Sunspots and ENSO relationship using Markov method

Danish Hassan1, Asif Iqbal1,2, Syed Ahmad Hassan3, Shaheen Abbas1, Muhammad Rashid Kamal Ansari4
1Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
2Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
3Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering (IIEE), PCSIR, St-22/c, Block-6, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi, Pakistan
4Department of Mathematics, Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

Tài liệu tham khảo

Anderson, 1992, Possible connection between surface winds, solar activity and the Earth's magnetic field, Nature, 358, 51, 10.1038/358051a0 Anderson, R.Y.,1990. Solar-cycle modulations of ENSO: a possible source of climatic change. In: Sixth Annual Pacific Climate (PACLIM) Workshop , 5–8 March 1989, Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific Grove, CA, pp. 77–81. Brown, 1969, Some results for infinite server Poisson queues, J. Appl. Probab., 63, 604, 10.2307/3212106 Brugnara, 2013, Influence of the sunspot cycle on the Northern Hemisphere wintertime circulation from long upper-air data sets, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6275, 10.5194/acp-13-6275-2013 Cole, 2000, Tropical pacific forcing of decadal SST variability in the western Indian Ocean over the past two centuries, Science, 287, 617, 10.1126/science.287.5453.617 Enfield, 1991, Low-frequency changes in El Phys. 69: 81–100. Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation, J. Clim., 4, 1137, 10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<1137:LFCIEN>2.0.CO;2 Fink, D., 2005. Multidecadal and century-scale ENSO variability in 20000-year sediment records from the Peru continental margin. Paper Presented at 10th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, University of California, Berkeley, 5 September Gray, 2010, Solar influences on climate, Rev. Geophys., 48, 10.1029/2009RG000282 Hassan, 2014, The study of Sunspots and K-index data in the perspective of probability distributions, Int. J. Phys. Soc. Sci., 4, 23 Higginson, 2004, A solar (irradiance) trigger for millennial-scale abrupt changes in the southwest monsoon, Paleoceanography, 19, PA3015, 10.1029/2004PA001031 Hurrell, 1996, Influence of variations in extratropical winter-time teleconnections on Northern Hemisphere temperatures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 665, 10.1029/96GL00459 Kapala, 1998, Behaviour of the centres of action above the Atlantic since 1881. Part II: associations with regional climate anomalies, Int. J. Climatol., 18, 23, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199801)18:1<23::AID-JOC226>3.0.CO;2-7 Labitzke, 1988, Associations between the 11 year solar cycle, the QBO, and the atmosphere. Part I: the troposphere and stratosphere in the northern hemisphere winter, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 50, 197, 10.1016/0021-9169(88)90068-2 Lawler, 2004, An introduction to the stochastic Loewne revolution, Random Walks Geom., 27 Liu, 2010, Application of Markov chains to analyze and predict the time series, Mod. Appl. Sci., 4, 162, 10.5539/mas.v4n5p162 Lockwood, 2012, Solar influence on global and regional climates, Surv. Geophys., 33, 503, 10.1007/s10712-012-9181-3 Logofet, 2000, The mathematics of Markov models: what Markov chains can really predict in forest successions, Ecol. Model., 126, 285, 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00269-6 Ruzmaikin, 1999, Can El Nin˜o amplify the solar forcing of climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2255, 10.1029/1999GL900535 Salby, 1991, Correlations between solar activity and the atmosphere: an unphysical explanation, J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. (1984–2012), 96, 22579, 10.1029/91JD02530 Shamshad, 2005, First and second order Markov chain models for synthetic generation of wind speed time series, Energy, 30, 693, 10.1016/j.energy.2004.05.026 Sonett, 1992, The Fourier spectrum of Swedish riverine varves: evidence of sub-arctic quasi-biennial (QBO) oscillations, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 98, 57, 10.1016/0031-0182(92)90256-5 Torre, 2001, Markovian model for studying wind speed time series in Corsica, Int. J. Renew. Energy Eng., 3, 311 Tudhope, 2001, Variability in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation through a glacial-interglacial cycle, Science, 291, 1511, 10.1126/science.1057969 Van Oldenborgh, 2013, Claim of solar influence is on thin ice: are 11-year cycle solar minima associated with severe winters in Europe?, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 024014, 10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024014 Voskresenskaya, 1993, Air pressure fluctuations in the North Atlantic and their relationship with El Nin˜o-southern oscillations, Phys. Ocean., 4, 275, 10.1007/BF02197626