Swine Odor Analyzed by Odor Panels and Chemical Techniques

Journal of Environmental Quality - Tập 40 Số 5 - Trang 1510-1520 - 2011
Steven Trabue1, B. J. Kerr1, Bradley L. Bearson1, Cherie J. Ziemer1
1USDA–ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment 2110 University Blvd. Ames IA 50011

Tóm tắt

The National Research Council identified odors as a significant animal emission and highlighted the need to develop standardized protocols for sampling and analysis. The purpose of our study was to compare different odor sampling techniques for monitoring odors emitted from stored swine manure. In our study, odorous headspace air from swine manure holding tanks were analyzed by human panels and analytical techniques. Odorous air was analyzed by human panels using dynamic dilution olfactometry (DDO). Chemical analysis used acid traps for ammonia (NH3), fluorescence for hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and thermal desorption gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Chemical analysis included the use of gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC‐O) for determining key odorants. Chemical odorant concentrations were converted to odor activity values (OAVs) based on literature odor thresholds. The GC‐O technique used was GC‐SNIF. Dilution thresholds measured by different odor panels were significantly different by almost an order of magnitude even though the main odorous compound concentrations had not changed significantly. Only 5% of the key odorous VOCs total OAVs was recovered from the Tedlar bags used in DDO analysis. Ammonia was the only chemical odorant significantly correlated with DDO analysis in the fresh (1 wk) and aged manure. Chemical analysis showed that odor concentration stabilized after 5 to 7 wk and that H2S was the most dominant odorant. In aged manure, neither volatile fatty acids (VFAs) nor H2S was correlated with any other chemical odorant, but NH3, phenols, and indoles were correlated, and phenols and indoles were highly correlated. Correlation of odorant concentration was closely associated with the origin of the odorant in the diet. Key odorants determined by chemical and GC‐O included indoles, phenols, NH3, and several VFAs (butanoic, 3‐methylbutanoic, and pentanoic acids).

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Akdeniz N., 2011, Comparison of gas sampling bags to temporarily store hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and greenhouse gases, Trans. ASABE, 54, 653, 10.13031/2013.36468

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 2010, Annual book of ASTM standards, 36

10.1021/bk-2001-0782.ch014

10.1007/s00216-005-0177-4

Chen Y., 1999, Using olfactometry to measure intensity and threshold dilution ratio for evaluating swine odor, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 49, 847, 10.1080/10473289.1999.10463855

10.1093/chemse/bjq018

Silva M., 1994, Trends in flavour research, 191

Devos M., 1990, Standardized human olfactory thresholds, 10.1093/oso/9780199631469.001.0001

10.1021/es100483s

10.13031/2013.6433

10.1093/chemse/26.5.533

Hudson N., 2008, Odour sampling 1: Physical chemistry considerations, Bioresour. Technol., 99, 3988, 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.034

10.1016/S0031-9384(00)00407-8

Keener K., 2002, Evaluation of thermal desorption for the measurement of artificial swine odorants in the vapor phase, Trans. ASAE, 45, 1579, 10.13031/2013.11063

10.2527/2006.8461584x

Kim K.H., 2010, Experimental demonstration of masking phenomena between competing odorants via an air dilution sensory test, Sensors (Basel Switzerland), 10, 7287, 10.3390/s100807287

10.1080/10473289.2005.10464711

10.1079/NRR200592

10.2134/jeq2006.0065

10.2527/2003.8192131x

10.1093/chemse/bjn004

10.1007/s12078-008-9019-z

Nagata Y.2003.Measurement of odor threshold by triangle odor bag method. p.118–127. InOdor measurement review. Japan Ministry of the Environment. Available athttp://www.env.go.jp/en/air/odor/measure/02_3_2.pdf(verified 2 June 2011).

National Research Council (NRC), 1998, Nutrient requirement of swine

National Research Council (NRC), 2003, Air emission from animal feeding operations current knowledge future needs

Obrock‐Hegel C..1997.The effects of reducing dietary crude protein concentration on odor in swine facilities. M.S. thesis. Univ. of Nebraska Lincoln NE.

10.1016/0021-8634(92)80072-Z

10.2307/3147081

Parker D., 2010, Recovery of agricultural odors and odorous compounds from polyvinyl fluoride film bags, Sensors (Basel Switzerland), 10, 8536, 10.3390/s100908536

10.1021/ac990367q

10.1021/jf960885r

10.1097/01.ede.0000259966.62137.84

Schaefer J., 1974, Onderzoek naar de voor de stank van varkensmesteriijeen verant voodel ijke componenten [Research into the components for the smell of piggeries], Landbouwkundig Tijdschrift, 86, 228

10.2134/jeq2005.0129a

10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00239-8

10.1289/ehp.6814

Smeets M., 2006, Odor and irritation thresholds for ammonia: A comparison between static and dynamic olfactometry, Chem. Senses, 32, 11, 10.1093/chemse/bjl031

10.1016/0304-1131(80)90004-1

Summer A., 2005, Teledyne‐API model 101E ambient hydrogen sulfide analyzer, Environmental Technology Verification Report: ETV Advanced Monitoring Systems Center

10.2134/jeq2007.0357

10.2527/1999.772430x

10.13031/2013.17747

10.2134/jeq2005.0370

10.1021/es7031407

Trabue S., 2008, Ruminal fermentation of propylene glycol and glycerol, J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 7043, 10.1021/jf071076i

10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.016

Trabue S., 2010, Proceedings of Air and Waste Management Annual Conference

Trabue S., 2010, Speciation of volatile organic compounds from poultry production, Atmos. Environ., 44, 3538, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.009

Trabue S., 2011, Identifying and tracking key odors associated with cattle feedlots, Atmos. Environ.

USDA, 1992, Geographical area series, part 51

USDA.2007.Census of Agriculture: United States summary and state data vol. 1 Geographical area series Part 51.USDA. National Agricultural Statistical Services February 2009. Available athttp://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Full_Report/Volume_1 _Chapter_1_US/usv1.pdf(verified 2 June 2011).

USEPA, 1992, Reference guide to odor thresholds for hazardous air pollutants listed in the clean air act amendments of 1990. EPA/600/R‐92/047

Van Gemert L.J., 2003, Compilations of odour threshold values in air, water and other media

10.1289/ehp.11250

10.1289/ehp.00108233

10.1021/jf050763b

10.1016/0045-6535(80)90077-6

10.2134/jeq2001.302624x

10.2134/jeq2001.302635x

10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600060032x

10.2134/jeq2008.0039

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Journal of Environmental Quality

Tập 40 Số 5

1510-1520

Thông tin tác giả