Sustainable thermal energy storage technologies for buildings: A review

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews - Tập 16 - Trang 2394-2433 - 2012
R. Parameshwaran1, S. Kalaiselvam2, S. Harikrishnan2, A. Elayaperumal1
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India
2Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India

Tài liệu tham khảo

IEA. World energy outlook 2010. International Energy Agency; 2010. EIA. International energy outlook. Energy Information Administration; 2010. Judkoff, 2008, Increasing building energy efficiency through advances in materials, MRS Bulletin, 33, 449, 10.1557/mrs2008.88 DOE. Building energy data book 2006. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; 2006. IPCC. Climate change 2001. The scientific basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001. Kavalari, 2001, Heating-air-conditioning-saving energy intelligent buildings, Weekly Bulletin of the Technical of Greece, 2172 Hodder, 2002, Displacement ventilation environments with chilled ceiling: thermal comfort design with the context of the BS EN ISO 7730 versus adaptive debate, Energy and Buildings, 34, 573, 10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00007-5 Markis, 2007, Energy conservation in small enterprises, Energy and Buildings, 39, 404, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.08.006 Heidari, 2002, A comparative analysis of short-term and long-term thermal comfort surveys in Iran, Energy and Buildings, 34, 607, 10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00011-7 Yannas, 1994 EIA, 2007 Praditsmanont, 2008, Performance analysis of the building envelope: a case study of the Main Hall, Shinawatra University, Energy and Buildings, 40, 1737, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.03.003 Consol. Achieving 30% and 50% over ASHRAE 90. 1-2004 in a low-rise office building. Prepared for NAIOP; 2008. Sekhar, 1998, On the study of energy performance and life cycle cost of smart window, Energy and Buildings, 38, 499 Paumgartten, 2003, The business case for high performance green buildings: sustainability and its financial impacts, Journal of Facilities Management, 2, 26, 10.1108/14725960410808096 Cetiner, 2005, An approach for the evaluation of energy and cost efficiency of glass facades, Energy and Buildings, 37, 673, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.10.007 Aktacir, 2010, A case study for influence of building thermal insulation on cooling load and air-conditioning system in the hot humid regions, Applied Energy, 87, 599, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.05.008 Carter, 2008, Life-cycle cost–benefit analysis of extensive vegetated roof systems, Journal of Environmental Management, 87, 350, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.01.024 Kneifel, 2010, Life-cycle carbon and cost analysis of energy efficiency measures in new commercial buildings, Energy and Buildings, 42, 333, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.09.011 ASHRAE/IESNA Standard Project Committee 90.1. ASHRAE 90. 1-2007 standard-energy standard for buildings except low-rise residential buildings. ASHRAE; 2007. Chowdhury, 2008, Thermal-comfort analysis and simulation for various low-energy cooling-technologies applied to an office building in a subtropical climate, Applied Energy, 85, 449, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2007.10.001 Schiavon, 2008, Energy saving and improved comfort by increased air movement, Energy and Buildings, 40, 1954, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.05.001 Lawrence, 2007, A methodology for estimating occupant CO2 source generation rates from measurements in small commercial buildings, Building and Environment, 42, 623, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.10.021 Engdahl, 2004, Optimal supply air temperature with respect to energy use in a variable air volume system, Energy and Buildings, 36, 205, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2003.09.007 Ahmed, 2007, Fuzzy logic based energy saving technique for a central air conditioning system, Energy, 32, 1222, 10.1016/j.energy.2006.07.025 Karunakaran, 2010, Energy efficient fuzzy based combined variable refrigerant volume and variable air volume air conditioning system for buildings, Applied Energy, 87, 1158, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.08.013 Parameshwaran, 2010, Energy conservative building air conditioning system controlled and optimized using fuzzy-genetic algorithm, Energy and Buildings, 42, 745, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.11.014 Perez-Lombard, 2011, A review of HVAC systems requirements in building energy regulations, Energy and Buildings, 43, 255, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.10.025 Barkmann, 1975, Use of buildings structural components for thermal storage Abhat, 1981, Short term thermal energy storage, Energy and Buildings, 3, 49, 10.1016/0378-7788(81)90005-0 Morikama, 1985, A development of building elements using PCM Hawes, 1993, Latent heat storage in building materials, Energy and Buildings, 20, 77, 10.1016/0378-7788(93)90040-2 Haussmann, 2002, Phase change materials in wall integrated systems Vakilaltojjar, 2001, Analysis and modelling of a phase change storage system for air conditioning applications, Applied Thermal Engineering, 21, 249, 10.1016/S1359-4311(00)00037-5 Stritih, 2010, Experimental investigation of energy saving in buildings with PCM cold storage, International Journal of Refrigeration, 33, 1676, 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2010.07.017 Peippo, 1991, A multicomponent PCM wall optimized for passive solar heating, Energy and Buildings, 17, 259, 10.1016/0378-7788(91)90009-R Weinlader, 2005, PCM-facade-panel for daylighting and room heating, Solar Energy, 78, 177, 10.1016/j.solener.2004.04.013 Li, 2009, Preparation and application effects of a novel form-stable phase change material as the thermal storage layer of an electric floor heating system, Energy and Buildings, 41, 871, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.03.009 Qureshi, 2011, Impact of energy storage in buildings on electricity demand side management, Energy Conversion and Management, 52, 2110, 10.1016/j.enconman.2010.12.008 Lin, 2005, Experimental study of under-floor electric heating system with shape-stabilized PCM plates, Energy and Buildings, 37, 215, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.06.017 Athienities, 2000, The effect of solar radiation on dynamic thermal performance of floor heating systems, Solar Energy, 69, 229, 10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00052-9 Castell, 2010, Experimental study of using PCM in brick constructive solutions for passive cooling, Energy and Buildings, 42, 534, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.10.022 Zalba, 2004, Free-cooling of buildings with phase change materials, International Journal of Refrigeration, 27, 839, 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2004.03.015 Karlessi, 2011, Development and testing of PCM doped cool colored coatings to mitigate urban heat island and cool buildings, Building and Environment, 46, 570, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.09.003 Yanbing, 2003, Modeling and experimental study on an innovative passive cooling system–NVP system, Energy and Buildings, 35, 417, 10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00141-X Nagano, 2006, Study of a floor supply air conditioning system using granular phase change material to augment building mass thermal storage – heat response in small scale experiments, Energy and Buildings, 38, 436, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.07.010 Arkar, 2007, Efficiency of free cooling using latent heat storage integrated into the ventilation system of a low energy building, International Journal of Refrigeration, 30, 134, 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2006.03.009 Alawadhi, 2008, Thermal analysis of a building brick containing phase change material, Energy and Buildings, 40, 351, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.03.001 Lazaro, 2009, PCM-air heat exchangers for free-cooling applications in buildings: experimental results of two real scale prototypes, Energy Conversion and Management, 50, 439, 10.1016/j.enconman.2008.11.002 Koschenz, 2004, Development of a thermally activated ceiling panel with PCM for application in lightweight and retrofitted buildings, Energy and Buildings, 36, 567, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.01.029 Tassou, 1992, Energy conservation in commercial air conditioning through ice storage and cold air distribution design, Heat Recovery Systems and CHP, 12, 419, 10.1016/0890-4332(92)90063-N Fang, 2009, Experimental investigation on performance of ice storage air-conditioning system with separate heat pipe, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 33, 1149, 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2009.07.004 Chieh, 2004, Thermal performance of cold storage in thermal battery for air conditioning, International Journal of Refrigeration, 27, 120, 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2003.08.005 Jiang, 2008, Using the fuzzy multi-criteria model to select the optimal cool storage system for air conditioning, Energy and Buildings, 40, 2059, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.05.011 Fang, 2010, Experimental study on cool storage air-conditioning system with spherical capsules packed bed, Energy and Buildings, 42, 1056, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.01.018 Matsuki, 1999, Performance of radiant cooling system integrated with ice storage, Energy and Buildings, 30, 177, 10.1016/S0378-7788(98)00085-1 Diaconu, 2011, Numerical simulation of a solar-assisted ejector air conditioning system with cold storage, Energy, 36, 1280, 10.1016/j.energy.2010.11.015 Kintner-Meyer, 1995, Optimal control of an HVAC system using cold storage and building thermal capacitance, Energy and Buildings, 23, 19, 10.1016/0378-7788(95)00917-M Parameshwaran, 2010, Energy efficient PCM-based variable air volume air conditioning system for modern buildings, Energy and Buildings, 42, 1353, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.03.004 Chan, 2006, Performance evaluation of district cooling plant with ice storage, Energy, 31, 2750, 10.1016/j.energy.2005.11.022 He, 1999, Tetradecane and hexadecane binary mixtures as phase change materials (PCMs) for cool storage in district cooling systems, Energy, 24, 1015, 10.1016/S0360-5442(99)00055-9 Hamada, 2007, Field measurements and analyses for a hybrid system for snow storage/melting and air conditioning by using renewable energy, Applied Energy, 84, 117, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2006.07.002 Cabeza, 2011, Materials used as PCM in thermal energy storage in buildings: a review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 1675, 10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.018 Hasnain, 1998, Review on sustainable thermal energy storage technologies, part I: heat storage materials and techniques, Energy Conversion and Management, 39, 1127, 10.1016/S0196-8904(98)00025-9 Zhang, 2007, Application of latent heat thermal energy storage in buildings: state-of-the-art and outlook, Building and Environment, 42, 2197, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.07.023 Sharma, 2009, Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 318, 10.1016/j.rser.2007.10.005 HVAC thermal storage: practical application and performance issues. Application guide. BSRIA 2000;(11):1–82. Shilei, 2006, Impact of phase change wall room on indoor thermal environment in winter, Energy and Buildings, 38, 18, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.02.007 Ceron, 2011, Experimental tile with phase change materials (PCM) for building use, Energy and Buildings, 43, 1869, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.03.031 Scalat, 1996, Full scale thermal testing of latent heat storage in wallboard, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 44, 49, 10.1016/0927-0248(96)00017-7 Voelkera, 2008, Temperature reduction due to the application of phase change materials, Energy and Buildings, 40, 937, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.07.008 Pasupathy, 2008, Effect of double layer phase change material in building roof for year round thermal management, Energy and Buildings, 40, 193, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.02.016 Alawadhi, 2011, Building roof with conical holes containing PCM to reduce the cooling load: numerical study, Energy Conversion and Management, 52, 2958, 10.1016/j.enconman.2011.04.004 Ahmad, 2006, Thermal testing and numerical simulation of a prototype cell using light wallboards coupling vacuum isolation panels and phase change material, Energy and Buildings, 38, 673, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.11.002 Liu, 2011, Validation of a mathematical model for encapsulated phase change material flat slabs for cooling applications, Applied Thermal Engineering, 31, 2340, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.03.034 Darkwa, 2009, Mathematical evaluation of a buried phase change concrete cooling system for buildings, Applied Energy, 86, 706, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.06.005 Bontemps, 2011, Experimental and modelling study of twin cells with latent heat storage walls, Energy and Buildings, 43, 2456, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.05.030 Zhu, 2011, Energy performance and optimal control of air-conditioned buildings with envelopes enhanced by phase change materials, Energy Conversion and Management, 52, 3197, 10.1016/j.enconman.2011.05.011 Zhou, 2010, Thermal characteristics of shape-stabilized phase change material wallboard with periodical outside temperature waves, Applied Energy, 87, 2666, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.02.001 Darkwa, 2006, Simulation of phase change drywalls in a passive solar building, Applied Thermal Engineering, 26, 853, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.10.007 Evers, 2010, Evaluation of the thermal performance of frame walls enhanced with paraffin and hydrated salt phase change materials using a dynamic wall simulator, Building and Environment, 45, 1762, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.02.002 Liu, 2009, Performance of phase change material boards under natural convection, Building and Environment, 44, 1788, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.12.002 Darkwa, 2005, Dynamics of energy storage in phase change drywall systems, International Journal of Energy Research, 29, 335, 10.1002/er.1062 Kuznik, 2008, Energetic efficiency of room wall containing PCM wallboard: a full-scale experimental investigation, Energy and Buildings, 40, 148, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.01.022 Shilei, 2007, Experimental study and evaluation of latent heat storage in phase change materials wallboards, Energy and Buildings, 39, 1088, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.11.012 Chen, 2008, A new kind of phase change material (PCM) for energy-storing wallboard, Energy and Buildings, 40, 882, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.07.002 Koo, 2011, Effects of wallboard design parameters on the thermal storage in buildings, Energy and Buildings, 43, 1947, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.03.038 Shilei, 2006, Eutectic mixtures of capric acid and lauric acid applied in building wallboards for heat energy storage, Energy and Buildings, 38, 708, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.10.006 Borreguero, 2011, Thermal testing and numerical simulation of gypsum wallboards incorporated with different PCMs content, Applied Energy, 88, 930, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.08.014 Hasse, 2011, Realization, test and modelling of honeycomb wallboards containing a phase change material, Energy and Buildings, 43, 232, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.09.017 Zhang, 2008, Thermal storage and nonlinear heat-transfer characteristics of PCM wallboard, Energy and Buildings, 40, 1771, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.03.005 Diaconu, 2010, Novel concept of composite phase change material wall system for year-round thermal energy savings, Energy and Buildings, 42, 1759, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.05.012 Kuznik, 2009, Experimental assessment of a phase change material for wall building use, Applied Energy, 86, 2038, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.01.004 Grassi, 2006, A statistical approach for the evaluation of the thermal behavior of dry assembled PCM containing walls, Building and Environment, 41, 448, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.02.005 Quanying, 2008, Experimental study on the thermal storage performance and preparation of paraffin mixtures used in the phase change wall, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 92, 1526, 10.1016/j.solmat.2008.07.002 Carbonari, 2006, Numerical and experimental analyses of PCM containing sandwich panels for prefabricated walls, Energy and Buildings, 38, 472, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.08.007 Zhang, 2005, Development of a thermally enhanced frame wall with phase-change materials for on-peak air conditioning demand reduction and energy savings in residential buildings, International Journal of Energy Research, 29, 795, 10.1002/er.1082 Zhu, 2010, A simplified dynamic model of building structures integrated with shaped-stabilized phase change materials, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 49, 1722, 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2010.03.020 Diaconu, 2011, Thermal energy savings in buildings with PCM-enhanced envelope: influence of occupancy pattern and ventilation, Energy and Buildings, 43, 101, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.08.019 Kuznik, 2010, Development and validation of a new TRNSYS type for the simulation of external building walls containing PCM, Energy and Buildings, 42, 1004, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.01.012 Heim, 2010, Isothermal storage of solar energy in building construction, Renewable Energy, 35, 788, 10.1016/j.renene.2009.09.005 Santamouris, 2011, Using advanced cool materials in the urban built environment to mitigate heat islands and improve thermal comfort conditions, Solar Energy, 85, 3085, 10.1016/j.solener.2010.12.023 Shanmuga Sundaram, 2010, An experimental investigation on passive cooling system comprising phase change material and two-phase closed thermosyphon for telecom shelters in tropical and desert regions, Energy and Buildings, 42, 1726, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.05.008 Arkar, 2007, Free cooling of a building using PCM heat storage integrated into the ventilation system, Solar Energy, 81, 1078, 10.1016/j.solener.2007.01.010 Medved, 2008, Correlation between the local climate and the free-cooling potential of latent heat storage, Energy and Buildings, 40, 429, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.03.011 Zukowski, 2007, Experimental study of short term thermal energy storage unit based on enclosed phase change material in polyethylene film bag, Energy Conversion and Management, 48, 166, 10.1016/j.enconman.2006.04.020 Lin, 2007, Study of an electrical heating system with ductless air supply and shape-stabilized PCM for thermal storage, Energy Conversion and Management, 48, 2016, 10.1016/j.enconman.2007.01.014 Zhou, 2011, Energy performance of a hybrid space-cooling system in an office building using SSPCM thermal storage and night ventilation, Solar Energy, 85, 477, 10.1016/j.solener.2010.12.028 Halawa, 2011, Thermal performance analysis of a phase change thermal storage unit for space heating, Renewable Energy, 36, 259, 10.1016/j.renene.2010.06.029 Butala, 2009, Experimental investigation of PCM cold storage, Energy and Buildings, 41, 354, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.10.008 Takeda, 2004, Development of a ventilation system utilizing thermal energy storage for granules containing phase change material, Solar Energy, 77, 329, 10.1016/j.solener.2004.04.014 Turnpenny, 2000, Novel ventilation cooling system for reducing air conditioning in buildings. Part I: testing and theoretical modeling, Applied Thermal Engineering, 20, 1019, 10.1016/S1359-4311(99)00068-X Lazaro, 2009, PCM-air heat exchangers for free-cooling applications in buildings: empirical model and application to design, Energy Conversion and Management, 50, 444, 10.1016/j.enconman.2008.11.009 Antony Aroul Raj, 2011, Heat transfer and pressure drop studies on a PCM-heat exchanger module for free cooling applications, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 50, 1573, 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2011.01.025 Hamada, 2005, Latent heat thermal energy storage tanks for space heating of buildings: comparison between calculations and experiments, Energy Conversion and Management, 46, 3221, 10.1016/j.enconman.2005.03.009 Agyenim, 2010, The development of a finned phase change material (PCM) storage system to take advantage of off-peak electricity tariff for improvement in cost of heat pump operation, Energy and Buildings, 42, 1552, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.03.027 Chen, 2000, An experimental investigation of cold storage in an encapsulated thermal storage tank, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 23, 133, 10.1016/S0894-1777(00)00045-5 Dolado, 2011, Characterization of melting and solidification in a real scale PCM-air heat exchanger: numerical model and experimental validation, Energy Conversion and Management, 52, 1890, 10.1016/j.enconman.2010.11.017 He, 2002, Technical grade paraffin waxes as phase change materials for cool thermal storage and cool storage systems capital cost estimation, Energy Conversion and Management, 43, 1709, 10.1016/S0196-8904(01)00005-X Wu, 2010, Thermal performance simulations of a packed bed cool thermal energy storage system using n-tetradecane as phase change material, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 49, 1752, 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2010.03.014 MacPhee, 2009, Thermal modeling of a packed bed thermal energy storage system during charging, Applied Thermal Engineering, 29, 695, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.03.041 Pare, 2007, TES without ice, ASHRAE Journal, 49, 46 Martin, 2010, Direct contact PCM–water cold storage, Applied Energy, 87, 2652, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.01.005 Ezan, 2010, Energetic and exergetic analysis and assessment of a thermal energy storage (TES) unit for building applications, Energy and Buildings, 42, 1896, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.05.025 Kalaiselvam, 2010, Experimental and numerical investigation of phase change materials with finned encapsulation for energy-efficient buildings, Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 3, 245, 10.1080/19401491003624224 Erek, 2007, Experimental and numerical study on charging processes of an ice-on-coil thermal energy storage system, International Journal of Energy Research, 31, 158, 10.1002/er.1240 Yau, 2010, Feasibility study of an ice slurry-cooling coil for HVAC and R systems in a tropical building, Applied Energy, 87, 2699, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.02.025 Yang, 2007, Renovation of an ice storage AC system in an aquarium for energy conservation, Building and Environment, 42, 1851, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.02.009 Erek, 2009, Dincer I. Numerical heat transfer analysis of encapsulated ice thermal energy storage system with variable heat transfer coefficient in downstream, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 52, 851, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2008.06.024 MacPhee, 2009, Performance assessment of some ice TES systems, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 48, 2288, 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2009.03.012 Chaichana, 2001, An ice thermal storage computer model, Applied Thermal Engineering, 21, 1769, 10.1016/S1359-4311(01)00046-1 Lee, 2009, Optimization for ice-storage air-conditioning system using particle swarm algorithm, Applied Energy, 86, 1589, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.12.025 Chen, 2005, Optimization of an ice-storage air conditioning system using dynamic programming method, Applied Thermal Engineering, 25, 461, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2003.12.006 Henze, 2003, Guidelines for improved performance of ice storage systems, Energy and Buildings, 35, 111, 10.1016/S0378-7788(01)00140-2 Sebzali, 2006, Analysis of ice cool thermal storage for a clinic building in Kuwait, Energy Conversion and Management, 47, 3417, 10.1016/j.enconman.2005.12.013 Hasnain, 2000, Need for thermal-storage air-conditioning in Saudi Arabia, Applied Energy, 65, 153, 10.1016/S0306-2619(99)00107-5 Hasnain, 2000, Prospects of cool thermal storage utilization in Saudi Arabia, Energy Conversion and Management, 41, 1829, 10.1016/S0196-8904(00)00026-1 Nelson, 1999, Experiments on stratified chilled-water tanks, International Journal of Refrigeration, 22, 216, 10.1016/S0140-7007(98)00055-3 Bahnfleth, 2005, Constant flow rate charging characteristics of a full-scale stratified chilled water storage tank with double-ring slotted pipe diffusers, Applied Thermal Engineering, 25, 3067, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.03.013 Karim, 2011, Experimental investigation of a stratified chilled-water thermal storage system, Applied Thermal Engineering, 31, 1853, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.12.019 Haller, 2009, Methods to determine stratification efficiency of thermal energy storage processes – review and theoretical comparison, Solar Energy, 83, 1847, 10.1016/j.solener.2009.06.019 Sebzali, 2007, The impact of using chilled water storage systems on the performance of air cooled chillers in Kuwait, Energy and Buildings, 39, 975, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.11.004 Henze, 2008, Optimal design and operation of a thermal storage system for a chilled water plant serving pharmaceutical buildings, Energy and Buildings, 40, 1004, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.08.006 Boonnasa, 2010, The chilled water storage analysis for a university building cooling system, Applied Thermal Engineering, 30, 1396, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.02.029 Rahman, 2011, Feasibility of thermal energy storage systems in an institutional building in subtropical climates in Australia, Applied Thermal Engineering, 31, 2943, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.05.025 Hasnain, 1998, Review on sustainable thermal energy storage technologies. Part II: cool thermal storage, Energy Conversion and Management, 39, 1139, 10.1016/S0196-8904(98)00024-7 Saito, 2002, Recent advances in research on cold thermal energy storage, International Journal of Refrigeration, 25, 177, 10.1016/S0140-7007(01)00078-0 Enein, 1998, Storage of low temperature heat in salt-hydrate melts for heating applications, Solar &Wind Technology, 5, 441, 10.1016/0741-983X(88)90011-2 Sari, 2002, Thermal performance of palmitic acid as a phase change energy storage material, Energy Conversion and Management, 43, 863, 10.1016/S0196-8904(01)00071-1 Feldman, 1995, Low chain esters of stearic acid as phase change materials for thermal energy storage in buildings, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 36, 311, 10.1016/0927-0248(94)00186-3 Tuncbilek, 2005, Lauric and palmitic acids eutectic mixture as latent heat storage material for low temperature heating applications, Energy, 30, 677, 10.1016/j.energy.2004.05.017 Fang, 2010, Preparation and characterization of stearic acid/expanded graphite composites as thermal energy storage materials, Energy, 35, 4622, 10.1016/j.energy.2010.09.046 Nikolic, 2003, New materials for solar thermal storage – solid/liquid transitions in fatty acid esters, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 79, 285, 10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00412-9 Buddhi, 1999, Measurements of transmittance of solar radiation through stearic acid: a latent heat storage material, Energy Conversion & Management, 40, 1979, 10.1016/S0196-8904(99)00077-1 Kousksou, 2010, Paraffin wax mixtures as phase change materials, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 94, 2158, 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.07.005 Mehling, 2010, New method to evaluate the heat storage density in latent heat storage for arbitrary temperature ranges, Applied Thermal Engineering, 30, 2652, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.07.012 Medina, 2008, On the heat transfer rate reduction of structural insulated panels (SIPs) outfitted with phase change materials (PCMs), Energy, 33, 667, 10.1016/j.energy.2007.11.003 Kalaiselvam, 2008, Experimental and analytical investigation of solidification and melting characteristics of PCMs inside cylindrical encapsulation, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 47, 858, 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2007.07.003 Li, 2010, Preparation and characteristics of n-nonadecane/cement composites as thermal energy storage materials in buildings, Energy and Buildings, 42, 1661, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.04.009 Zuo, 2011, Thermal performance of caprylic acid/1-dodecanol eutectic mixture as phase change material (PCM), Energy and Buildings, 43, 207, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.09.008 Fang, 2010, Study on polyethylene glycol/epoxy resin composite as a form-stable phase change material, Energy Conversion and Management, 51, 2757, 10.1016/j.enconman.2010.06.012 Karaman, 2011, Polyethylene glycol (PEG)/diatomite composite as a novel form-stable phase change material for thermal energy storage, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 95, 1647, 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.01.022 Feng, 2011, Preparation and characterization of polyethylene glycol/active carbon composites as shape-stabilized phase change materials, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 95, 644, 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.09.033 Cheng, 2010, Heat conduction enhanced shape-stabilized paraffin/HDPE composite PCMs by graphite addition: preparation and thermal properties, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 94, 1636, 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.05.020 Zhang, 2006, Preparation, thermal performance and application of shape-stabilized PCM in energy efficient buildings, Energy and Buildings, 38, 1262, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.02.009 Zhou, 2009, Numerical analysis of effect of shape-stabilized phase change material plates in a building combined with night ventilation, Applied Energy, 86, 52, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.03.020 Alkan, 2009, Preparation, characterization, and thermal properties of microencapsulated phase change material for thermal energy storage, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 93, 143, 10.1016/j.solmat.2008.09.009 Hawlader, 2003, Microencapsulated PCM thermal-energy storage system, Applied Energy, 74, 195, 10.1016/S0306-2619(02)00146-0 Alkan, 2011, Preparation, thermal properties and thermal reliability of microencapsulated n-eicosane as novel phase change material for thermal energy storage, Energy Conversion and Management, 52, 687, 10.1016/j.enconman.2010.07.047 Castellón, 2010, Effect of microencapsulated phase change material in sandwich panels, Renewable Energy, 35, 2370, 10.1016/j.renene.2010.03.030 Zhang, 2011, Thermal and rheological properties of microencapsulated phase change materials, Renewable Energy, 36, 2959, 10.1016/j.renene.2011.04.002 Zhang, 2010, Experimental investigation of effects of super-cooling on microencapsulated phase-change material (MPCM) slurry thermal storage capacities, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 94, 1038, 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.02.022 Tyagi, 2007, PCM thermal storage in buildings: a state of art, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11, 1146, 10.1016/j.rser.2005.10.002 Farid, 2004, A review on phase change energy storage: materials and applications, Energy Conversion and Management, 45, 1597, 10.1016/j.enconman.2003.09.015 Agyenim, 2010, A review of materials, heat transfer and phase change problem formulation for latent heat thermal energy storage systems (LHTESS), Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, 615, 10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.015 Dutil, 2011, A review on phase-change materials: mathematical modeling and simulations, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 112, 10.1016/j.rser.2010.06.011 Tyagi, 2011, Development of phase change materials based microencapsulated technology for buildings: a review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 1373, 10.1016/j.rser.2010.10.006 Zalba, 2003, Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications, Applied Thermal Engineering, 23, 251, 10.1016/S1359-4311(02)00192-8 Khodadadi, 2007, Nanoparticle-enhanced phase change materials (NEPCM) with great potential for improved thermal energy storage, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 34, 534, 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2007.02.005 Fang, 2008, Preparation and characterization of novel nanoencapsulated phase change materials, Energy Conversion and Management, 49, 3704, 10.1016/j.enconman.2008.06.027 Fang, 2009, Preparation of nanoencapsulated phase change material as latent functionally thermal fluid, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 42, 1, 10.1088/0022-3727/42/3/035407 Wang, 2010, Enhancing thermal conductivity of palmitic acid based phase change materials with carbon nanotubes as fillers, Solar Energy, 84, 339, 10.1016/j.solener.2009.12.004 Liu, 2009, Experimental study of thermal conductivity and phase change performance of nanofluids PCMs, Microfluid Nanofluid, 7, 579, 10.1007/s10404-009-0423-8 Fang, 2009, Preparation and characterization of nano-encapsulated n-tetradecane as phase change material for thermal energy storage, Chemical Engineering Journal, 153, 217, 10.1016/j.cej.2009.06.019 Ai, 2010, Study of ZrO2 nanopowders based stearic acid phase change materials, Particuology, 8, 394, 10.1016/j.partic.2010.05.004 Song, 2010, Preparation and characterization of flame retardant form-stable phase change materials composed by EPDM, paraffin and nano magnesium hydroxide, Energy, 35, 2179, 10.1016/j.energy.2010.02.002 Li, 2011, Effect of different amounts of surfactant on characteristics of nanoencapsulated phase-change materials, Polymer Bulletin, 67, 541, 10.1007/s00289-011-0492-1 Sebti, 2011, A numerical investigation of solidification in horizontal concentric annuli filed with nano-enhanced phase change material (NEPCM), World Applied Sciences Journal, 13, 9 Sanusi, 2011, Energy storage and solidification of paraffin phase change material embedded with graphite nanofibers, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 54, 4429, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.04.046 Constantinescu, 2010, Latent heat nano composite building materials, European Polymer Journal, 46, 2247, 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.09.007 Wu, 2010, Preparation and melting/freezing characteristics of Cu/paraffin nanofluid as phase-change material (PCM), Energy Fuels, 24, 1894, 10.1021/ef9013967 Yavari, 2011, Enhanced thermal conductivity in a nanostructured phase change composite due to low concentration graphene additives, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115, 8753, 10.1021/jp200838s Stetiu, 1998 Hassan, 2008, Modeling of an integrated solar system, Building and Environment, 43, 804, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.01.019 Roth, 2006, Cool thermal energy storage, ASHRAE Journal, 48, 94 Kondo, 2006, Research on thermal storage using rock wool phase-change material ceiling board, ASHRAE Transactions, 112, 526 Ismail, 1997, PCM thermal insulation in buildings, International Journal of Energy Research, 21, 1281, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-114X(199711)21:14<1281::AID-ER322>3.0.CO;2-P Stovall, 1995, What are the potential benefits of including latent storage in common wallboard?, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering Transactions, ASME, 117, 318, 10.1115/1.2847868 Kissock, 2006, Diurnal load reduction through phase-change building components, ASHRAE Transactions, 112, 509 Marin, 2005, Improvement of thermal storage using plates with paraffin–graphite composite, International Journal of Heat and Mass transfer, 48, 2561, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.11.027 Gutherz, 1991, A passive solar heating system for the perimeter zone of office buildings, Energy Sources, 13, 39, 10.1080/00908319108908967 Jin, 2011, Thermal analysis of a double layer phase change material floor, Applied Thermal Engineering, 31, 1576, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.01.023 Kaygusuz, 1995, Performance of solar-assisted heat-pump systems, Applied Energy, 51, 93, 10.1016/0306-2619(94)00042-D Halford, 2007, Modeling of phase change material peak load shifting, Energy and Buildings, 39, 298, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.07.005 Kenneth, 2002 Athienitis, 1997, Investigation of the thermal performance of a passive solar test-room with wall latent heat storage, Building and Environment, 32, 405, 10.1016/S0360-1323(97)00009-7 Heim, 2004, Numerical modelling and thermal simulation of PCM–gypsum composites with ESP-r, Energy and Buildings, 36, 795, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.01.004 Wang, 2008, Raising evaporative cooling potentials using combined cooled ceiling and MPCM slurry storage, Energy and Buildings, 40, 1691, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.02.028 Manz, 1997, TIM–PCM external wall system for solar space heating and daylighting, Solar Energy, 61, 369, 10.1016/S0038-092X(97)00086-8 Tiwari, 1988, Performance of a solarium: an analytical study, Building and Environment, 23, 145, 10.1016/0360-1323(88)90028-5 Darkwa, 2006, Phase-change drywalls in a passive-solar building, Applied Energy, 83, 425, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2005.05.001 Weinlaeder, 2011, Monitoring results of an interior sun protection system with integrated latent heat storage, Energy and Buildings, 43, 2468, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.06.007 Hammou, 2006, A new PCM storage system for managing simultaneously solar and electric energy, Energy and Buildings, 38, 258, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.06.008 Zhou, 2008, Thermal analysis of a direct-gain room with shape-stabilized PCM plates, Renewable Energy, 33, 1228, 10.1016/j.renene.2007.06.024 Jiang, 2011, A new method to estimate optimal phase change material characteristics in a passive solar room, Energy Conversion and Management, 52, 2437, 10.1016/j.enconman.2010.12.051 Hammou, 2006, A hybrid thermal energy storage system for managing simultaneously solar and electric energy, Energy Conversion and Management, 47, 273, 10.1016/j.enconman.2005.01.003 Zhou, 2007, Performance of a hybrid heating system with thermal storage using shape-stabilized phase-change material plates, Applied Energy, 84, 1068, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2006.09.015 Zhou, 2007, An assessment of mixed type PCM-gypsum and shape-stabilized PCM plates in a building for passive solar heating, Solar Energy, 81, 1351, 10.1016/j.solener.2007.01.014 Veerappan, 2009, Phase change characteristic study of spherical PCMs in solar energy storage, Solar Energy, 83, 1245, 10.1016/j.solener.2009.02.006 Wu, 2011, Dynamic discharging characteristics simulation on solar heat storage system with spherical capsules using paraffin as heat storage material, Renewable Energy, 36, 1190, 10.1016/j.renene.2010.10.012 Huang, 2011, Microencapsulated phase change slurries for thermal energy storage in a residential solar energy system, Renewable Energy, 36, 2932, 10.1016/j.renene.2011.04.004 Saman, 2002, Thermal performance of PCM thermal storage unit for a roof integrated solar heating system, Solar Energy, 78, 341, 10.1016/j.solener.2004.08.017 Xu, 2005, Modeling and simulation on the thermal performance of shape-stabilized phase change material floor used in passive solar buildings, Energy and Buildings, 37, 1084, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.12.016 Entrop, 2011, Experimental research on the use of micro-encapsulated phase change materials to store solar energy in concrete floors and to save energy in Dutch houses, Solar Energy, 85, 1007, 10.1016/j.solener.2011.02.017 Kenisarin, 2007, Solar energy storage using phase change materials, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11, 1913, 10.1016/j.rser.2006.05.005 Khalifa, 2009, A comparative performance study of some thermal storage materials used for solar space heating, Energy and Buildings, 41, 407, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.11.005 Chen, 2001, Real-time predictive supervisory operation of building thermal systems with thermal mass, Energy and Buildings, 33, 141, 10.1016/S0378-7788(00)00078-5 Comakli, 1996, A thermodynamic model of a solar assisted heat pump system with energy storage, Solar Energy, 56, 485, 10.1016/0038-092X(96)00005-9 Esen, 2000, Thermal performance of a solar-aided latent heat store used for space heating by heat pump, Solar Energy, 69, 15, 10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00015-3 Oliveti, 1998, First experimental results from a prototype plant for interseasonal storage of solar energy for the winter heating of buildings, Solar Energy, 62, 281, 10.1016/S0038-092X(98)00011-5 Nordell, 2000, High temperature solar heated seasonal storage system for low temperature heating of buildings, Solar Energy, 69, 511, 10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00120-1 Qi, 2008, A simulation study on a solar heat pump heating system with seasonal latent heat storage, Solar Energy, 82, 669, 10.1016/j.solener.2008.02.017 Han, 2008, Numerical simulation of solar assisted ground-source heat pump heating system with latent heat energy storage in severely cold area, Applied Thermal Engineering, 28, 1427, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.09.013 Paksoy, 2000, Heating and cooling of a hospital using solar energy coupled with seasonal thermal energy storage in an aquifer, Renewable Energy, 19, 117, 10.1016/S0960-1481(99)00060-9 Wang, 2010, Experimental study of a solar-assisted ground-coupled heat pump system with solar seasonal thermal storage in severe cold areas, Energy and Buildings, 42, 2104, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.06.022 Wu, 1987, Experimental study of the effect of water extraction on thermal stratification in storage, 445 Davidson, 1994, A coefficient to characterize mixing in solar water storage tanks. Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 116, 94, 10.1115/1.2930504 Andersen, 2007, Multilayer fabric stratification pipes for solar tanks, Solar Energy, 81, 1219, 10.1016/j.solener.2007.01.008 Shah, 2003, Entrance effects in solar storage tanks, Solar Energy, 75, 337, 10.1016/j.solener.2003.04.002 Huhn R. Beitrag zur thermodynamischen analyse und bewertung von wasserwarmespeichern in energieumw and lungsketten. Ph.D. Thesis. Germany: Technische Universitat Dresden; 2007, p. 21. van Berkel J. Thermocline entrainment in stratified energy stores. Ph.D. Thesis. The Netherlands: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven; 1997, p. 32. Chan, 2010, Review of passive solar heating and cooling technologies, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, 781, 10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.030 Chidambaram, 2011, Review of solar cooling methods and thermal storage options, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 3220, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.04.018 Hoes, 2011, Investigating the potential of a novel low-energy house concept with hybrid adaptable thermal storage, Energy Conversion and Management, 52, 2442, 10.1016/j.enconman.2010.12.050 Cabeza, 2007, Use of microencapsulated PCM in concrete walls for energy savings, Energy and Buildings, 39, 113, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.03.030 Zhu, 2009, Detailed energy saving performance analyses on thermal mass walls demonstrated in a zero energy house, Energy and Buildings, 41, 303, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.10.003 Yumrutaş, 2005, Modeling of a space cooling system with underground storage, Applied Thermal Engineering, 25, 227, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2004.06.005 Yumrutaş, 2005, Computational model for a ground coupled space cooling system with an underground energy storage tank, Energy and Buildings, 37, 353, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.07.004 Yu, 2010, Hierarchical fuzzy control of low-energy building systems, Solar Energy, 84, 538, 10.1016/j.solener.2009.03.014 Xing, 2011, Zero carbon buildings refurbishment – a hierarchical pathway, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 3229, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.04.020 MacCracken, 2004, Thermal energy storage in sustainable buildings, ASHRAE Journal, 46, S2 MacCracken, 2003, Thermal energy storage myths, ASHRAE Journal, 45, 1 Wang, 2001, Thermal energy storage in China, ASHRAE Journal, 43, 53 Tseng, 2005, Commissioning sustainable buildings, ASHRAE Journal, 47, S20 Ice storage as part of a LEED® building design. Trane Engineers Newsletter 2007; 36:1–6. Newsham, 2009, Do LEED-certified buildings save energy? Yes, but …, Energy and Buildings, 41, 897, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.03.014 Wang, 2001, Ice slurry based thermal storage in multifunctional buildings, Heat and Mass Transfer, 37, 597, 10.1007/PL00005891 Dorgan, 1994 Method of testing thermal storage devices with electrical input and thermal output based on thermal performance. ASHRAE, ANSI/ASHRAE 94.2;1981:(RA06). Method of testing active sensible thermal energy devices based on thermal performance. ASHRAE, ANSI/ASHRAE 94.3; 1986: (RA06). Method of testing active latent-heat storage devices based on thermal performance. ASHRAE, ANSI/ASHRAE 94.1; 2002: (RA06). ASHRAE fundamentals handbook. ASHRAE Inc; 2009. Zhou, 2012, Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials (PCMs) in building applications, Applied Energy, 92, 593, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.08.025 Delgado, 2012, Review on phase change material emulsions and microencapsulated phase change material slurries: materials, heat transfer studies and applications, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 253, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.152 Arce, 2012, Use of microencapsulated PCM in buildings and the effect of adding awnings, Energy and Buildings, 44, 88, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.10.028 Chen, 2011, Preparation and heat transfer characteristics of microencapsulated phase change material slurry: a review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 4624, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.090 Kalaiselvam, 2012, Analytical and experimental investigations of nanoparticles embedded phase change materials for cooling application in modern buildings, Renewable Energy, 39, 375, 10.1016/j.renene.2011.08.034 Zhang GH, Bon SAF, Zhao CY. Synthesis, characterization and thermal properties of novel nanoencapsulated phase change materials for thermal energy storage. Solar Energy 2012; doi:10.1016/j.solener.2012.01.003. Harikrishnan S, Kalaiselvam S. Preparation and thermal characteristics of CuO-Oleic acid nanofluids as a phase change material. Thermochimica Acta 2012; doi:10.1016/j.tca.2012.01.018. Sadineni, 2011, Passive building energy savings: a review of building envelope components, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 3617, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.014 Yau, 2012, A review on cool thermal storage technologies and operating strategies, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 787, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.09.004 Diaconu, 2012, Energy analysis of a solar-assisted ejector cycle air conditioning system with low temperature thermal energy storage, Renewable Energy, 37, 266, 10.1016/j.renene.2011.06.031