 10.1093/jac/31.suppl_E.185

Mallory, 1991, Azithromycin compared with cephalexin in the treatment of skin and skin structure infections, Am J Med, 25, 36, 10.1016/0002-9343(91)90400-R

Markham, 1996, Clarithromycin and omeprazole as H. pylori eradication therapy in patients with H. pylori-associated gastric disorders, Drugs, 51, 161, 10.2165/00003495-199651010-00010

Mazzei, 1993, Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in patients with impaired hepatic function, J Antimicrob Chemother, 32, 57, 10.1093/jac/31.suppl_E.57

McConnell, 1999, Review and comparison of advanced-generation macrolides clarithromycin and dirithromycin, Pharmacotherapy, 19, 404, 10.1592/phco.19.6.404.31054

Moellering, 1991, Introduction: Revolutionary changes in the macrolide and azalide antibiotics, Am J Med, 91, 1S, 10.1016/0002-9343(91)90393-C

Muller, 1993, Comparison of azithromycin versus clarithromycin in the treatment of patients with upper respiratory tract infections, J Antimicrob Chemother, 31, 137, 10.1093/jac/31.suppl_E.137

Nahata, 1996, Drug interactions with azithromycin and the macrolides: An overview, J Antimicrob Chemother, 37, 133, 10.1093/jac/37.suppl_C.133

Nelson, 1993, Clinical perspectives on clarithromycin in pediatric infections, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 12, S98, 10.1097/00006454-199312003-00001

Neu, 1991, The development of macrolides: Clarithromycin in perspective, J Antimicrob Chemother, 27, 1, 10.1093/jac/27.suppl_A.1

Neu, 1993, Efficacy and safety of clarithromycin compared to cefixime as outpatient treatment of lower respiratory tract infections, Chest, 104, 1393, 10.1378/chest.104.5.1393

NCCLS, 1998

O'Doherty, 1998, Randomized multicentre study of the efficacy and tolerance of azithromycin versus clarithromycin in the treatment of adults with mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 17, 828, 10.1007/s100960050201

O'Morian, 1996, Double-blind multicenter placebo-controlled evaluation of clarithromycin and omeprazole for Helicobacter pylori-associated duodenal ulcer, Helicobacter, 1, 130, 10.1111/j.1523-5378.1996.tb00026.x

Omura, 1987, Macrolides with gastrointestinal motor stimulating activity, J Med Chem, 30, 1941, 10.1021/jm00394a001

Peters, 1992, Clarithromycin: A review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential, Drugs, 44, 117, 10.2165/00003495-199244010-00009

Peters, 1992, Azithromycin: A review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy, Drugs, 44, 750, 10.2165/00003495-199244050-00007

Peterson, 1996, Ranitidine bismuth citrate plus clarithromycin is effective for healing duodenal ulcers, eradicating H. pylori and reducing ulcer recurrence, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 10, 251, 10.1111/j.0953-0673.1996.00251.x

Peura, 1998, Helicobacter pylori: Rational management options, Am J Med, 105, 424, 10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00297-6

Piscitelli, 1992, Clarithromycin and azithromycin: New macrolide antibiotics, Clin Pharm, 11, 137

Principi, 1999, Comparative tolerability of erythromycin and newer macrolide antibacterials in pediatric patients, Drug Saf, 20, 25, 10.2165/00002018-199920010-00004

Retsema, 1987, Spectrum and mode of action of azithromycin (CP-62,993), a new 15-membered-ring macrolide with improved potency against gram-negative organisms, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 31, 1939, 10.1128/AAC.31.12.1939

Rodrigues, 1997, Oxidative metabolism of clarithromycin in the presence of human liver microsomes, Drug Metab Dispos, 25, 623

Rodvold, 1997, Intrapulmonary steady-state concentrations of clarithromycin and azithromycin in healthy adult volunteers, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 41, 1399, 10.1128/AAC.41.6.1399

Savarino, 1999, Optimal duration of therapy combining ranitidine bismuth citrate with clarithromycin and metronidazole in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 13, 43, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00436.x

Schönwald, 1990, Comparison of azithromycin and erythromycin in the treatment of atypical pneumonias, J Antimicrob Chemother, 25, 12, 10.1093/jac/25.suppl_A.123

Seppala, 1997, The effect of changes in the consumption of macrolide antibiotics on erythromycin resistance in group A streptococci in Finland, N Engl J Med, 337, 441, 10.1056/NEJM199708143370701

Seppala, 1992, Resistance to erythromycin in group A streptococci, N Engl J Med, 326, 292, 10.1056/NEJM199201303260503

Soll, 1996, Medical treatment of peptic ulcer disease, JAMA, 275, 622, 10.1001/jama.275.8.622

Stamm, 1991, Azithromycin in the treatment of uncomplicated genital chlamydial infections, Am J Med, 91, S19, 10.1016/0002-9343(91)90396-F

Stefansson, 1998, Cefuroxime axetil versus clarithromycin in the treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis, Rhinology, 36, 173

Strle, 1996, Azithromycin and doxycycline for treatment of Borrelia culture-positive erythema migrans, Infection, 24, 64, 10.1007/BF01780661

Strle, 1992, Erythema migrans: Comparison of treatment with azithromycin, doxycycline and phenoxymethylpenicillin, J Antimicrob Chemother, 30, 543, 10.1093/jac/30.4.543

Sturgill, 1992, Clarithromycin: Review of a new macrolide antibiotic with improved microbiologic spectrum and favorable pharmacokinetic and adverse effect profiles, Ann Pharmacother, 26, 1099, 10.1177/106002809202600912

Talley, 1999, Absence of benefit of eradicating Helicobacter Pylori in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia, N Engl J Med, 341, 1106, 10.1056/NEJM199910073411502

Thornsberry, 1997, Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the United States in 1996-1997 respiratory season, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 29, 249, 10.1016/S0732-8893(97)00195-8

Vergis EN, Philips J, Bates JH, et al: A prospective, randomized, multicenter trial of azithromycin versus cefuroxime plus erythromycin for community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients [abstract]. In Programs and Abstracts of 35th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, San Francisco, 1997

Waugh, 1993, Open study of the safety and efficacy of a single oral dose of azithromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea in men and women, J Antimicrob Chemother, 31, 193, 10.1093/jac/31.suppl_E.193

Whitman, 1992, Azithromycin and clarithromycin: Overview and comparison with erythromycin, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 12, 357, 10.1086/646545