Superior photocatalytic and electrochemical activity of novel WS2/PANI nanocomposite for the degradation and detection of pollutants: Antibiotic, heavy metal ions, and dyes

Mosleh, 2019, A Bi2WO6/Ag2S/ZnS: Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst with enhanced visible-light photoactivity towards the degradation of multiple dye pollutants, RSC Adv., 9, 30100, 10.1039/C9RA05372G Shen, 2020, Visible-light-driven activation of peroxymonosulfate for accelerating ciprofloxacin degradation using CeO2/Co3O4 p-n heterojunction photocatalysts, Chem. Eng. J., 391, 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123612 Wang, 2021, Enhanced visible-light photodegradation of fluoroquinolone-based antibiotics andE. coligrowth inhibition using Ag-TiO2 nanoparticles, RSC Adv., 11, 13980, 10.1039/D0RA10403E Liu, 2020, Visible-light-driven Ag/AgCl@ In 2O3: a ternary photocatalyst for the degradation of tetracycline antibiotics, Catal. Sci. Technol., 10, 8230, 10.1039/D0CY01293A Vinoth Kumar, 2018, Design of novel 3D flower-like neodymium molybdate: an efficient and challenging catalyst for sensing and destroying pulmonary toxicity antibiotic drug nitrofurantoin, Chem. Eng. J., 346, 11, 10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.183 Larsson, 2007, Effluent from drug manufactures contains extremely high levels of pharmaceuticals, J. Hazard. Mater., 148, 751, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.008 Balasubramanian, 2019, Ultrasonic energy-assisted preparation of β-cyclodextrin-carbon nanofiber composite: Application for electrochemical sensing of nitrofurantoin, Ultrason. Sonochem., 52, 391, 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.12.014 P.A, Guy Cohen, Z. Ackerman, G. Amit, Nitrofurantoin-induced chronic active hepatitis. IMAJ-RAMAT GAN-. 4 (2002) 184-186. Nordeng, 2013, Neonatal outcomes after gestational exposure to nitrofurantoin, Obstet. Gynecol., 121, 306, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31827c5f88 Ćupić, 2013, Rational use of drugs in veterinary medicine and food safety, J. Hyg. Eng. Des., 4, 20 Athanasekou, 2017, Photocatalytic degradation of hexavalent chromium emerging contaminant via advanced titanium dioxide nanostructures, Chem. Eng. J., 318, 171, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.06.033 Raja, 2020, Efficient photoreduction of hexavalent chromium using the reduced graphene oxide-Sm2MoO6-TiO2 catalyst under visible light illumination, ACS Omega, 5, 6414, 10.1021/acsomega.9b03923 Mavinakere Ramesh, 2018, Visible light assisted photocatalytic degradation of chromium (VI) by using nanoporous Fe2O3, J. Mater., 2018, 1 Liu, 2019, CaIn2S4 decorated WS2 hybrid for efficient Cr(VI) reduction, Appl. Surf. Sci., 484, 300, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.03.322 Kumar, 2022, The synergistic effect of acid-etched g- C3N4 nanosheets and polyaniline nanofibers for the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of textile dyes: a study of charge transfer mechanism and intermediate products, Mater. Adv., 3, 5325, 10.1039/D1MA01218E Lv, 2020, Visible-light-driven Ag/AgCl@In2O3: A ternary photocatalyst for the degradation of tetracycline antibiotics, Catal. Sci. Technol., 10, 8230, 10.1039/D0CY01293A T. Zhang, X. Shao, D. Zhang, X. Pu, Y. Tang, J. Yin, B. Ge, W. Li, Synthesis of direct Z-scheme g-C3N4/Ag2VO2PO4 photocatalysts with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity, Sep. Purif. Technol., 195 (2018) 332–338. Ashraf, 2020, BiOCl/WS2 hybrid nanosheet (2D/2D) heterojunctions for visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of organic/inorganic water pollutants, RSC Adv., 10, 25073, 10.1039/D0RA02916E Peng, 2017, Roles of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides as cocatalysts in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and environmental remediation, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 56, 4611, 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00371 Su, 2021, Photocatalytic degradation of organic dye and tetracycline by ternary ­ photocatalyst under visible ‑ light irradiation, Sci. Rep., 11, 1 Sun, 2014, Novel V2O5/BiVO4/TiO2 nanocomposites with high visible-light-induced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of toluene, J. Phys. Chem. C., 118, 10113, 10.1021/jp5013076 Xue, 2015, Synthesis of Ag/ZnO/C plasmonic photocatalyst with enhanced adsorption capacity and photocatalytic activity to antibiotics, RSC Adv., 5, 18832, 10.1039/C5RA00217F Sharma, 2016, Visible light induced bactericidal and photocatalytic activity of hydrothermally synthesized BiVO4 nano-octahedrals, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol., 162, 266, 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.06.035 Alahmadi, 2020, Superficial visible-light-responsive Pt@ZnO nanorods photocatalysts for effective remediation of ciprofloxacin in water, J. Nanopart. Res., 22, 10.1007/s11051-020-04968-7 Singh, 2013, Highly enhanced photocatalytic activity of Au nanorod-CdS nanorod heterocomposites, J. Mol. Catal. A Chem., 378, 246, 10.1016/j.molcata.2013.06.017 Yu, 2013, Enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability of semiconductor by Ag doping and simultaneous deposition: the case of CdS, RSC Adv., 3, 20782, 10.1039/c3ra42445f Han, 2015, Synthesis, properties and potential applications of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides, Nano Converg., 2, 10.1186/s40580-015-0048-4 Chaudhary, 2019, Architectural design of photodetector based on 2D (MoS2 nanosheets)/1D (WS2 nanorods) heterostructure synthesized by facile hydrothermal method, J. Electrochem. Soc., 166, B1276, 10.1149/2.0341914jes Fatima, 2022, Novel tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation and electrochemical detection of pharmaceutical pollutants, J. Water Process Eng., 47, 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102717 Ashraf, 2019, Superior photocatalytic activity of tungsten disulfide nanostructures: role of morphology and defects, Appl. Nanosci., 9, 1515, 10.1007/s13204-019-00951-4 Ashraf, 2022, Mechanical ball milling: A sustainable route to induce structural transformations in tungsten disulfide for its photocatalytic applications, Phys. E Low Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct., 140, 1, 10.1016/j.physe.2022.115152 Vattikuti, 2016, Selective hydrothermally synthesis of hexagonal WS2 platelets and their photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation, Superlattices Microstruct., 94, 39, 10.1016/j.spmi.2016.03.042 Saha, 2020, Polymeric nanostructures for photocatalytic dye degradation: polyaniline for photocatalysis, SN Appl. Sci., 2, 1, 10.1007/s42452-020-2928-4 Sharma, 2015, Studies on nanocomposites of polyaniline using different substrates, Am. J. Polym. Sci., 5, 1 Mittal, 2019, In-situ oxidative polymerization of aniline on hydrothermally synthesized MoSe2 for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes, J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 23, 836, 10.1016/j.jscs.2019.02.004 Mittal, 2020, Optimization of MoSe2 nanostructure by surface modification using conducting polymer for degradation of cationic and anionic dye: Photocatalysis mechanism, reaction kinetics and intermediate product study, Dye. Pigment., 175, 10.1016/j.dyepig.2019.108109 Karimi-Maleh, 2021, A novel detection method for organophosphorus insecticide fenamiphos: molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on core-shell Co3O4@MOF-74 nanocomposite, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 592, 174, 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.02.066 Bölükbaşı, 2022, A novel paraoxon imprinted electrochemical sensor based on MoS2NPs@MWCNTs and its application to tap water samples, Food Chem. Toxicol., 163, 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112994 Yola, 2022, Carbendazim imprinted electrochemical sensor based on CdMoO4/g-C3N4 nanocomposite: application to fruit juice samples, Chemosphere, 301, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134766 Karaman, 2021, A novel electrochemical aflatoxin B1 immunosensor based on gold nanoparticle-decorated porous graphene nanoribbon and Ag nanocube-incorporated MoS2 nanosheets, New J. Chem., 45, 11222, 10.1039/D1NJ02293H Eftekhari, 2021, Sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of bisphenol A based on SBA-15 like Cu-PMO modified glassy carbon electrode, Food Chem., 358, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129763 Conklin, 1966, A quantitative procedure for the determination of nitrofurantoin in whole blood and plasma, Clin. Chem., 12, 690, 10.1093/clinchem/12.10.690 Kumar, 2016, Fabrication of potato-like silver molybdate microstructures for photocatalytic degradation of chronic toxicity ciprofloxacin and highly selective electrochemical detection of H2O2, Sci. Rep., 6, 34149, 10.1038/srep34149 Cao, 2015, Hydrothermal synthesis and controlled growth of tungsten disulphide nanostructures from one-dimension to three-dimensions, Micro Nano Lett., 10, 183, 10.1049/mnl.2014.0516 Saha, 2019, Inorganic–organic nanohybrid of MoS2-PANI for advanced photocatalytic application, Int. Nano Lett., 9, 127, 10.1007/s40089-019-0267-5 Khataee, 2018, Sonochemical synthesis of WS2 nanosheets and its application in sonocatalytic removal of organic dyes from water solution, Ultrason. Sonochem., 48, 329, 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.06.003 Ren, 2015, Three-dimensional tubular MoS2/PANI hybrid electrode for high rate performance supercapacitor, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 28294, 10.1021/acsami.5b08474 Althomali, 2022, Highly sensitive detection analytical performance of 2-nitrophenol pollution in various water samples via polyaniline/sulfation carboxymethylcellulose/multi carbon nanotubes nanocomposite-based electrochemical sensor, J. Electrochem. Soc., 169, 10.1149/1945-7111/ac3778 Ding, 2012, Modification of glassy carbon electrode with polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite: Application to electro-reduction of bromate, J. Electroanal. Chem., 668, 44, 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.12.018 Xu, 2019, Fabrication of transition metal dichalcogenides quantum dots based on femtosecond laser ablation, Sci. Rep., 1 Zhu, 2013, Electrochemical properties of PANI as single electrode of electrochemical capacitors in acid electrolytes, Sci. World J., 2013 Marjanović, 2010, Oxidative polymerization of anilinium 5-sulfosalicylate with peroxydisulfate in water, Chem. Pap., 64, 783, 10.2478/s11696-010-0064-0 Leofanti, 1998, Surface area and pore texture of catalysts, Catal. Today, 41, 207, 10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00050-9 He, 2015, Effects of pore size on the photocatalytic activity of mesoporous TiO2 prepared by a sol–gel process, J. Sol Gel Sci. Technol., 75, 557, 10.1007/s10971-015-3726-0 Hu, 2014, Effect of graphene oxide as a dopant on the electrochemical performance of graphene oxide/polyaniline composite, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 30, 321, 10.1016/j.jmst.2013.10.009 De Medeiros, 2003, Zeta potential and doping in polyaniline dispersions, Mater. Sci. Pol., 21, 251 Rohom, 2014, Electropolymerization of polyaniline thin films, High Perform. Polym., 26, 641, 10.1177/0954008314538081 Sharma, 2017, Reduced band gap & charge recombination rate in Se doped a-Bi2O3 leads to enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic performance: theoretical & experimental insight, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 42, 20638, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.07.011 Xie, 2008, The synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of V(V), Pb(II), Ag(I) and Co(II)-doped Bi2O3, Dye Pigment., 77, 43, 10.1016/j.dyepig.2007.02.011 Fil, 2012, Cationic dye (methylene blue) removal from aqueous solution by montmorillonite, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 33, 3184, 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.10.3184 Özdemir, 2006, Adsorption of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions by sepiolite, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 96, 419, 10.1016/j.micromeso.2006.07.026 Shi, 2020, Fabrication of MoS2/BiOBr heterojunctions on carbon fibers as a weaveable photocatalyst for tetracycline hydrochloride degradation and Cr(vi) reduction under visible light, Environ. Sci. Nano, 7, 2708, 10.1039/D0EN00551G Deng, 2019, Novel visible-light-driven direct Z-scheme CdS/CuInS2 nanoplates for excellent photocatalytic degradation performance and highly-efficient Cr(VI) reduction, Chem. Eng. J., 361, 1451, 10.1016/j.cej.2018.10.176 Wang, 2020, Photocatalytic activity of N-TiO2/O-doped N vacancy g-C3N4 and the intermediates toxicity evaluation under tetracycline hydrochloride and Cr(VI) coexistence environment, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 262, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118308 Xiao, 2015, Hydrothermal synthesis of α-Fe2O3/g-C3 N4 composite and its efficient photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) under visible light, Appl. Surf. Sci., 358, 181, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.09.042 Yang, 2015, Synthesis of uniform Bi2WO6-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites with significantly enhanced photocatalytic reduction activity, J. Phys. Chem. C, 119, 3068, 10.1021/jp510041x Liu, 2017, Oxygen vacancies in shape controlled Cu2O/reduced graphene oxide/In2O3 hybrid for promoted photocatalytic water oxidation and degradation of environmental pollutants, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 11678, 10.1021/acsami.7b01605 Szabó-Bárdos, 2020, Photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of nitrofurantoin and its photohydrolytic products, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem., 386 S. Mangala Nagasundari, K. Muthu, K. Kaviyarasu, D.A.A. Farraj, R.M. Alkufeidy, Current trends of Silver doped Zinc oxide nanowires photocatalytic degradation for energy and environmental application, Surf. Interfaces. 23 (2021) 100931. 10.1016/j.surfin.2021.100931. Lahmar, 2020, Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange on the novel hetero-system La2NiO4/ZnO under solar light, Chem. Phys. Lett., 742, 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137132 Dey, 2020, Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange dye on interaction with synthesized ligand free CdS nanocrystals under visible light illumination, Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 231, 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118122 Basahel, 2015, Influence of crystal structure of nanosized ZrO2 on photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 10 Kumar, 2013, ZnO nano-mushrooms for photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange, Mater. Lett., 97, 100, 10.1016/j.matlet.2013.01.044 Iyyapushpam, 2013, Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using α-Bi2O3 prepared without surfactant, J. Alloy. Compd., 563, 104, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.02.107 Kumar, 2020, A comparative photocatalytic study of pure and acid-etched template free graphitic-C⁠3N⁠4 on different dyes: an investigation on the influence of surface modifications, Mater. Chem. Phys., 243, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122402 Lu, 2022, All-solid Z-scheme Bi/γ-Bi2O3/O-doped g-C3N4 heterojunction with Bi as electron shuttle for visible-light photocatalysis, J. Alloy. Compd., 911, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164980 Ma, 2021, Visible light driven VO2/g-C3N4 Z-scheme composite photocatalysts for selective oxidation of DL-1-phenylethyl alcohol under vis-LEDs irradiation and aerobic oxidation, ChemistrySelect, 6, 2101, 10.1002/slct.202100141 Arif, 2021, Synergistic effect of ultrathin thickness and surface oxygen vacancies in high-efficiency Ti-mediated Bi2MoO6 for immense photocatalytic nitrofurantoin degradation and Cr(VI) reduction, Appl. Surf. Sci., 543, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.148816 Biošić, 2021, Effects of environmental factors on nitrofurantoin photolysis in water and its acute toxicity assessment, Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts, 23, 1385, 10.1039/D1EM00133G Kokulnathan, 2019, Synthesis and characterization of 3D flower-like nickel oxide entrapped on boron doped carbon nitride nanocomposite: an efficient catalyst for the electrochemical detection of nitrofurantoin, Compos. Part B Eng., 174, 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.106914 Sridevi, 1991, Electrochemical behavior of nitrofurantoin and assay of its formulations, Electroanalysis, 3, 435, 10.1002/elan.1140030432