Surface Ozone and its Precursor Gases Concentrations during COVID-19 Lockdown and Pre-Lockdown Periods in Hyderabad City, India
Tóm tắt
Drastic measures such as lockdown imposed in the countries worldwide to control the extent of COVID-19 have influenced environmental parameters substantially. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of lockdown on the air quality in Hyderabad city by comparing the pollutants concentration during lockdown and pre-lockdown periods. A comparative study was also made on the pollutant concentrations observed during the pre-lockdown (1st February – 23rd March 2020) and lockdown period (24th March - 30th April 2020) to those of the pollutants in the previous years (2018 and 2019). The Pearson correlation coefficient was employed to correlate the ozone (O3) concentration with other pollutants. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and O3 were monitored along with meteorological parameters like temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. It was observed that the O3 concentration increased from 26 ppb (by volume) to 56.4 ppb during pre-lockdown and lockdown period, respectively, due to the decrease in CO and NOX concentration. The concentration of NO2, NO and CO were also reduced during the lockdown period by 33.7%, 53.8% and 27.25%, respectively. To identify the statistical significance of the parameters, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. The present study provides new insights on the ambient air pollution in terms of the aforesaid parameters and could pave the way for regulatory authorities to implement control measures to curb the air pollution.
Highlights
• COVID-19 lockdown improved the air quality by the reduction in air pollutants leading to increased ozone concentration. • Pearson model was used to correlate the ozone (O3) with oxides of nitrogen (NOX), CO and other meteorological parameters. • NOX and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were reduced by 33.7 % and 27.25 %, respectively, due to COVID lockdown.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Achakulwisut P, Brauer M, Hystad P, Anenberg SC (2019) Global, national, and urban burdens of paediatric asthma incidence attributable to ambient NO2 pollution: estimates from global datasets. The Lancet Planetary Health 3(4):166–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30046-4
Allu SK, Srinivasan S, Maddala RK, Reddy A, Anupoju GR (2020) Seasonal ground level ozone prediction using multiple linear regression (MLR) model. Model Earth Syst Environ pp 6:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00810-0
Bauwens M, Compernolle S, Stavrakou T, Müller JF, Van Gent J, Eskes H, Levelt PF, van der AR VJP, Vlietinck J, Yu H (2020) Impact of corona virus outbreak on NO2 pollution assessed using TROPOMI and OMI observations. Geophys Res Lett 47(11):e2020GL087978. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087978
Brown JS (2009) Acute effects of exposure to ozone in humans: how low can levels be an still produce effects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180(3):200–201. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200906-0834ED
CAMS (2020) (online) https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/amid-coronavirus-outbreak-copernicusmonitors-reduction-particulate-matter-pm25-over-China. (Accessed date: 5 April 2020)
Census (2020) Census of India website: office of the registrar general & census commissioner, India (online) https://censusindia.gov.in (Accessed 13 November 2020)
Chen TM, Kuschner WG, Gokhale J, Shofer S (2007) Outdoor air pollution: nitrogen dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, and carbon monoxide health effects. Am J Med Sci 333(4):249–256. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31803b900f
Dutheil C, Lengaigne M, Bador M, Vialard J, Lefèvre J, Jourdain NC, Jullien S, Peltier A, Sultan B, Menkès C (2020) Impact of projected sea surface temperature biases on tropical cyclones projections in the South Pacific. Sci Rep 10(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61570-6
Hashim NIM, Noor NM, Yusof SY (2018) Temporal characterisation of ground-level ozone concentration in Klang Valley. In E3S web of conferences (Vol. 34, p. 02047). EDP sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183402047
He G, Pan Y, Tanaka T (2020) COVID-19, City lockdown, and air pollution: evidence from China. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.29.20046649
Ibe FC, Opara AI, Duru CE, Obinna IB, Enedoh MC (2020) Statistical analysis of atmospheric pollutant concentrations in parts of Imo state, south eastern Nigeria. Sci Afr 1(7):e00237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00237
Jain S, Mandowara VL (2019) Particulate matter trends in Alwar: an application of Anova and Kruskal-Wallis test. Int J Sci Technol Res 8(8):1554–1562
Khaniabadi YO, Goudarzi G, Daryanoosh SM, Borgini A, Tittarelli A, De Marco A (2017) Exposure to PM10, NO2, and O3 and impacts on human health. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1;24(3):2781–2789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8038-6
Levels A (2020). Air pollution levels in India during lockdown. [online] available at: <https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/india-coronavirus-delhi-clean-airpollution/2020/04/10/ac23dd1e-783e-11ea-a311-adb1344719a9_story.Html> [Accessed 1 June 2020]
Mahato S, Pal S, Ghosh KG (2020) Effect of lockdown amid COVID-19 pandemic on air quality of the mega city Delhi. India Sci Total Environ p 139086:139086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139086
Nakada LYK, Urban RC (2020) COVID-19 pandemic: impacts on the air quality during the partial lockdown in Sao Paulo state. Braz Sci Total Environ 139087:139087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139087
Sarkodie SA, Owusu PA (2020) Global assessment of environment, health and economic impact of the novel corona virus (COVID-19). Environ Dev Sustain Jun 7:1–1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00801-2
Sharma S, Zhang M, Gao J, Zhang H, Kota SH (2020) Effect of restricted emissions during COVID-19 on air quality in India. Sci Total Environ 728:138878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138878
Shavrina AV, Pavlenko YV, Veles AA, Sheminova VA, Synyavski II, Sosonkin MG, Romanyuk YO, Eremenko NA, Ivanov YS, Monsar OA, Kroon M (2010) Tropospheric ozone columns and ozone profiles for Kiev in 2007. arXiv preprint arXiv:1003.1211. Mar 5. https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2008.05.085
Sillman S, Logan JA, Wofsy SC (1990) The sensitivity of ozone to nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in regional ozone episodes. J Geophys Res-Atmos 95(D2):1837–1851. https://doi.org/10.1029/JD095iD02p01837
Swamy YV, Nikhil GN, Venkanna R, Das SN, Roy Chaudhury G (2012) Emission of methane and nitrous oxide from vigna Mungo and vigna radiata legumes in India during the dry cropping seasons. Atmósfera 25(1):107–120
Swamy YV, Nikhil GN, Rapolu V, Anupoju GR (2013) Role of nitrogen oxides, black carbon, and meteorological parameters on the variation of surface ozone levels at a tropical urban site–Hyderabad, India. Clean–soil, air. Water 41(3):215–225. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201100635
The Hindu (2020) “Hyderabad - Latest News, Politics, Events, Entertainment The Hindu.” The Hindu, http://Www.thehindu.com/News/Cities/Hyderabad/Covid-19-Lock-down-Leads-to-Lesser-Pollution-in-Hyderabad/article31156951. 25 March. 2020 (Accessed 5 Nov. 2020)
Tobias A, Carnerero C, Reche C, Massagué J, Via M, Minguillón MC, Alastuey A, Querol X (2020) Changes in air quality during the lockdown in Barcelona (Spain) one month into the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Sci Total Environ Apr 11:138540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138540
Venkanna R, Nikhil GN, Rao TS, Sinha PR, Swamy YV (2015) Environmental monitoring of surface ozone and other trace gases over different time scales: chemistry, transport and modeling. Int J Environ Sci Technol 12(5):1749–1758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0537-8
Venkanna R, Nikhil GN, Sinha PR, Rao TS, Swamy YV (2016) Significance of volatile organic compounds and oxides of nitrogen on surface ozone formation at semi-arid tropical urban site, Hyderabad, India. Air Qual Atmos Health 9(4):379–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0537-8
Waldmann P (2019) On the use of the Pearson correlation coefficient for model evaluation in genome-wide prediction. Front Genet 10:899. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00899
Wallace G, (2020) Airlines and TSA report 96% drop in air travel as pandemic continues. CNN (2020April 9) (online) https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/09/politics/airline-passengers-decline/index.html
WHO (2020) (World Health Organization), 2020. Shortage of personal protective equipment endangering health workers worldwide. (online) https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/03-03-2020-shortage-of-personal-rotective-equipment-endangering-health-workers-worldwide
Zambrano-Monserrate MA, Ruano MA, Sanchez-Alcalde L (2020) Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment. Sci Total Environ 138813:138813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138813