Surface energy fluxes and control of evapotranspiration from a Swedish Sphagnum mire

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology - Tập 110 - Trang 101-123 - 2001
Erik Kellner1
1Department of Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden

Tài liệu tham khảo

Blanken, 1996, Evidence of water conservation mechanisms in several subarctic wetland species, J. Appl. Ecol., 33, 842, 10.2307/2404954 Bubier, 1994, An ecological perspective on methane emissions from northern wetlands, Trends Ecol. Evol., 9, 460, 10.1016/0169-5347(94)90309-3 Comer, 2000, A test of the Canadian land surface scheme (CLASS) for a variety of wetland types, Atmos. Ocean, 38, 161, 10.1080/07055900.2000.9649644 de Vries, D.A., 1975. Heat transfer in soils. In: de Vries, D.A., Afgan, N.H. (Eds.), Heat and Mass Transfer in the Biosphere. Part I. Basic Processes and Methods of Observation. Scripta Book Company, Washington, DC, pp. 5–28. den Hartog, 1994, Energy budget measurements using eddy-correlation and Bowen-ratio techniques at the Kinosheo lake tower site during the northern wetlands study, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 99, 1539, 10.1029/93JD00032 Eugster, 2000, Land–atmosphere energy exchange in Arctic tundra and boreal forest: available data and feedbacks to climate, Global Change Biol., 6, 84, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06015.x Farouki, O.T., 1986. Thermal properties of soils. In: Germany Series on Rock and Soil Mechanics, Vol. 11. Trans. Tech. Publications, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, 132 pp. Finnigan, J.J., Raupach, M.R., 1987. Transfer processes in plant canopies in relation to stomatal characteristics. In: Zeiger, E., Farquar, G.D., Cowan, I.R. (Eds.), Stomatal Function. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 385–429. Frenzel, 2000, CH4 emission from a hollow–ridge complex in a raised bog: the role of CH4 production and oxidation, Biogeochemistry, 51, 91, 10.1023/A:1006351118347 Frolking, 1994, Climate controls on temporal variability of methane flux from a poor fen in southeastern New Hampshire: measurement and modeling, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8, 385, 10.1029/94GB01839 Granberg, 1999, A simple model for simulation of water content, soil frost and soil temperatures in boreal mixed mires, Water Resour. Res., 35, 3771, 10.1029/1999WR900216 Halldin, 1998, NOPEX—a northern hemisphere climate processes land-surface experiment, J. Hydrol., 212–213, 172, 10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00208-X Halldin, 1999, Energy, water and carbon exchange in a boreal forest landscape—NOPEX experiences, Agric. For. Meteorol., 98–99, 5, 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00148-3 Halldin, 1999, Continuous long-term measurements of soil–plant–atmosphere variables at an agricultural site, Agric. For. Meteorol., 98–99, 75, 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00149-5 Halliwell, 1987, Soil heat flux in permafrost—characteristics and accuracy of measurement, J. Climatol., 7, 571, 10.1002/joc.3370070605 Heathwaite, A.L., Göttlich, K.H., Burmeister, E.G., Kaule, G., Grospietsch, T.H., 1993. Mires: definitions and form. In: Heathwaite, A.L., Göttlich, K.H. (Eds.), Mires: Process, Exploitation and Conservation. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp. 1–75. Högström, 1996, Review of some basic characteristics of the atmospheric surface layer, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 78, 215, 10.1007/BF00120937 Jackson, 1999, Xylem acoustic emissions and water relations of Calluna vulgaris L. at two climatological regions of Britain, Plant Ecol., 140, 3, 10.1023/A:1009781225506 Kelliher, 1995, Maximum conductances for evaporation from global vegetation types, Agric. For. Meteorol., 73, 1, 10.1016/0168-1923(94)02178-M Kellner, E., Halldin, S., 2002. Water budget and surface-layer water storage in a Sphagnum bog in central Sweden. Hydrol. Processes. Kellner, E., Lundin, L.C., 2001. Calibration of time domain reflectometry for water content in peat soil. Nordic Hydrol. Kim, 1996, Surface exchange of water vapour between an open Sphagnum fen and the atmosphere, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 79, 243, 10.1007/BF00119440 Lafleur, 1988, Leaf conductance of four species growing in a subarctic marsh, Can. J. Bot., 66, 1367, 10.1139/b88-192 Lafleur, P.M., 1990. Evaporation from wetlands. In: Roulet, N.T. (Ed.), Focus: Aspects of the Physical Geography of Wetlands. Can. Geogr. 34, 79–82. Lafleur, 1992, A comparison of evaporation rates from 2 fens of the Hudson-Bay lowland, Aquat. Bot., 44, 59, 10.1016/0304-3770(92)90081-S Lafleur, 1988, The influence of surface cover and climate on energy partitioning and evaporation in a subarctic wetland, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 44, 327, 10.1007/BF00123020 Lafleur, 1997, Seasonal trends in energy, water, and carbon dioxide fluxes at a northern boreal wetland, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 102, 29009, 10.1029/96JD03326 Lindroth, 1990, Gradient measurements with fixed and reversing temperature and humidity sensors above a forest, Agric. For. Meteorol., 53, 81, 10.1016/0168-1923(90)90126-Q Lohammar, T., Larsson, S., Linder, S., Falk, S.-O., 1980. FAST—simulation model for gaseous exchange in Scots pine. In: Persson, T. (Ed.), Structure and Function of Northern Coniferous Forests—An Ecosystem Study. Ecol. Bull. 32, 505–523. McFadden, 1998, Subgrid-scale variability in the surface energy balance of arctic tundra, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28947, 10.1029/98JD02400 Miranda, 1984, Transpiration and evaporation from heather moorland, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 28, 227, 10.1007/BF00121306 Mölder, M., Kellner, E., 2001. Energy balance closure and excess resistance of two bog surfaces in central Sweden. Agric. For. Meteorol., submitted for publication. Monteith, J.L., 1965. Evaporation and environment. In: Fogg, G.E. (Ed.), The state and movement of water in living organisms. In: Proceedings of the 19th Symposium on Social Experiments in Biology. 8–12 September 1964, Swansea. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 205–234. Moore, 1994, A season of heat, water vapor, total hydrocarbon, and ozone fluxes at a sub-arctic fen, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 99, 1937, 10.1029/93JD01442 Paavalainen, E., Päivänen, J., 1995. Peatland Forestry: Ecology and Principles. Springer, Berlin, 248 pp. Penman, 1948, Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 193, 120, 10.1098/rspa.1948.0037 Phersson, 1997, Energy and water balances of a bog in central Sweden, Nordic Hydrol., 28, 263, 10.2166/nh.1998.17 Price, 1991, Evaporation from a blanket bog in a foggy coastal environment, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 57, 391, 10.1007/BF00120056 Priestly, 1972, On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters, Monthly Weather Rev., 100, 81, 10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0081:OTAOSH>2.3.CO;2 Roth, 1990, Calibration of time domain reflectometry for water content measurement using a composite dielectric approach, Water Resour. Res., 26, 2267 Schuepp, 1990, Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the diffusion equation, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 50, 355, 10.1007/BF00120530 Shuttleworth, 1985, Evaporation from sparse crops—an energy combination theory, Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 111, 839, 10.1002/qj.49711146910 SMHI, 1996. Väder och Vatten Väderåret 1996. Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden, 8 pp. Spieksma, 1997, Modelling evaporation from a drained and rewetted peatland, J. Hydrol., 199, 252, 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03337-9 Stewart, 1973, Energy budgets in pine forest, Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 154, 10.1002/qj.49709941913 Stewart, 1977, Substantiation of the Priestly and Taylor parameter α=1.26 for potential evaporation in high latitudes, J. Appl. Meteorol., 16, 649, 10.1175/1520-0450(1977)016<0649:SOTPAT>2.0.CO;2 Stigter, 1980, Assessment of the quality of generalized wind functions in Penman’s equations, J. Hydrol., 45, 321, 10.1016/0022-1694(80)90028-1 Stull, R.B., 1988. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 666 pp. Takagi, 1998, Diurnal hysteresis of stomatal and bulk surface conductances in relation to vapor pressure deficit in a cool–temperate wetland, Agric. For. Meteorol., 91, 177, 10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00078-1 Thom, 1972, Momentum, mass and heat exchange of vegetation, Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 124, 10.1002/qj.49709841510 Vourlitis, 1999, Eddy covariance measurements of CO2 and energy fluxes of an Alaskan tussock tundra ecosystem, Ecology, 80, 686, 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0686:ECMOCA]2.0.CO;2 Waddington, 2000, Carbon balance of a boreal patterned peatland, Global Change Biol., 6, 87, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00283.x Wessel, 1994, Modelling evaporation from wetland tundra, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 68, 109, 10.1007/BF00712666