Surgery for Intractable Epilepsy in Pediatrics, a Systematic Review of Outcomes other than Seizure Freedom

Kwan, 2000, Early identification of refractory epilepsy, N Engl J Med, 342, 314, 10.1056/NEJM200002033420503 Jette, 2014, Surgical management of epilepsy, CMAJ Can Med Assoc J J Assoc Medicale Can, 186, 997, 10.1503/cmaj.121291 Widjaja, 2020, Seizure outcome of pediatric epilepsy surgery: systematic review and meta-analyses, Neurology, 94, 311, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008966 Holmes, 2016, Effect of seizures on the developing brain and cognition, Semin Pediatr Neurol, 23, 120, 10.1016/j.spen.2016.05.001 Cross, 2002, Epilepsy surgery in childhood, Epilepsia, 43, 65, 10.1046/j.1528-1157.43.s.3.6.x Moher, 2015, Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement, Syst. Rev., 4, 1, 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1 Shim, 2008, Treatment modality for intractable epilepsy in hypothalamic hamartomatous lesions, Neurosurgery, 62, 847, 10.1227/01.neu.0000318170.82719.7c Liu, 2007, Pediatric intractable epilepsy syndromes: reason for early surgical intervention, Brain Dev, 29, 69, 10.1016/j.braindev.2006.06.009 Ghatan, 2014, Surgical management of medically refractory epilepsy due to early childhood stroke, J. Neurosurg. Pediatr., 14, 58, 10.3171/2014.3.PEDS13440 Duchowny, 1998, Epilepsy surgery in the first three years of life, Epilepsia, 39, 737, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01159.x Whittle, 1981, The surgical treatment of intractable childhood and adolescent epilepsy, Aust. N. Z. J. Surg., 51, 190, 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1981.tb05938.x Keene, 1997, Outcome and life prospects after surgical management of medically intractable epilepsy in patients under 18 years of age, Childs Nerv. Syst. ChNS Off. J. Int. Soc. Pediatr. Neurosurg., 13, 530, 10.1007/s003810050132 Benifla, 2008, Long-term seizure and social outcomes following temporal lobe surgery for intractable epilepsy during childhood, Epilepsy Res, 82, 133, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.07.012 Mikati, 2008, Marked benefits in physical activity and well-being, but not in functioning domains, 2 years after successful epilepsy surgery in children, Epilepsy Behav. EB, 12, 145, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.08.010 Dwivedi, 2017, Surgery for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in Children, N. Engl. J. Med., 377, 1639, 10.1056/NEJMoa1615335 Gilliam, 1997, Epilepsy surgery outcome: comprehensive assessment in children, Neurology, 48, 1368, 10.1212/WNL.48.5.1368 Ding, 2016, Resective surgery combined with corpus callosotomy for children with non-focal lesional Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Acta Neurochir. (Wien), 158, 2177, 10.1007/s00701-016-2947-5 Carson, 1996, Hemispherectomy: a hemidecortication approach and review of 52 cases, J. Neurosurg., 84, 903, 10.3171/jns.1996.84.6.0903 Kadish, 2019, Epilepsy Surgery in the First 3 Years of Life: Predictors of Seizure Freedom and Cognitive Development, Neurosurgery, 84, E368, 10.1093/neuros/nyy376 Ramantani, 2013, Seizure and cognitive outcomes of epilepsy surgery in infancy and early childhood, Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. EJPN Off. J. Eur. Paediatr. Neurol. Soc., 17, 498, 10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.03.009 Dunkley, 2011, Epilepsy surgery in children under 3 years, Epilepsy Res, 93, 96, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2010.11.002 Van Oijen, 2006, Resective epilepsy surgery in childhood: the Dutch experience 1992-2002, Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. EJPN Off. J. Eur. Paediatr. Neurol. Soc., 10, 114, 10.1016/j.ejpn.2006.04.003 Helmstaedter, 2020, Cognitive outcome of pediatric epilepsy surgery across ages and different types of surgeries: A monocentric 1-year follow-up study in 306 patients of school age, Seizure, 77, 86, 10.1016/j.seizure.2019.07.021 Hoppe, 2019, Parents’ view of the cognitive outcome one year after pediatric epilepsy surgery, Epilepsy Behav. EB, 101 Flint, 2017, Neuropsychological outcomes following paediatric temporal lobe surgery for epilepsies: Evidence from a systematic review, Seizure, 52, 89, 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.09.011 Barba, 2021, Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery in children and adults: A multicenter study, Epilepsia, 62, 128, 10.1111/epi.16772 Elliott, 2018, Seizure outcome in pediatric medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: selective amygdalohippocampectomy versus anterior temporal lobectomy, J. Neurosurg. Pediatr., 22, 276, 10.3171/2018.4.PEDS17607 Meyer, 1986, Temporal lobectomy in children with epilepsy, J. Neurosurg., 64, 371, 10.3171/jns.1986.64.3.0371 Williams, 1998, Cognition and behavior after temporal lobectomy in pediatric patients with intractable epilepsy, Pediatr. Neurol., 19, 189, 10.1016/S0887-8994(98)00053-8 Westerveld, 2000, Temporal lobectomy in children: cognitive outcome, J. Neurosurg., 92, 24, 10.3171/jns.2000.92.1.0024 Dlugos, 1999, Language-related cognitive declines after left temporal lobectomy in children, Pediatr. Neurol., 21, 444, 10.1016/S0887-8994(99)00032-6 Gleissner, 2002, Pre- and postoperative verbal memory in pediatric patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, Epilepsy Res, 51, 287, 10.1016/S0920-1211(02)00158-4 Bigel, 2001, The impact of different neuropathologies on pre- and postsurgical neuropsychological functioning in children with temporal lobe epilepsy, Brain Cogn, 46, 46, 10.1016/S0278-2626(01)80031-2 Lendt, 1999, Pre- and postoperative neuropsychological profiles in children and adolescents with temporal lobe epilepsy, Epilepsia, 40, 1543, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02038.x Robinson, 2000, Transparahippocampal selective amygdalohippocampectomy in children and adolescents: efficacy of the procedure and cognitive morbidity in patients, J. Neurosurg., 93, 402, 10.3171/jns.2000.93.3.0402 Szabó, 1998, Neuropsychological effect of temporal lobe resection in preadolescent children with epilepsy, Epilepsia, 39, 814, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01174.x Miranda, 2001, Predictors of Intelligence after Temporal Lobectomy in Children with Epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav. EB, 2, 13, 10.1006/ebeh.2000.0142 Blanchette, 2002, Language after temporal or frontal lobe surgery in children with epilepsy, Brain Cogn, 48, 280, 10.1006/brcg.2001.1362 Yang, 2014, Disconnective surgery in posterior quadrantic epilepsy: a series of 12 paediatric patients, Epileptic Disord. Int. Epilepsy J. Videotape, 16, 296, 10.1684/epd.2014.0678 Ikegaya, 2020, Cognitive and developmental outcomes after pediatric insular epilepsy surgery for focal cortical dysplasia, J. Neurosurg. Pediatr., 1–9 Graham, 2018, Seizure outcome after corpus callosotomy in a large paediatric series, Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 60, 199, 10.1111/dmcn.13592 Kossoff, 2003, Hemispherectomy for intractable unihemispheric epilepsy etiology vs outcome, Neurology, 61, 887, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000090107.04681.5B Marras, 2010, Hemispherotomy and functional hemispherectomy: indications and outcome, Epilepsy Res, 89, 104, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.09.006 Vining, 1997, Why would you remove half a brain? The outcome of 58 children after hemispherectomy-the Johns Hopkins experience: 1968 to 1996, Pediatrics, 100, 163, 10.1542/peds.100.2.163 Vanags, 2018, Visual hallucinations: A novel complication after hemispherectomy, Epilepsy Behav. Case Rep., 9, 51, 10.1016/j.ebcr.2017.09.005 Gröppel, 2015, Improvement of language development after successful hemispherotomy, Seizure, 30, 70, 10.1016/j.seizure.2015.05.018 Honda, 2013, Long-term developmental outcome after early hemispherotomy for hemimegalencephaly in infants with epileptic encephalopathy, Epilepsy Behav. EB, 29, 30, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.06.006 Terra-Bustamante, 2005, Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery in children and adolescents: clinical characteristics and post-surgical outcome, Seizure, 14, 274, 10.1016/j.seizure.2005.03.003 Terra-Bustamante, 2005, Surgically amenable epilepsies in children and adolescents: clinical, imaging, electrophysiological, and post-surgical outcome data, Childs Nerv. Syst. ChNS Off. J. Int. Soc. Pediatr. Neurosurg., 21, 546, 10.1007/s00381-004-1106-0 Seo, 2009, Outcome of surgical treatment in non-lesional intractable childhood epilepsy, Seizure, 18, 625, 10.1016/j.seizure.2009.07.007 Azevedo, 2020, Deficits in all aspects of social competence identified in children who have undergone epilepsy surgery, Epilepsy Behav, 112, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107388 Wu, 2010, Noninvasive testing, early surgery, and seizure freedom in tuberous sclerosis complex, Neurology, 74, 392, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ce5d9e Terra, 2014, Surgery for focal cortical dysplasia in children using intraoperative mapping, Childs Nerv. Syst. ChNS Off. J. Int. Soc. Pediatr. Neurosurg., 30, 1839, 10.1007/s00381-014-2459-7 Jalloh, 2018, The role of surgery in refractory epilepsy secondary to polymicrogyria in the pediatric population, Epilepsia, 59, 1982, 10.1111/epi.14556 Kasasbeh, 2012, Characterization of the supplementary motor area syndrome and seizure outcome after medial frontal lobe resections in pediatric epilepsy surgery, Neurosurgery, 70, 1152, 10.1227/NEU.0b013e31823f6001 Kral, 2001, Postsurgical outcome of children and adolescents with medically refractory frontal lobe epilepsies, Childs Nerv. Syst. ChNS Off. J. Int. Soc. Pediatr. Neurosurg., 17, 595, 10.1007/s003810100497 Davidson, 1975, Outcome of surgery in 40 children with temporal-lobe epilepsy, Lancet Lond. Engl., 1, 1260, 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)92549-0 Mittal, 2005, Long-term outcome after surgical treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy in children, J. Neurosurg., 103, 401 Clusmann, 2004, Analysis of different types of resection for pediatric patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, Neurosurgery, 54, 847, 10.1227/01.NEU.0000114141.37640.37 Sinclair, 2003, Pediatric temporal lobectomy for epilepsy, Pediatr. Neurosurg., 38, 195, 10.1159/000069099 Miserocchi, 2013, Surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy in children: relevance of presurgical evaluation and analysis of outcome, J. Neurosurg. Pediatr., 11, 256, 10.3171/2012.12.PEDS12334 Lee, 2011, Transsylvian-transcisternal selective lesionectomy for pediatric lesional mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, Neurosurgery, 68, 582, 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182077552 Lee, 2010, Comparison of temporal lobectomies of children and adults with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy, Childs Nerv. Syst. ChNS Off. J. Int. Soc. Pediatr. Neurosurg., 26, 177, 10.1007/s00381-009-1015-3 Villemure, 2006, Peri-insular hemispherotomy in paediatric epilepsy, Childs Nerv. Syst. ChNS Off. J. Int. Soc. Pediatr. Neurosurg., 22, 967, 10.1007/s00381-006-0134-3 Lew, 2013, Posthemispherectomy hydrocephalus: results of a comprehensive, multiinstitutional review, Epilepsia, 54, 383, 10.1111/epi.12010 Iwasaki, 2015, Interhemispheric Vertical Hemispherotomy: A Single Center Experience, Pediatr. Neurosurg., 50, 295, 10.1159/000437145 Basheer, 2007, Hemispheric surgery in children with refractory epilepsy: seizure outcome, complications, and adaptive function, Epilepsia, 48, 133, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00909.x Wong, 2006, Corpus callosotomy in children, Childs Nerv. Syst. ChNS Off. J. Int. Soc. Pediatr. Neurosurg., 22, 999, 10.1007/s00381-006-0133-4 Cossu, 2017, Stereo-EEG-guided radiofrequency thermocoagulations, Epilepsia, 58, 66, 10.1111/epi.13687 Procaccini, 2006, Surgical management of hypothalamic hamartomas with epilepsy: the stereoendoscopic approach, Neurosurgery, 59, ONS336 Ventureyra, 1993, Complications of epilepsy surgery in children and adolescents, Pediatr Neurosurg, 19, 40, 10.1159/000120699 Wyllie, 1996, Epilepsy surgery in infants, Epilepsia, 37, 625, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00626.x Keene, 1997, Outcome and life prospects after surgical management of medically intractable epilepsy in patients under 18 years of age, Childs Nerv Syst, 13, 530, 10.1007/s003810050132 Loddenkemper, 2007, Developmental outcome after epilepsy surgery in infancy, Pediatrics, 119, 930, 10.1542/peds.2006-2530 Meekes, 2013, Dutch Collaborative Epilepsy Surgery Programme (DuCESP), Epilepsy Res, 107, 146, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.08.017 Kumar, 2015, Surgery for infants with catastrophic epilepsy: an analysis of complications and efficacy, Childs Nerv Syst, 31, 1479, 10.1007/s00381-015-2759-6 Tavares, 2015, Emotional functioning: Long-term outcomes after pediatric epilepsy surgery, Epilepsia, 56, 745, 10.1111/epi.12956 Viggedal, 2012, Cognitive development from two to ten years after pediatric epilepsy surgery, Epilepsy Behav, 25, 2, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.06.010 Gowda, 2010, Surgery for catastrophic epilepsy in infants 6 months of age and younger, J Neurosurg Pediatr, 5, 603, 10.3171/2010.1.PEDS08301 Freitag, 2005, Cognitive function in preschool children after epilepsy surgery: rationale for early intervention, Epilepsia, 46, 561, 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.03504.x Reinholdson, 2015, Long-term follow-up after epilepsy surgery in infancy and early childhood–a prospective population based observational study, Seizure, 30, 83, 10.1016/j.seizure.2015.05.019 Otsuki, 2016, Surgical versus medical treatment for children with epileptic encephalopathy in infancy and early childhood: Results of an international multicenter cohort study in Far-East Asia (the FACE study), Brain Dev, 38, 449, 10.1016/j.braindev.2015.11.004 d'Orio, 2019, Surgery in patients with childhood-onset epilepsy: analysis of complications and predictive risk factors for a severely complicated course, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 90, 84, 10.1136/jnnp-2018-318282 Jenny, 2016, Pediatric epilepsy surgery: could age be a predictor of outcomes?, J Neurosurg Pediatr, 18, 235, 10.3171/2015.10.PEDS14413 Roulet-Perez, 2010, Impact of severe epilepsy on development: recovery potential after successful early epilepsy surgery, Epilepsia, 51, 1266, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02487.x Baba, 2018, Surgical and developmental outcomes of corpus callosotomy for West syndrome in patients without MRI lesions, Epilepsia, 59, 2231, 10.1111/epi.14594 Mabbott, 2003, Memory in children with temporal or extra-temporal excisions, Neuropsychologia, 41, 995, 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00318-4 Danielsson, 2002, Temporal Lobe Resections in Children with Epilepsy: Neuropsychiatric Status in Relation to Neuropathology and Seizure Outcome, Epilepsy Behav, 3, 76, 10.1006/ebeh.2001.0297 Kuehn, 2002, Are there changes in intelligence and memory functioning following surgery for the treatment of refractory epilepsy in childhood?, Childs Nerv Syst, 18, 306, 10.1007/s00381-002-0599-7 Szabó, 1999, Epilepsy surgery in children with pervasive developmental disorder, Pediatr Neurol, 20, 349, 10.1016/S0887-8994(99)00003-X Skirrow, 2011, Long-term intellectual outcome after temporal lobe surgery in childhood, Neurology, 76, 1330, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821527f0 Lewis, 1996, Outcome of temporal lobectomy in adolescents, Journal of Epilepsy, 9, 198, 10.1016/0896-6974(96)00013-8 Benifla, 2006, Temporal lobe surgery for intractable epilepsy in children: an analysis of outcomes in 126 children, Neurosurgery, 59, 1203, 10.1227/01.NEU.0000245615.32226.83 Dorward, 2011, Extratemporal, nonlesional epilepsy in children: postsurgical clinical and neurocognitive outcomes, J Neurosurg Pediatr, 7, 179, 10.3171/2010.11.PEDS10265 Guzzetta, 2006, Symptomatic epilepsy in children with poroencephalic cysts secondary to perinatal middle cerebral artery occlusion, Childs Nerv Syst, 22, 922, 10.1007/s00381-006-0150-3 Gagliardi, 2011, Quality of life and epilepsy surgery in childhood and adolescence, Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 69, 23, 10.1590/S0004-282X2011000100006 Vadera, 2012, Seizure-free and neuropsychological outcomes after temporal lobectomy with amygdalohippocampectomy in pediatric patients with hippocampal sclerosis, J Neurosurg Pediatr, 10, 103, 10.3171/2012.4.PEDS1233 Beaton, 2012, Transsylvian selective amygdalohippocampectomy in children with hippocampal sclerosis: seizure, intellectual and memory outcome, Seizure, 21, 699, 10.1016/j.seizure.2012.07.012 Lah, 2015, Verbal memory and literacy outcomes one year after pediatric temporal lobectomy: a retrospective cohort study, Epilepsy Behav, 44, 225, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.12.040 Andresen, 2014, Effects of surgical side and site on mood and behavior outcome in children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy, Front Neurol, 5, 18, 10.3389/fneur.2014.00018 de Koning, 2009, Language development before and after temporal surgery in children with intractable epilepsy, Epilepsia, 50, 2408, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02264.x Leunen, 2009, Verbal and spatial learning after temporal lobe excisions in children: an adaptation of the Grober and Buschke procedure, Epilepsy Behav, 16, 534, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.09.004 Jambaqué, 2007, Memory functions following surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy in children, Neuropsychologia, 45, 2850, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.008 McLellan, 2005, Psychopathology in children with epilepsy before and after temporal lobe resection, Dev Med Child Neurol, 47, 666, 10.1017/S0012162205001362 Korkman, 2005, Two-year follow-up of intelligence after pediatric epilepsy surgery, Pediatr Neurol, 33, 173, 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.04.006