THE MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

Cardiology Clinics - Tập 15 - Trang 689-719 - 1997
Frederick A. Masoudi, Nora Goldschlager

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aboaf, 1996, Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: A common but neglected entity, Arch Intern Med, 156, 362, 10.1001/archinte.1996.00440040024003 Albers, 1994, Atrial fibrillation and stroke: Three new studies, three remaining questions, Arch Intern Med, 154, 1443, 10.1001/archinte.1994.00420130030006 Albers, 1996, Status of antithrombotic therapy for patients with atrial fibrillation in university hospitals, Arch Intern Med, 156, 2311, 10.1001/archinte.1996.00440190053006 Anderson, 1986, Comparison of the efficacy and safety of esmolol, a short-acting beta blocker, with placebo in the treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias: The Esmolol vs Placebo Multicenter Study Group, Am Heart J, 111, 42, 10.1016/0002-8703(86)90551-X Angelini, 1974, Cardiac arrhythmias during and after heart surgery: Diagnosis and management, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 16, 469, 10.1016/0033-0620(74)90007-3 Antman, 1990, Therapy of refractory symptomatic atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: A staged care approach with new antiarrhythmic drugs, J Am Coll Cardiol, 15, 698, 10.1016/0735-1097(90)90649-A Aronow, 1995, Echocardiographic findings associated with atrial fibrillation in 1,699 patients aged > 60 years, Am J Cardiol, 76, 1191, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80336-1 Aronow, 1989, Risk factors for thromboembolic stroke in elderly patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, Am J Cardiol, 63, 366, 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90349-4 Atwood, 1989, The effect of cardioversion on maximal exercise capacity in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, Am Heart J, 118, 913, 10.1016/0002-8703(89)90223-8 Atwood, 1987, Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on exercise performance in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 10, 314, 10.1016/S0735-1097(87)80013-X Bar-Sela, 1981, Arterial embolism in thyrotoxicosis with atrial fibrillation, Arch Intern Med, 141, 1191, 10.1001/archinte.1981.00340090087019 Beasley, 1985, Exercise heart rates at different serum digoxin concentrations in patients with atrial fibrillation, BMJ (Clin Res Ed), 290, 9, 10.1136/bmj.290.6461.9 Behar, 1992, Incidence and prognostic significance of chronic atrial fibrillation among 5,839 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction: The SPRINT Study Group: Secondary Prevention Reinfarction Israeli Nifedipine Trial, Am J Cardiol, 70, 816, 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90568-J Behar, 1992, Long-term prognosis of patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction: SPRINT Study Group, Eur Heart J, 13, 45, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060046 Bellandi, 1995, Effectiveness of intravenous propafenone for conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: A placebo-controlled study, Clin Cardiol, 18, 631, 10.1002/clc.4960181108 Benjamin, 1994, Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort: The Framingham Heart Study, JAMA, 271, 840, 10.1001/jama.1994.03510350050036 Berns, 1987, Efficacy and safety of flecainide acetate for atrial tachycardia or fibrillation, Am J Cardiol, 59, 1337, 10.1016/0002-9149(87)90915-5 Bianconi, 1989, Effectiveness of intravenous propafenone for conversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter of recent onset, Am J Cardiol, 64, 335, 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90530-4 Bjerkelund, 1969, The efficacy of anticoagulant therapy in preventing embolism related to D.C. electrical conversion of atrial fibrillation, Am J Cardiol, 23, 208, 10.1016/0002-9149(69)90068-X Black, 1994, Exclusion of atrial thrombus by transesophageal echocardiography does not preclude embolism after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: A multicenter study, Circulation, 89, 2509, 10.1161/01.CIR.89.6.2509 Black, 1991, Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast: A clinical and echocardiographic analysis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 18, 398, 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90592-W Black, 1993, Evaluation of transesophageal echocardiography before cardioversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter in nonanticoagulated patients, Am Heart J, 126, 375, 10.1016/0002-8703(93)91054-I Blackshear, 1996, Adjusted-dose warfarin versus low-intensity, fixed-dose warfarin plus aspirin for high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation: Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation III randomised clinical trial, Lancet, 348, 633, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03487-3 1996, Bleeding during antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators, Arch Intern Med, 156, 409, 10.1001/archinte.1996.00440040081009 Blevins, 1987, Amiodarone in the management of refractory atrial fibrillation, Arch Intern Med, 147, 1401, 10.1001/archinte.1987.00370080037009 Borgeat, 1986, Flecainide versus quinidine for conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm, Am J Cardiol, 58, 496, 10.1016/0002-9149(86)90022-6 Boriani, 1995, Propafenone for conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: A controlled comparison between oral loading dose and intravenous administration, Chest, 108, 355, 10.1378/chest.108.2.355 Botker, 1991, Influence of physical exercise on serum digoxin concentration and heart rate in patients with atrial fibrillation, Br Heart J, 65, 337, 10.1136/hrt.65.6.337 Brand, 1985, Characteristics and prognosis of lone atrial fibrillation: 30-year follow-up in the Framingham Study, JAMA, 254, 3449, 10.1001/jama.1985.03360240061035 Brickner, 1996, Cardioembolic stroke, Am J Med, 100, 465, 10.1016/S0002-9343(97)89525-3 Brodsky, 1987, Amiodarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion of atrial fibrillation in the setting of a dilated left atrium, Am J Cardiol, 60, 572, 10.1016/0002-9149(87)90307-9 Brodsky, 1994, Comparative effects of the combination of digoxin and dl-sotalol therapy versus digoxin monotherapy for control of ventricular response in chronic atrial fibrillation: dl-Sotalol Atrial Fibrillation Study Group, Am Heart J, 127, 572, 10.1016/0002-8703(94)90665-3 Cabin, 1990, Risk for systemic embolization of atrial fibrillation without mitral stenosis, Am J Cardiol, 65, 1112, 10.1016/0002-9149(90)90323-S Cameron, 1988, Prevalence and significance of atrial fibrillation in coronary artery disease (CASS registry), Am J Cardiol, 61, 714, 10.1016/0002-9149(88)91053-3 Caplan, 1986, Atrial size, atrial fibrillation, and stroke, Ann Neurol, 19, 158, 10.1002/ana.410190208 Capucci, 1994, Conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation by a single oral loading dose of propafenone or flecainide, Am J Cardiol, 74, 503, 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90915-6 Capucci, 1994, A controlled study on oral propafenone versus digoxin plus quinidine in converting recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm, Int J Cardiol, 43, 305, 10.1016/0167-5273(94)90211-9 Capucci, 1992, Effectiveness of loading oral flecainide for converting recent-onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm in patients without organic heart disease or with only systemic hypertension, Am J Cardiol, 70, 69, 10.1016/0002-9149(92)91392-H Carson, 1993, The influence of atrial fibrillation on prognosis in mild to moderate heart failure: The V-HeFT Studies: The V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group, Circulation, 87, VI102 Castellanos, 1965, Evaluation of countershock treatment of atrial flutter, Arch Intern Med, 115, 426, 10.1001/archinte.1965.03860160052009 Cerebral Embolism Task Force, 1986, Report on cardiogenic brain embolism, Arch Neurol, 43, 71, 10.1001/archneur.1986.00520010065026 Chee, 1982, Postoperative supraventricular arrhythmias and the role of prophylactic digoxin in cardiac surgery, Am Heart J, 104, 974, 10.1016/0002-8703(82)90428-8 Cheng, 1956, Atrial flutter during quinidine therapy of atrial fibrillation, Am Heart J, 52, 273, 10.1016/0002-8703(56)90265-4 Chimowitz, 1993, Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast is highly associated with previous stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation or mitral stenosis, Stroke, 24, 1015, 10.1161/01.STR.24.7.1015 Chun, 1995, Long-term efficacy of amiodarone for the maintenance of normal sinus rhythm in patients with refractory atrial fibrillation or flutter, Am J Cardiol, 76, 47, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80799-1 Connolly, 1991, Canadian Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulation (CAFA) Study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 18, 349, 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90585-W Cooper, 1993, Internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in sheep, Circulation, 87, 1673, 10.1161/01.CIR.87.5.1673 Coplen, 1990, Efficacy and safety of quinidine therapy for maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion: A meta-analysis of randomized control trials, Circulation, 82, 1106, 10.1161/01.CIR.82.4.1106 Crijns, 1988, Supraventricular tachycardia mimicking ventricular tachycardia during flecainide treatment, Am J Cardiol, 62, 1303, 10.1016/0002-9149(88)90282-2 Crijns, 1991, Serial antiarrhythmic drug treatment to maintain sinus rhythm after electrical cardioversion for chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, Am J Cardiol, 68, 335, 10.1016/0002-9149(91)90828-9 Dalzell, 1990, Factors determining the success and energy requirements for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation, QJM, 76, 903 Daoud, 1996, Effect of an irregular ventricular rhythm on cardiac output, Am J Cardiol, 78, 1433, 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)89297-1 David, 1979, Inefficacy of digitalis in the control of heart rate in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation: Beneficial effect of an added beta adrenergic blocking agent, Am J Cardiol, 44, 1378, 10.1016/0002-9149(79)90456-9 de Belder, 1993, Left atrial spontaneous contrast echoes—markers of thromboembolic risk in patients with atrial fibrillation, Eur Heart J, 14, 326, 10.1093/eurheartj/14.3.326 Dethy, 1988, Doppler echocardiographic predictors of recurrence of atrial fibrillation after cardioversion, Am J Cardiol, 62, 723, 10.1016/0002-9149(88)91210-6 DiBianco, 1984, Effects of nadolol on the spontaneous and exercise-provoked heart rate of patients with chronic atrial fibrillation receiving stable dosages of digoxin, Am Heart J, 108, 1121, 10.1016/0002-8703(84)90592-1 Diker, 1996, Prevalence and predictors of atrial fibrillation in rheumatic valvular heart disease, Am J Cardiol, 77, 96, 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)89145-X Disch, 1994, Managing chronic atrial fibrillation: A Markov decision analysis comparing warfarin, quinidine, and low-dose amiodarone, Ann Intern Med, 120, 449, 10.7326/0003-4819-120-6-199403150-00001 Ditchey, 1981, Safety of electrical cardioversion in patients without digitalis toxicity, Ann Intern Med, 95, 676, 10.7326/0003-4819-95-6-676 Dittrich, 1989, Echocardiographic and clinical predictors for outcome of elective cardioversion of atrial fibrillation, Am J Cardiol, 63, 193, 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90284-1 Donovan, 1991, Reversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm by intravenous flecainide, Am J Cardiol, 67, 137, 10.1016/0002-9149(91)90435-N Donovan, 1992, Efficacy of flecainide for the reversion of acute onset atrial fibrillation, Am J Cardiol, 70, 50A, 10.1016/0002-9149(92)91078-I Donovan, 1995, Intravenous flecainide versus amiodarone for recent-onset atrial fibrillation, Am J Cardiol, 75, 693, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80655-9 Echt, 1991, Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo: The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial, N Engl J Med, 324, 781, 10.1056/NEJM199103213241201 Ellenbogen, 1995, Safety and efficacy of intravenous diltiazem in atrial fibrillation of atrial flutter, Am J Cardiol, 75, 45, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80525-6 Ezekowitz, 1992, Warfarin in the prevention of stroke associated with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation: Veterans Affairs Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigators, N Engl J Med, 327, 1406, 10.1056/NEJM199211123272002 Ezekowitz, 1995, Silent cerebral infarction in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation: The Veterans Affairs Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigators, Circulation, 92, 2178, 10.1161/01.CIR.92.8.2178 Falk, 1992, Proarrhythmia in patients treated for atrial fibrillation or flutter, Ann Intern Med, 117, 141, 10.7326/0003-4819-117-2-141 Falk, 1987, Digoxin for converting recent-onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm: A randomized, double-blinded trial, Ann Intern Med, 106, 503, 10.7326/0003-4819-106-4-503 Fatkin, 1994, Hematologic correlates of spontaneous echo contrast in patients with atrial fibrillation and implications for thromboembolic risk, Am J Cardiol, 73, 672, 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90932-6 Fatkin, 1994, Transesophageal echocardiography before and during direct current cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: Evidence for “atrial stunning” as a mechanism of thromboembolic complications, J Am Coll Cardiol, 23, 307, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90412-X Feinberg, 1995, Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation: Analysis and implications, Arch Intern Med, 155, 469, 10.1001/archinte.1995.00430050045005 Feinberg, 1990, Epidemiologic features of asymptomatic cerebral infarction in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, Arch Intern Med, 150, 2340, 10.1001/archinte.1990.00390220082016 Feld, 1990, Possible atrial proarrhythmic effects of class 1C antiarrhythmic drugs, Am J Cardiol, 66, 378, 10.1016/0002-9149(90)90856-V Fenster, 1983, Conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm by acute intravenous procainamide infusion, Am Heart J, 106, 501, 10.1016/0002-8703(83)90692-0 Flaker, 1992, Antiarrhythmic drug therapy and cardiac mortality in atrial fibrillation: The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators, J Am Coll Cardiol, 20, 527, 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90003-6 Flegel, 1987, Risk of stroke in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation, Lancet, 1, 526, 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)90174-7 Friedman, 1985, The effects of atrial fibrillation on myocardial blood flow and energetics, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 180, 1, 10.3181/00379727-180-42135 Furberg, 1994, Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in elderly subjects (the Cardiovascular Health Study), Am J Cardiol, 74, 236, 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90363-8 Gage, 1995, Cost-effectiveness of warfarin and aspirin for prophylaxis of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, JAMA, 274, 1839, 10.1001/jama.1995.03530230025025 Galun, 1991, Failure of long-term digitalization to prevent rapid ventricular response in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, Chest, 99, 1038, 10.1378/chest.99.4.1038 Galve, 1996, Intravenous amiodarone in treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: Results of a randomized, controlled study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 27, 1079, 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00595-1 Gitter, 1995, Bleeding and thromboembolism during anticoagulant therapy: A population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota, Mayo Clin Proc, 70, 725, 10.4065/70.8.725 Goette, 1996, Electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation: Time course and mechanisms, Circulation, 94, 2968, 10.1161/01.CIR.94.11.2968 Gold, 1986, Amiodarone for refractory atrial fibrillation, Am J Cardiol, 57, 124, 10.1016/0002-9149(86)90964-1 Goldenberg, 1994, Intravenous diltiazem for the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter and moderate to severe congestive heart failure, Am J Cardiol, 74, 884, 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90580-0 Goldman, 1959, The management of chronic atrial fibrillation: Indications and method of conversion to sinus rhythm, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 2, 465, 10.1016/S0033-0620(60)80005-9 Goldman, 1975, Inefficacy of “therapeutic” serum levels of digoxin in controlling the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation, Am J Cardiol, 35, 651, 10.1016/0002-9149(75)90051-X Golzari, 1996, Atrial fibrillation: Restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm and indications for anticoagulation therapy, Ann Intern Med, 125, 311, 10.7326/0003-4819-125-4-199608150-00010 Gosselink, 1994, Functional capacity before and after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: A controlled study, Br Heart J, 72, 161, 10.1136/hrt.72.2.161 Gosselink, 1992, Low-dose amiodarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation or flutter, JAMA, 267, 3289, 10.1001/jama.1992.03480240051033 Grimm, 1995, Left atrial appendage “stunning” after spontaneous conversion of atrial fibrillation demonstrated by transesophageal Doppler echocardiography, Am Heart J, 130, 174, 10.1016/0002-8703(95)90253-8 Grimm, 1993, Impact of electrical cardioversion for atrial fibrillation on left atrial appendage function and spontaneous echo contrast: Characterization by simultaneous transesophageal echocardiography, J Am Coll Cardiol, 22, 1359, 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90543-A Grogan, 1992, Left ventricular dysfunction due to atrial fibrillation in patients initially believed to have idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, Am J Cardiol, 69, 1570, 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90705-4 Gulamhusein, 1983, Ventricular fibrillation following verapamil in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Am Heart J, 106, 145, 10.1016/0002-8703(83)90452-0 Gustafsson, 1992, Cost effectiveness of primary stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: Swedish national perspective, BMJ, 305, 1457, 10.1136/bmj.305.6867.1457 Halinen, 1995, Comparison of sotalol with digoxin-quinidine for conversion of acute atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm (the Sotalol-Digoxin-Quinidine Trial), Am J Cardiol, 76, 495, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80137-4 Hall, 1968, Factors affecting cardioversion of atrial arrhythmias with special reference to quinidine, Br Heart J, 30, 84, 10.1136/hrt.30.1.84 Heinz, 1992, Improvement in left ventricular systolic function after successful radiofrequency His bundle ablation for drug refractory, chronic atrial fibrillation and recurrent atrial flutter, Am J Cardiol, 69, 489, 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90991-7 Hellestrand, 1988, Intravenous flecainide acetate for supraventricular tachycardias, Am J Cardiol, 62, 16D, 10.1016/0002-9149(88)90496-1 Herre, 1985, Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation due to N-acetyl procainamide, Am J Cardiol, 55, 227, 10.1016/0002-9149(85)90337-6 Hillestad, 1971, Quinidine in maintenance of sinus rhythm after electroversion of chronic atrial fibrillation, Br Heart J, 33, 518, 10.1136/hrt.33.4.518 Hou, 1995, Acute treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation and flutter with a tailored dosing regimen of intravenous amiodarone: A randomized, digoxin-controlled study, Eur Heart J, 16, 521, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060945 Hurst, 1964, Management of patients with atrial fibrillation, Am J Med, 37, 728, 10.1016/0002-9343(64)90021-X Hwang, 1994, Clinical implications and factors related to left atrial spontaneous echo contrast in chronic nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, Cardiology, 85, 69, 10.1159/000176648 Hylek, 1994, Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in outpatients taking warfarin, Ann Intern Med, 120, 897, 10.7326/0003-4819-120-11-199406010-00001 Hylek, 1996, An analysis of the lowest effective intensity of prophylactic anticoagulation for patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation, N Engl J Med, 335, 540, 10.1056/NEJM199608223350802 Jackman, 1988, The long QT syndromes: A critical review, new clinical observations, and a unifying hypothesis, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 31, 115, 10.1016/0033-0620(88)90014-X Jones, 1996, Atrial fibrillation with left atrial spontaneous contrast detected by transesophageal echocardiography is a potent risk factor for stroke, Am J Cardiol, 78, 425, 10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00331-1 Jordaens, 1989, Incidence of arrhythmias after atrial or dual-chamber pacemaker implantation, Eur Heart J, 10, 102, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059448 Jorgensen, 1996, Acute stroke with atrial fibrillation—the Copenhagen Stroke Study, Stroke, 27, 1765, 10.1161/01.STR.27.10.1765 Juul-Moller, 1990, Sotalol versus quinidine for the maintenance of sinus rhythm after direct current conversion of atrial fibrillation, Circulation, 82, 1932, 10.1161/01.CIR.82.6.1932 Kannel, 1982, Epidemiologic features of chronic atrial fibrillation: The Framingham study, N Engl J Med, 306, 1018, 10.1056/NEJM198204293061703 Kannel, 1983, Coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation: The Framingham study, Am Heart J, 106, 389, 10.1016/0002-8703(83)90208-9 Kanter, 1994, Carotid stenosis in patients with atrial fibrillation: Prevalence, risk factors, and relationship to stroke in the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study, Arch Intern Med, 154, 1372, 10.1001/archinte.1994.00420120100011 Kelly, 1996, Pharmacological treatment of heart failure, 809 Kempster, 1988, Asymptomatic cerebral infarction in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, Stroke, 19, 955, 10.1161/01.STR.19.8.955 Kerber, 1996, Transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter: Standard techniques and new advances, Am J Cardiol, 78, 22, 10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00562-0 Kerin, 1996, The efficacy of intravenous amiodarone for the conversion of chronic atrial fibrillation: Amiodarone vs quinidine for conversion of atrial fibrillation, Arch Intern Med, 156, 49, 10.1001/archinte.1996.00440010061008 Khaja, 1972, Hemodynamic effects of cardioversion in chronic atrial fibrillation: Special reference to coronary artery disease, Arch Intern Med, 129, 433, 10.1001/archinte.1972.00320030053005 Kieny, 1992, Increase in radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction after cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, Eur Heart J, 13, 1290, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060351 Kingma, 1992, Acute pharmacologic conversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter: The role of flecainide, propafenone, and verapamil, Am J Cardiol, 70, 56A, 10.1016/0002-9149(92)91079-J Klein, 1997, Cardioversion guided by transesophageal echocardiography: The ACUTE pilot study, Ann Intern Med, 126, 200, 10.7326/0003-4819-126-3-199702010-00004 Klein, 1979, Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, N Engl J Med, 3041, 1080, 10.1056/NEJM197911153012003 Klein, 1979, The beneficial effects of verapamil in chronic atrial fibrillation, Arch Intern Med, 139, 747, 10.1001/archinte.1979.03630440017009 Kopecky, 1987, The natural history of lone atrial fibrillation: A population-based study over three decades, N Engl J Med, 317, 669, 10.1056/NEJM198709103171104 Kowey, 1992, Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of prophylactic drug therapy in preventing supraventricular arrhythmia early after coronary artery bypass grafting, Am J Cardiol, 69, 963, 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90802-6 Krahn, 1996, How useful in thyroid function testing in patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation?, Arch Intern Med, 156, 2221, 10.1001/archinte.1996.00440180083010 Krahn, 1995, The natural history of atrial fibrillation: Incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study, Am J Med, 98, 476, 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80348-9 Kumar, 1996, Intravenous amiodarone for therapy of atrial fibrillation and flutter in critically ill patients with severely depressed left ventricular function, South Med J, 89, 779, 10.1097/00007611-199608000-00005 Lake, 1989, Atrial fibrillation and mortality in an elderly population, Aust N Z J Med, 19, 321, 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1989.tb00271.x Lang, 1983, Verapamil improves exercise capacity in chronic atrial fibrillation: Double-blind crossover study, Am Heart J, 105, 820, 10.1016/0002-8703(83)90246-6 Lang, 1983, Superiority of oral verapamil therapy to digoxin in treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation, Chest, 83, 491, 10.1378/chest.83.3.491 Lauer, 1989, Atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass surgery, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 31, 367, 10.1016/0033-0620(89)90031-5 Laupacis, 1995, Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation, Chest, 108, 352S, 10.1378/chest.108.4_Supplement.352S Laupacis, 1996, Canadian atrial fibrillation anticoagulation study: Were the patients subsequently treated with warfarin? Canadian Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulation Study Group, Can Med Assoc J, 154, 1669 Leather, 1994, The inefficacy of intravenous propafenone for rate control in atrial fibrillation, Can J Cardiol, 10, 433 Leja, 1985, Digoxin and the susceptibility of the canine heart to countershock-induced arrhythmia, Am J Cardiol, 55, 1070, 10.1016/0002-9149(85)90749-0 Leung, 1994, Prognostic implications of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 24, 755, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90025-6 Levine, 1995, Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment, Chest, 108, 276S, 10.1378/chest.108.4_Supplement.276S Levy, 1988, High energy transcatheter cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 12, 514, 10.1016/0735-1097(88)90428-7 Levy, 1992, A randomized comparison of external and internal cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation, Circulation, 86, 1415, 10.1161/01.CIR.86.5.1415 Lin, 1996, Stroke severity in atrial fibrillation—the Framingham study, Stroke, 27, 1760, 10.1161/01.STR.27.10.1760 Lip, 1996, Physician variation in the management of patients with atrial fibrillation, Heart, 75, 200, 10.1136/hrt.75.2.200 Lipkin, 1988, Delayed improvement in exercise capacity after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm, Br Heart J, 59, 572, 10.1136/hrt.59.5.572 Lown, 1967, Electrical reversion of cardiac arrhythmias, Br Heart J, 29, 469, 10.1136/hrt.29.4.469 Lown, 1962, New method for terminating cardiac arrhythmias, JAMA, 182, 548 Lundstrom, 1990, Ventricular rate control and exercise performance in chronic atrial fibrillation: Effects of diltiazem and verapamil, J Am Coll Cardiol, 16, 86, 10.1016/0735-1097(90)90461-W Madias, 1996, Atrial fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction: A prospective study based on data from a consecutive series of patients admitted to the coronary care unit, Clin Cardiol, 19, 180, 10.1002/clc.4960190309 Madrid, 1993, Comparison of flecainide and procainamide in cardioversion of atrial fibrillation, Eur Heart J, 14, 1127, 10.1093/eurheartj/14.8.1127 Mann, 1985, Absence of cardioversion-induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with therapeutic digoxin levels, J Am Coll Cardiol, 5, 882, 10.1016/S0735-1097(85)80427-7 Manning, 1993, Cardioversion from atrial fibrillation without prolonged anticoagulation with use of transesophageal echocardiography to exclude the presence of atrial thrombi, N Engl J Med, 328, 750, 10.1056/NEJM199303183281102 Manning, 1994, Impaired left atrial mechanical function after cardioversion: Relation to the duration of atrial fibrillation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 23, 1535, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90652-1 Manning, 1995, Temporal dependence of the return of atrial mechanical function on the mode of cardioversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm, Am J Cardiol, 75, 624, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80632-8 Manning, 1995, Accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography for identifying left atrial thrombi: A prospective, intraoperative trial, Ann Intern Med, 123, 817, 10.7326/0003-4819-123-11-199512010-00001 Matangi, 1985, Arrhythmia prophylaxis after aorta-coronary bypass: The effect of minidose propranolol, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 89, 439, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)38793-8 Mathew, 1996, Atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Predictors, outcomes, and resource utilization: Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group, JAMA, 276, 300, 10.1001/jama.1996.03540040044031 Matsuda, 1991, Effects of digoxin, propranolol, and verapamil on exercise in patients with chronic isolated atrial fibrillation, Cardiovasc Res, 25, 453, 10.1093/cvr/25.6.453 McCarthy, 1969, Prognosis of atrial arrhythmias treated by electrical countershock therapy: A three year follow-up, Br Heart J, 31, 496, 10.1136/hrt.31.4.496 McGovern, 1986, Precipitation of cardiac arrest by verapamil in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Ann Intern Med, 104, 791, 10.7326/0003-4819-104-6-791 McKibbin, 1984, Sotalol, hypokalemia, syncope, and torsade de pointes, Br Heart J, 51, 157, 10.1136/hrt.51.2.157 Middlekauff, 1995, Antiarrhythmic prophylaxis vs warfarin anticoagulation to prevent thromboembolic events among patients with atrial fibrillation: A decision analysis, Arch Intern Med, 155, 913, 10.1001/archinte.1995.00430090044006 Middlekauff, 1991, Prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation in advanced heart failure: A study of 390 patients, Circulation, 84, 40, 10.1161/01.CIR.84.1.40 Miller, 1996, Differential effect of aspirin versus warfarin on clinical stroke types in patients with atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators, Neurology, 46, 238, 10.1212/WNL.46.1.238 Miller, 1993, Ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: Effect of aspirin according to stroke mechanism: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators, Neurology, 43, 32, 10.1212/WNL.43.1_Part_1.32 Moe, 1962, On the multiple wavelet hypothesis of atrial fibrillation, Arch Int Pharmacodynam Ther, 140, 183 Morady, 1987, Effect of propranolol on ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 10, 492, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1987.tb04511.x Moreyra, 1995, Limitations of transesophageal echocardiography in the risk assessment of patients before nonanticoagulated cardioversion from atrial fibrillation and flutter: An analysis of pooled trials, Am Heart J, 129, 71, 10.1016/0002-8703(95)90045-4 Morris, 1964, Experience with “cardioversion” of atrial fibrillation and flutter, Am J Cardiol, 14, 94, 10.1016/0002-9149(64)90112-2 Murdock, 1990, Atrial flutter in patients treated for atrial fibrillation with propafenone, Am J Cardiol, 66, 755, 10.1016/0002-9149(90)91144-U Naito, 1983, The hemodynamic consequences of cardiac arrhythmias: Evaluation of the relative roles of abnormal atrioventricular sequencing, irregularity of ventricular rhythm and atrial fibrillation in a canine model, Am Heart J, 106, 284, 10.1016/0002-8703(83)90194-1 Natale, 1996, Impact on ventricular function and quality of life of transcatheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction in chronic atrial fibrillation with a normal ventricular response, Am J Cardiol, 78, 1431, 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)89296-X Neuvonen, 1981, Prolonged QT interval and severe tachyarrhythmias, common features of sotalol intoxication, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 20, 85, 10.1007/BF00607142 Noc, 1990, Intravenous amiodarone versus verapamil for acute conversion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm, Am J Cardiol, 65, 679, 10.1016/0002-9149(90)91053-9 Omran, 1997, Left atrial chamber and appendage function after internal atrial defibrillation: A prospective and serial transesophageal echocardiographic study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 29, 131, 10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00439-1 1995, Optimal oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and recent cerebral ischemia. The European Atrial Fibrillation Trial Study Group, N Engl J Med, 333, 5, 10.1056/NEJM199507063330102 Orsinelli, 1993, Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography to screen for left atrial thrombus before elective cardioversion for atrial fibrillation, Am J Cardiol, 72, 1337, 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90315-4 Padraig, 1990, Return of atrial mechanical function following electrical cardioversion of atrial dysrhythmias, Am Heart J, 120, 353, 10.1016/0002-8703(90)90079-D Peters, 1988, Severe cardiomyopathy due to chronic rapidly conducted atrial fibrillation: Complete recovery after restoration of sinus rhythm, Am J Med, 85, 242, 10.1016/S0002-9343(88)80352-8 Petersen, 1989, Placebo-controlled, randomised trial of warfarin and aspirin for prevention of thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation: The Copenhagen AFASAK study, Lancet, 1, 175, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91200-2 Petersen, 1988, Stroke in thyrotoxicosis with atrial fibrillation, Stroke, 19, 15, 10.1161/01.STR.19.1.15 Petersen, 1990, Risk factors for thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation: The Copenhagen AFASAK study, Arch Intern Med, 150, 819, 10.1001/archinte.1990.00390160077016 Pietersen, 1992, Atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Am J Cardiol, 70, 38A, 10.1016/0002-9149(92)91076-G Platia, 1989, Esmolol versus verapamil in the acute treatment of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, Am J Cardiol, 63, 925, 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90141-0 1992, Predictors of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. I. Clinical features of patients at risk: The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators, Ann Intern Med, 116, 1, 10.7326/0003-4819-116-1-1 1992, Predictors of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. II. Echocardiographic features of patients at risk: The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators, Ann Intern Med, 116, 6, 10.7326/0003-4819-116-1-6 Presti, 1989, Thyrotoxicosis, atrial fibrillation, and embolism, revisited, Am Heart J, 117, 976, 10.1016/0002-8703(89)90642-X Prystowsky, 1994, Inpatient versus outpatient initiation of antiarrhythmic drug therapy for patients with supraventricular tachycardia, Clin Cardiol, 17, II-7 Prystowsky, 1996, Management of patients with atrial fibrillation: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals. From the Subcommittee on Electrocardiography and Electrophysiology, American Heart Association, Circulation, 93, 1262, 10.1161/01.CIR.93.6.1262 Rawles, 1990, Time of occurrence, duration, and ventricular rate of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: The effect of digoxin, Br Heart J, 63, 225, 10.1136/hrt.63.4.225 Reed, 1988, Stroke following coronary-artery bypass surgery: A case-control estimate of the risk from carotid bruits, N Engl J Med, 319, 1246, 10.1056/NEJM198811103191903 Resnekov, 1967, Complications in 220 patients with cardiac dysrhythmias treated by phased direct current shock, and indications for electroversion, Br Heart J, 29, 926, 10.1136/hrt.29.6.926 Riccioni, 1983, Disopyramide-induced QT prolongation and ventricular tachyarrhythmia, Am Heart J, 105, 870, 10.1016/0002-8703(83)90259-4 1994, Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials, Arch Intern Med, 154, 1449, 10.1001/archinte.1994.00420130036007 Roden, 1986, Incidence and clinical features of the quinidine-associated long QT syndrome: Implications for patient care, Am Heart J, 111, 1088, 10.1016/0002-8703(86)90010-4 Rodriguez, 1993, Improvement in left ventricular function by ablation of atrioventricular nodal conduction in selected patients with lone atrial fibrillation, Am J Cardiol, 72, 1137, 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90982-I Roffman, 1981, Digoxin and propranolol in the prophylaxis of supraventricular tachydysrhythmias after coronary artery bypass surgery, Ann Thorac Surg, 31, 496, 10.1016/S0003-4975(10)61337-9 Roth, 1986, Efficacy and safety of medium- and high-dose diltiazem alone and in combination with digoxin for control of heart rate at rest and during exercise in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, Circulation, 73, 316, 10.1161/01.CIR.73.2.316 Salazar, 1979, Beta-blockade therapy for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after coronary surgery: A propranolol withdrawal syndrome?, Angiology, 30, 816, 10.1177/000331977903001204 Salerno, 1989, Efficacy and safety of intravenous diltiazem for treatment of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: The Diltiazem-Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter Study Group, Am J Cardiol, 63, 1046, 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90076-3 Sawin, 1994, Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons, N Engl J Med, 331, 1249, 10.1056/NEJM199411103311901 Scott, 1968, The long term prognosis of atrial fibrillation following direct current conversion, Ulster Med J, 37, 155 1993, Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke: EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group, Lancet, 342, 1255, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92358-Z Selzer, 1964, Quinidine syncope: Paroxysmal ventricular fibrillation occurring during treatment of chronic atrial arrhythmias, Circulation, 30, 17, 10.1161/01.CIR.30.1.17 Seto, 1997, Cost-effectiveness of transesophageal echocardiographic-guided cardioversion: A decision-analytic model for patients admitted to the hospital with atrial fibrillation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 29, 122, 10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00448-2 Sharkey, 1985, Prophylactic external pacing during cardioversion of atrial tachyarrhythmias, Am J Cardiol, 55, 1632, 10.1016/0002-9149(85)90990-7 Shettigar, 1993, Combined use of esmolol and digoxin in the acute treatment of atrial fibrillation or flutter, Am Heart J, 126, 368, 10.1016/0002-8703(93)91053-H Singer, 1992, The effect of aspirin on the risk of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation: The BAATAF Study, Am Heart J, 124, 1567, 10.1016/0002-8703(92)90074-6 Sodermark, 1975, Effect of quinidine on maintaining sinus rhythm after conversion of atrial fibrillation or flutter: A multicentre study from Stockholm, Br Heart J, 37, 486, 10.1136/hrt.37.5.486 Stafford, 1996, National patterns of warfarin use in atrial fibrillation, Arch Intern Med, 156, 2537, 10.1001/archinte.1996.00440210043004 Staffurth, 1977, Arterial embolism in thyrotoxicosis with atrial fibrillation, BMJ, 2, 688, 10.1136/bmj.2.6088.688 Stern, 1982, Clinical use of oral verapamil in chronic and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, Chest, 81, 308, 10.1378/chest.81.3.308 Stevenson, 1996, Improving survival for patients with atrial fibrillation and advanced heart failure, J Am Coll Cardiol, 28, 1458, 10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00358-0 Stoddard, 1995, Left atrial appendage thrombus is not uncommon in patients with acute atrial fibrillation and a recent embolic event: A transesophageal echocardiographic study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 25, 452, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00396-8 Stratmann, 1985, Torsade de pointes associated with elevated N-acetylprocainamide levels, Am Heart J, 109, 375, 10.1016/0002-8703(85)90615-5 Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study, 1991, Final results, Circulation, 84, 527 Sung, 1995, Intravenous sotalol for the termination of supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation and flutter: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study: Sotalol Multicenter Study Group, Am Heart J, 129, 739, 10.1016/0002-8703(95)90324-0 Sutton, 1970, Pulmonary edema following direct current cardioversion, Chest, 57, 191, 10.1378/chest.57.2.191 Szekely, 1969, Maintenance of sinus rhythm after atrial fibrillation, Br Heart J, 82, 1011 Taylor, 1987, Usefulness of atrial fibrillation as a predictor of stroke after `isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, Am J Cardiol, 60, 905, 10.1016/0002-9149(87)91045-9 1990, The effect of low-dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation: The Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Investigators, N Engl J Med, 323, 1505, 10.1056/NEJM199011293232201 Tommaso, 1983, Atrial fibrillation and flutter: Immediate control and conversion with intravenously administered verapamil, Arch Intern Med, 143, 877, 10.1001/archinte.1983.00350050031006 Ueshima, 1993, The effect of cardioversion on exercise capacity in patients with atrial fibrillation, Am Heart J, 126, 1021, 10.1016/0002-8703(93)90732-O Van Gelder, 1993, Time course of hemodynamic changes and improvement of exercise tolerance after cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation unassociated with cardiac valve disease, Am J Cardiol, 72, 560, 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90352-D Van Gelder, 1989, Efficacy and safety of flecainide acetate in the maintenance of sinus rhythm after electrical cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, Am J Cardiol, 64, 1317, 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90574-2 Vaziri, 1994, Echocardiographic predictors of nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation: The Framingham Heart Study, Circulation, 89, 724, 10.1161/01.CIR.89.2.724 Vita, 1989, Efficacy of intravenous propafenone for the acute management of atrial fibrillation, Am J Cardiol, 63, 1275, 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90191-4 Wakefield, 1996, Efficacy and safety of repeated intravenous doses of ibutilide for rapid conversion of atrial flutter or fibrillation, Circulation, 94, 1613, 10.1161/01.CIR.94.7.1613 Wang, 1986, Concentration-dependent pharmacologic properties of sotalol, Am J Cardiol, 57, 1160, 10.1016/0002-9149(86)90692-2 1994, Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation II Study, Lancet, 343, 687 Waxman, 1981, Verapamil for control of ventricular rate in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation or flutter: A double-blind randomized cross-over study, Ann Intern Med, 94, 1, 10.7326/0003-4819-94-1-1 Weinberg, 1989, Anticoagulation for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation, Am J Cardiol, 63, 745, 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90264-6 Weiner, 1994, Clinical course of recent-onset atrial fibrillation treated with oral propafenone, Chest, 105, 1013, 10.1378/chest.105.4.1013 Wells, 1994, Interactions of warfarin with drugs and food, Ann Intern Med, 121, 676, 10.7326/0003-4819-121-9-199411010-00009 White, 1984, Efficacy and safety of timolol for prevention of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after coronary artery bypass surgery, Circulation, 70, 479, 10.1161/01.CIR.70.3.479 Wijffels, 1995, Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation: A study in awake chronically instrumented goats, Circulation, 92, 1954, 10.1161/01.CIR.92.7.1954 Wolf, 1991, Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: The Framingham Study, Stroke, 22, 983, 10.1161/01.STR.22.8.983 Wolf, 1996, Secular trends in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation: The Framingham Study, Am Heart J, 131, 790, 10.1016/S0002-8703(96)90288-4 Wolf, 1978, Epidemiologic assessment of chronic atrial fibrillation and risk of stroke: The Framingham study, Neurology, 28, 973, 10.1212/WNL.28.10.973 Yigitbasi, 1967, Ventricular fibrillation: A delayed complication of direct current shock, Cardiology, 51, 307, 10.1159/000165826 Zehender, 1992, Effects of amiodarone versus quinidine and verapamil in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation: Results of a comparative study and a 2-year follow-up, J Am Coll Cardiol, 19, 1054, 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90294-W