Sunscreen lotions in the dermatological prescription: review of concepts and controversies

Woodby, 2020, Skin Health from the Inside Out, Annu Rev Food Sci Technol., 11, 235, 10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051722 Schalka, 2014, Brazilian consensus on photoprotection, An Bras Dermatol., 89, 1, 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20143971 Lionetti, 2017, The new sunscreens among formulation strategy, stability issues, changing norms, safety and efficacy evaluations, Cosmetics., 4, 1, 10.3390/cosmetics4020015 Mancuso, 2017, Sunscreens: an update, Am J Clin Dermatol., 18, 643, 10.1007/s40257-017-0290-0 Corrêa, 2015, Solar ultraviolet radiation: properties, characteristics and amounts observed in Brazil and South America, An Bras Dermatol., 90, 297, 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20154089 Young, 2019, Optimal sunscreen use, during a sun holiday with a very high ultraviolet index, allows vitamin D synthesis without sunburn, Br J Dermatol., 181, 1052, 10.1111/bjd.17888 bvsms.saude [Internet]. Brasil: Ministério da Súde. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada Nº 30, de 1º de junho de 2012. Regulamento Técnico Mercosul sobre Protetores Solares em Cosméticos e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União. Published 2012. Available from: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/anvisa/2012/rdc0030_01_06_2012.html. Holick, 2017, The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention, Rev Endocr Metab Disord., 18, 153, 10.1007/s11154-017-9424-1 Yeager, 2019, What’s new in photoprotection: a review of new concepts and controversies, Dermatol Clin., 37, 149, 10.1016/j.det.2018.11.003 Schadendorf, 2018, Melanoma, Lancet., 392, 971, 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31559-9 Martens, 2018, Photocarcinogenesis and skin cancer prevention strategies: an update, Anticancer Res., 38, 1153 Marionnet, 2017, UVA1-induced skin darkening is associated with molecular changes even in highly pigmented skin individuals, J Invest Dermatol., 137, 1184, 10.1016/j.jid.2016.12.016 Marionnet, 2018, A broader filtration of UVA1 wavelengths improves skin photoprotection, J Dermatol Sci., 91, 337, 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.06.008 Bino, 2018, Clinical and biological characterization of skin pigmentation diversity and its consequences on UV impact, Int J Mol Sci., 19, 2668, 10.3390/ijms19092668 Zastrow, 2017, From UV protection to protection in the whole spectral range of the solar radiation: new aspects of sunscreen development, Adv Exp Med Biol., 996, 311, 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_26 Regazzetti, 2018, Melanocytes sense blue light and regulate pigmentation through opsin-3, J Invest Dermatol., 138, 171, 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.833 Narla, 2020, Visible light in photodermatology, Photochem Photobiol Sci., 19, 99, 10.1039/C9PP00425D Fourtanier, 2008, Sunscreens containing the broad-spectrum UVA absorber, Mexoryl SX, the cutaneous detrimental effects of UV exposure: a review of clinical study results, Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed., 24, 164, 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2008.00365.x sbd.org [Internet]. Brasil: Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia; c2017 [cited 2020 Jan 6]. Available from: https://www.sbd.org.br/dezembroLaranja/noticias/campanha-de-cancer-de-pele-da-sbd-registra-mais-de-4-mil-casos-da-doenca-no-brasil/. Seité, 2017, Public primary and secondary skin cancer prevention, perceptions and knowledge: an international cross-sectional survey, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol., 31, 815, 10.1111/jdv.14104 Brinker, 2018, A skin cancer prevention photoageing intervention for secondary schools in Brazil delivered by medical students: protocol for a randomised controlled trial, BMJ Open., 8, 1, 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018299 Farberg, 2017, Dermatologists’ perceptions, recommendations, and use of sunscreen, JAMA Dermatol., 153, 99, 10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.3698 Li, 2019, Sunscreen application, safety, and sun protection: the evidence, J Cutan Med Surg., 23, 357, 10.1177/1203475419856611 Portilho, 2020, Real protection of facial sunscreens, Br J Dermatol., 182, 1050, 10.1111/bjd.18628 Flament, 2017, Effects of seasonality and a daily photoprotection upon some facial signs of Chinese women, Int J Cosmet Sci., 39, 256, 10.1111/ics.12369 Flament, 2017, Seasonally-induced alterations of some facial signs in Caucasian women and their changes induced by a daily application of a photoprotective product, Int J Cosmet Sci., 39, 664, 10.1111/ics.12427 bvsms.saude.gov [Internet]. Brasil: Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Brasil). Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada Nº 69, de 23 de março de 2016. Dispõe sobre o “Regulamento técnico Mercosul sobre lista de filtros ultravioletas permitidos para produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes”; 2016 Mar. Diario Oficial Da União. Available from: https://www.in.gov.br/materia/-/asset_publisher/Kujrw0TZC2Mb/content/id/22550300/do1-2016-03-24-resolucao-rdc-n-69-de-23-de-marco-de-2016-22550243. Balogh, 2011, Ultraviolet radiation protection: current available resources in photoprotection, An Bras Dermatol., 86, 732, 10.1590/S0365-05962011000400016 Dréno, 2019, Safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in cosmetics, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol., 33, 34, 10.1111/jdv.15943 Schalka, 2011, Sun protection factor: meaning and controversies, An Bras Dermatol., 86, 507, 10.1590/S0365-05962011000300013 Moyal, 2020, Formulation of Sunscreens for optimal efficacy, J Cosmet Sci., 71, 199 Cozzi, 2018, Comparative behavior between sunscreens based on free or encapsulated UV filters in term of skin penetration, retention and photostability, Eur J Pharm Sci., 121, 309, 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.001 Berkey, 2019, Role of sunscreen formulation and photostability to protect the biomechanical barrier function of skin, Biochem Biophys Rep., 19 Hojerová, 2011, Photoprotective efficacy and photostability of fifteen sunscreen products having the same label SPF subjected to natural sunlight, Int J Pharm., 408, 27, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.01.040 Rosado, 2019, Another reason for using caffeine in dermocosmetics: sunscreen adjuvant, Front Physiol., 10, 519, 10.3389/fphys.2019.00519 Kolbe, 2019, Anti-inflammatory/antioxidant activity of ingredients of sunscreen products? Implications for SPF, Int J Cosmet Sci., 41, 320, 10.1111/ics.12540 Snaidr, 2019, Nicotinamide for photoprotection and skin cancer chemoprevention: a review of efficacy and safety, Exp Dermatol., 28, 15, 10.1111/exd.13819 Sivapirabu, 2009, Topical nicotinamide modulates cellular energy metabolism and provides broad-spectrum protection against ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression in humans, Br J Dermatol., 161, 1357, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09244.x Moloney, 2010, Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study to assess the effect of topical 1% nicotinamide on actinic keratoses, Br J Dermatol., 162, 1138, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09659.x Sohn, 2016, Calculation of the sun protection factor of sunscreens with different vehicles using measured film thickness distribution – comparison with the SPF in vitro, J Photochem Photobiol B Biol., 159, 74, 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.038 Wang, 2016, Consumer acceptability and compliance: the next frontier in sunscreen innovation, Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed., 32, 55, 10.1111/phpp.12211 Teplitz, 2018, Trends in US sunscreen formulations: impact of increasing spray usage, J Am Acad Dermatol., 78, 187, 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.07.040 Departament of Health and Human Services, 2019, Sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter human use, Federal Register., 84, 6204 Amar, 2018, Combined effect of Benzophenone-2 and ultraviolet radiation promote photogenotoxicity and photocytotoxicity in human keratinocytes, Regul Toxicol Pharmacol., 95, 298, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.04.003 Siller, 2019, Update about the effects of the sunscreen ingredients oxybenzone and octinoxate on humans and the environment, Plast Surg Nurs., 39, 158, 10.1097/PSN.0000000000000288 Paul, 2019, Ensuring the safety of sunscreens, and their efficacy in preventing skin cancers: challenges and controversies for clinicians, formulators, and regulators, Front Med (Lausanne)., 6, 195, 10.3389/fmed.2019.00195 Narla, 2020, Sunscreen: FDA regulation, and environmental and health impact, Photochem Photobiol Sci., 19, 66, 10.1039/C9PP00366E Berardesca, 2019, Review of the safety of octocrylene used as an ultraviolet filter in cosmetics, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol., 33, 25, 10.1111/jdv.15945 Rocha, 2017, Presence of allergens in the vehicles of Brazilian dermatological products, Contact Dermatitis., 76, 114, 10.1111/cod.12648 Robinson, 2020, Sunscreen and frontal fibrosing alopecia: a review, J Am Acad Dermatol., 82, 723, 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.09.085 Ramos, 2021, Risk factors for frontal fibrosing alopecia: a case-control study in a multiracial population, J Am Acad Dermatol., 84, 712, 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.08.076 Schneider, 2019, Review of environmental effects of oxybenzone and other sunscreen active ingredients, J Am Acad Dermatol., 80, 266, 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.06.033 Fel, 2019, Photochemical response of the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata to some sunscreen ingredients, Coral Reefs., 38, 109, 10.1007/s00338-018-01759-4 Almeida, 2019, Acute exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of benzophenone-3 induced genotoxicity in Poecilia reticulata, Aquat Toxicol., 216, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105293 Pereira, 2019, Evaluation of vitamin D plasma levels after mild exposure to the sun with photoprotection, An Bras Dermatol., 94, 56, 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20198070 Passeron, 2019, Sunscreen photoprotection and vitamin D status, Br J Dermatol., 181, 916, 10.1111/bjd.17992 Corrêa, 2010, Solar ultraviolet radiation measurements in one of the most populous cities of the world: aspects related to skin cancer cases and vitamin D availability, Photochem Photobiol., 86, 438, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00659.x Godar, 2011, Solar UV doses of adult Americans and vitamin D(3) production, Dermatoendocrinol., 3, 243, 10.4161/derm.3.4.15292 Matta, 2019, Effect of sunscreen application under maximal use conditions on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA., 321, 2082, 10.1001/jama.2019.5586 Wang, 2019, Highlights and implications of the 2019 proposed rule on sunscreens by the US Food and Drug Administration, J Am Acad Dermatol., 81, 650, 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.04.007 cosmeticseurope.eu [Internet]. Use of Appropriate Validated Methods for Evaluating Sun Product Protection; 2013. Cosmetics Europe Recommendation No 25. Available from: https://www.cosmeticseurope.eu/files/1814/6408/4462/CR_25-Evaluating_sun_product_protection.pdf. Wang, 2017, Comparison of ultraviolet A light protection standards in the United States and European Union through in vitro measurements of commercially available sunscreens, J Am Acad Dermatol., 77, 42, 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.01.017 Clemente, 2017, Sincere and reliable SPF: focus on the process and quality. Conference Proceedings Vilela, 2016, Commercial sunscreen formulations: UVB irradiation stability and effect on UVB irradiation-induced skin oxidative stress and inflammation, J Photochem Photobiol B., 163, 413, 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.09.007 Moyal, 2006, In vivo persistent pigment darkening method: a demonstration of the reproducibility of the UVA protection factors results at several testing laboratories, Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed., 22, 124, 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2006.00223.x Moyal, 2010, UVA protection labeling and in vitro testing methods, Photochem Photobiol Sci., 9, 516, 10.1039/b9pp00139e Matts, 2010, The COLIPA in vitro UVA method: a standard and reproducible measure of sunscreen UVA protection, Int J Cosmet Sci., 32, 35, 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2009.00542.x Duteil, 2017, A method to assess the protective efficacy of sunscreens against visible light-induced pigmentation, Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed., 33, 260, 10.1111/phpp.12325 Schalka, 2019, A novel method for evaluating sun visible light protection factor and pigmentation protection factor of sunscreens, Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol., 12, 605, 10.2147/CCID.S207256 Peres, 2020, Transmittance of UVB, UVA, and visible light (blue-violet) among the main Brazilian commercial opaque sunscreens, An Bras Dermatol., 95, 108, 10.1016/j.abd.2019.01.004