Sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) for complex molecular surfaces and interfaces: Spectral lineshape measurement and analysis plus some controversial issues

Adamson, 1997 Zaera, 2012, Probing liquid/solid interfaces at the molecular level, Chem. Rev., 112, 2920, 10.1021/cr2002068 Tom, 1984 Zhu, 1987, Surface vibrational spectroscopy by infrared-visible sum frequency generation, Phys. Rev. B, 35, 3047, 10.1103/PhysRevB.35.3047 Guyot-sionnest, 1987, Sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy of a Langmuir film – study of molecular-orientation of a two-dimensional system, Phys. Rev. Lett., 59, 1597, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.1597 Shen, 2016 Shen, 1989, Optical 2nd harmonic-generation at interfaces, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 40, 327, 10.1146/annurev.pc.40.100189.001551 Shen, 1994, Surface spectroscopy by nonlinear optics, 139 Moad, 2004, A unified treatment of selection rules and symmetry relations for sum-frequency and second harmonic spectroscopies, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 3548, 10.1021/jp035362i Zheng, 2008, Microscopic molecular optics theory of surface second harmonic generation and sum-frequency generation spectroscopy based on the discrete dipole lattice model, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem., 27, 629, 10.1080/01442350802343981 Morita, 2008, Recent progress in theoretical analysis of vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 10, 5801, 10.1039/b808110g Shen, 2012, Basic theory of surface sum-frequency generation, J. Phys. Chem. C, 116, 15505, 10.1021/jp305539v Velarde, 2013, Unified treatment and measurement of the spectral resolution and temporal effects in frequency-resolved sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS), Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 15, 19970, 10.1039/c3cp52577e Ishiyama, 2014, Theoretical studies of structures and vibrational sum frequency generation spectra at aqueous interfaces, Chem. Rev., 10.1021/cr4004133 Lin, 2014, Theory and applications of sum-frequency generations, J. Chin. Chem. Soc., 61, 77, 10.1002/jccs.201300416 Yang, 2015, Theories and quantum chemical calculations of linear and sum-frequency generation spectroscopies, and intramolecular vibrational redistribution and density matrix treatment of ultrafast dynamics, vol. 156, 295 Zhuang, 1999, Mapping molecular orientation and conformation at interfaces by surface nonlinear optics, Phys. Rev. B, 59, 12632, 10.1103/PhysRevB.59.12632 Wei, 2000, Nonlinear optical studies of liquid crystal alignment on a rubbed polyvinyl alcohol surface, Phys. Rev. E, 62, 5160, 10.1103/PhysRevE.62.5160 Hore, 2004, Ti: Sapphire-based picosecond visible-infrared sum-frequency spectroscopy from 900–3100cm−1, Appl. Spectrosc., 58, 1377, 10.1366/0003702042641344 Ji, 2006, A novel spectroscopic probe for molecular chirality, Chirality, 18, 146, 10.1002/chir.20238 Wang, 2005, Quantitative spectral and orientational analysis in surface sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS), Int. Rev. Phys. Chem., 24, 191, 10.1080/01442350500225894 Belkin, 2005, Non-linear optical spectroscopy as a novel probe for molecular chirality, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem., 24, 257, 10.1080/01442350500270601 Geiger, 2009, Second harmonic generation, sum frequency generation, and χ(3): dissecting environmental interfaces with a nonlinear optical swiss army knife, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 60, 61, 10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093651 Ma, 2009, Probing water and biomolecules at the air-water interface with a broad bandwidth vibrational sum frequency generation spectrometer from 3800 to 900cm−1, Appl. Spectrosc., 63, 528, 10.1366/000370209788347057 Rivera, 2011, Reexamining the interpretation of vibrational sum-frequency generation spectra, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem., 30, 409, 10.1080/0144235X.2011.641263 Laaser, 2011, Time-domain SFG spectroscopy using Mid-IR pulse shaping: practical and intrinsic advantages, J. Phys. Chem. B, 115, 2536, 10.1021/jp200757x Wang, 2012, In situ measurement of chirality of molecules and molecular assemblies with surface nonlinear spectroscopy, 373 Laaser, 2012, Extracting structural information from the polarization dependence of one- and two-dimensional sum frequency generation spectra, J. Phys. Chem. A, 117, 5875, 10.1021/jp307721y Shen, 2013, Phase-sensitive sum-frequency spectroscopy, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 64, 129, 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040412-110110 Yan, 2014, Biological macromolecules at interfaces probed by chiral vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy, Chem. Rev., 114, 8471, 10.1021/cr4006044 Wang, 2015, Quantitative sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy of molecular surfaces and interfaces: lineshape, polarization, and orientation, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 66, 189, 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040214-121322 Vogel, 1991, Air liquid interfaces and adsorbed molecular monolayers studied with nonlinear optical techniques, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 21, 515, 10.1146/annurev.ms.21.080191.002503 Eisenthal, 1992, Equilibrium and dynamic processes at interfaces by 2nd harmonic and sum frequency generation, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 43, 627, 10.1146/annurev.pc.43.100192.003211 Eisenthal, 1996, Liquid interfaces probed by second-harmonic and sum-frequency spectroscopy, Chem. Rev., 96, 1343, 10.1021/cr9502211 Miranda, 1999, Liquid interfaces: a study by sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 3292, 10.1021/jp9843757 Somorjai, 1999, Molecular studies of catalytic reactions on crystal surfaces at high pressures and high temperatures by infrared-visible sum frequency generation (SFG) surface vibrational spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 1623, 10.1021/jp983721h Gracias, 1999, Molecular characterization of polymer and polymer blend surfaces. Combined sum frequency generation surface vibrational spectroscopy and scanning force microscopy studies, Acc. Chem. Res., 32, 930, 10.1021/ar990034f Somorjai, 2000, Sum frequency generation: surface vibrational spectroscopy studies of catalytic reactions on metal single-crystal surfaces, Adv. Catal., 45, 385 Shultz, 2000, Sum frequency generation spectroscopy of the aqueous interface: ionic and soluble molecular solutions, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem., 19, 123, 10.1080/014423500229882 Richmond, 2001, Structure and bonding of molecules at aqueous surfaces, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 52, 357, 10.1146/annurev.physchem.52.1.357 Watry, 2001, Probing molecular structure at liquid surfaces with vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy, Appl. Spectrosc., 55, 321A, 10.1366/0003702011953441 Chen, 2002, Studies of polymer surfaces by sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 53, 437, 10.1146/annurev.physchem.53.091801.115126 Richmond, 2002, Molecular bonding and interactions at aqueous surfaces as probed by vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy, Chem. Rev., 102, 2693, 10.1021/cr0006876 Leich, 2005, Spiers memorial lecture recent experimental advances in studies of liquid/liquid interfaces, Faraday Discuss., 129, 1, 10.1039/b415753m Shen, 2006, Sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy on water interfaces: polar orientation of water molecules at interfaces, Chem. Rev., 106, 1140, 10.1021/cr040377d Gopalakrishnan, 2006, Vibrational spectroscopic studies of aqueous interfaces: salts, acids, bases, and nanodrops, Chem. Rev., 106, 1155, 10.1021/cr040361n Tian, 2009, Sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopic studies of water/vapor interfaces, Chem. Phys. Lett., 470, 1, 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.01.016 Carter, 2009, Ultrafast nonlinear coherent vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy methods to study thermal conductance of molecules at interfaces, Acc. Chem. Res., 42, 1343, 10.1021/ar9000197 Chen, 2010, Investigating buried polymer interfaces using sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy, Prog. Polym. Sci., 35, 1376, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.07.003 Roke, 2012, Nonlinear light scattering and spectroscopy of particles and droplets in liquids, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 63, 353, 10.1146/annurev-physchem-032511-143748 Jubb, 2012, Organization of water and atmospherically relevant ions and solutes: vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy at the vapor/liquid and liquid/solid interfaces, Acc. Chem. Res., 45, 110, 10.1021/ar200152v Nihonyanagi, 2013, Structure and dynamics of interfacial water studied by heterodyne-detected vibrational sum-frequency generation, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 64, 579, 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040412-110138 Johnson, 2014, Vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy studies of the influence of solutes and phospholipids at vapor/water interfaces relevant to biological and environmental systems, Chem. Rev., 114, 8416, 10.1021/cr4004902 Roy, 2014, Biomolecular structure at solid-liquid interfaces as revealed by nonlinear optical spectroscopy, Chem. Rev., 114, 8388, 10.1021/cr400418b Covert, 2016, Geochemical insight from nonlinear optical studies of mineral-water interfaces, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 67, 233, 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040215-112300 Bain, 1995, Sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy of the solid-liquid interface, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 91, 1281, 10.1039/ft9959101281 Shen, 2000, Surface nonlinear optics: a historical perspective, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron., 6, 1375, 10.1109/2944.902191 Buck, 2001, Vibrational spectroscopy of interfaces by infrared-visible sum frequency generation, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A, 19, 2717, 10.1116/1.1414120 Raschke, 2004, Nonlinear optical spectroscopy of solid interfaces, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 8, 343, 10.1016/j.cossms.2005.01.002 Chen, 2005, Sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy studies on molecular conformation and orientation of biological molecules at interfaces, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, 19, 691, 10.1142/S0217979205029341 Arnolds, 2010, Ultrafast surface vibrational dynamics, Surf. Sci. Rep., 65, 45, 10.1016/j.surfrep.2009.12.001 Tian, 2014, Recent progress on sum-frequency spectroscopy, Surf. Sci. Rep., 69, 105, 10.1016/j.surfrep.2014.05.001 Shen, 1984 Richter, 1998, Vibrationally resolved sum-frequency generation with broad-bandwidth infrared pulses, Opt. Lett., 23, 1594, 10.1364/OL.23.001594 Smith, 2004, SFG coming of age, Anal. Chem., 76, 287A, 10.1021/ac041610a Velarde, 2011, Spectroscopic phase and lineshapes in high-resolution broadband sum frequency vibrational spectroscopy: resolving interfacial inhomogeneities of “identical” molecular groups, J. Chem. Phys., 135, 241102, 10.1063/1.3675629 Shen, 1989, Surface-properties probed by 2nd-harmonic and sum-frequency generation, Nature, 337, 519, 10.1038/337519a0 Fu, 2016, Cross-propagation sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy, Chin. J. Chem. Phys., 29, 70, 10.1063/1674-0068/29/cjcp1512248 Mukherjee, 2012, In situ probing of solid-electrolyte interfaces with nonlinear coherent vibrational spectroscopy, J. Electrochem. Soc., 159, A244, 10.1149/2.022203jes Lu, 2013, Dissociative binding of carboxylic acid ligand on nanoceria surface in aqueous solution: a joint in situ spectroscopic characterization and first-principles study, J. Phys. Chem. C, 117, 24329, 10.1021/jp4068747 Anglin, 2011, Nonlinear spectroscopic markers of structural change during charge accumulation in organic field-effect transistors, J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 20258, 10.1021/jp206523j Cimatu, 2009, Chemical microscopy of surfaces by sum frequency generation imaging, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 16575, 10.1021/jp904015s Zheng, 2016, Compressive broad-band hyperspectral sum frequency generation microscopy to study functionalized surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 7, 1781, 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00507 Chow, 2002, High-resolution sum-frequency generation from alkylsiloxane monolayers, Appl. Phys. B, 74, 395, 10.1007/s003400200815 Velarde, 2013, Coherent vibrational dynamics and high-resolution nonlinear spectroscopy: a comparison with the air/DMSO liquid interface, Chin. J. Chem. Phys., 26, 710, 10.1063/1674-0068/26/06/710-720 Velarde, 2013, Capturing inhomogeneous broadening of the –CN stretch vibration in a Langmuir monolayer with high-resolution spectra and ultrafast vibrational dynamics in sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS), J. Chem. Phys., 139, 084204, 10.1063/1.4818996 Mifflin, 2015, Accurate line shapes from sub-1cm−1 resolution sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy of alpha-pinene at room temperature, J. Phys. Chem. A, 119, 1292, 10.1021/jp510700z Chen, 2016, Homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadenings and the Voigt line shapes in the phase-resolved and intensity sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 144, 034704, 10.1063/1.4940145 Fu, 2016, Validation of spectra and phase in sub-1 cm–1 resolution sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy through internal heterodyne phase-resolved measurement, J. Phys. Chem. B, 120, 1579, 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b07780 Lu, 2005, C-H stretching vibrations of methyl, methylene and methine groups at the vapor/alcohol (n=1–8) interfaces, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 14118, 10.1021/jp051565q Lu, 2004, Vibrational polarization spectroscopy of CH stretching modes of the methylene group at the vapor/liquid interfaces with sum frequency generation, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 7297, 10.1021/jp036674o Gan, 2006, Orientation and motion of water molecules at air/water interface, Chin. J. Chem. Phys., 19, 20, 10.1360/cjcp2006.19(1).20.5 Gan, 2006, Polarization and experimental configuration analyses of sum frequency generation vibrational spectra, structure, and orientational motion of the air/water interface, J. Chem. Phys., 124, 114705, 10.1063/1.2179794 Zhang, 2012, Resolving two closely overlapping –CN vibrations and structure in the langmuir mono layer of the long-chain nonadecanenitrile by polarization sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. C, 116, 2976, 10.1021/jp210138s Lu, 2003, Novel method for accurate determination of the orientational angle of interfacial chemical groups, Chin. Sci. Bull., 48, 2183, 10.1007/BF03182848 Velarde, 2013, Unique determination of the –CN group tilt angle in Langmuir monolayers using sum-frequency polarization null angle and phase, Chem. Phys. Lett., 585, 42, 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.07.052 Wei, 2009, Quantitative surface chirality detection with sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy: twin polarization angle approach, Chin. J. Chem. Phys., 22, 592, 10.1088/1674-0068/22/06/592-600 Fu, 2010, In situ misfolding of human islet amyloid polypeptide at interfaces probed by vibrational sum frequency generation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 5405, 10.1021/ja909546b Fu, 2011, Chiral sum frequency generation spectroscopy for characterizing protein secondary structures at interfaces, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 8094, 10.1021/ja201575e Fu, 2014, Intrinsic chirality and prochirality at air/R-(+)- and S-(−)-limonene interfaces: spectral signatures with interference chiral sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy, Chirality, 10.1002/chir.22337 Ji, 2008, Characterization of vibrational resonances of water-vapor interfaces by phase-sensitive sum-frequency spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett., 100, 096102, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.096102 Nihonyanagi, 2009, Direct evidence for orientational flip-flop of water molecules at charged interfaces: a heterodyne-detected vibrational sum frequency generation study, J. Chem. Phys., 130, 204704, 10.1063/1.3135147 Hua, 2011, Phase-sensitive sum frequency revealing accommodation of bicarbonate ions, and charge separation of sodium and carbonate ions within the air/water interface, J. Phys. Chem. A, 115, 6233, 10.1021/jp111552f Jubb, 2012, Environmental chemistry at vapor/water interfaces: insights from vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 63, 107, 10.1146/annurev-physchem-032511-143811 Mukamel, 1995 Cho, 2009 Hamm, 2011 Fayer, 2013 Langreth, 1991, Vibrational line shapes at surfaces, Phys. Rev. B, 43, 1353, 10.1103/PhysRevB.43.1353 Gadzuk, 1986, Dynamics of molecular processes at surfaces: vibrational lineshapes and spectra, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 38, 233, 10.1016/0368-2048(86)85094-0 Gadzuk, 1984, On vibrational lineshapes of adsorbed molecules, Surf. Sci., 144, 429, 10.1016/0039-6028(84)90110-9 Guyot-Sionnest, 1991, Coherent processes at surfaces: free-induction decay and photon echo of the Si-H stretching vibration for H/Si(111), Phys. Rev. Lett., 66, 1489, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.1489 Owrutsky, 1992, Femtosecond coherent transient infrared-spectroscopy of co on Cu(111), J. Chem. Phys., 97, 4421, 10.1063/1.463884 Roke, 2003, Time- vs. frequency-domain femtosecond surface sum frequency generation, Chem. Phys. Lett., 370, 227, 10.1016/S0009-2614(03)00085-X Bordenyuk, 2005, Coherent vibrational quantum beats as a probe of Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 15941, 10.1021/jp051632g McGuire, 2006, Signal and noise in Fourier-transform sum-frequency surface vibrational spectroscopy with femtosecond lasers, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys., 23, 363, 10.1364/JOSAB.23.000363 Xiong, 2011, Adding a dimension to the infrared spectra of interfaces using heterodyne detected 2D sum-frequency generation (HD 2D SFG) spectroscopy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 108, 20902, 10.1073/pnas.1115055108 Wang, 2015, Short-range catalyst-surface interactions revealed by heterodyne two-dimensional sum frequency generation spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 6, 4204, 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02158 Wei, 2015, Assembly and relaxation behaviours of phosphatidylethanolamine monolayers investigated by polarization and frequency resolved SFG-VS, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17, 25114, 10.1039/C5CP03977K Li, 2016, Characterizing interstate vibrational coherent dynamics of surface adsorbed catalysts by fourth-order 3D SFG spectroscopy, Chem. Phys. Lett., 650, 1, 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.02.031 Kubo, 1969, A stochastic theory of line shape, Adv. Chem. Phys., 15, 101 Tokmakoff, 1995, Homogeneous vibrational dynamics and inhomogeneous broadening in glass-forming liquids: infrared photon echo experiments from room temperature to 10K, J. Chem. Phys., 103, 2810, 10.1063/1.470517 Du, 1994, Surface vibrational spectroscopic studies of hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobicity, Science, 264, 826, 10.1126/science.264.5160.826 Superfine, 1990, Experimental determination of the sign of molecular dipole moment derivatives: an infrared-visible sum frequency generation absolute phase measurement study, Chem. Phys. Lett., 172, 303, 10.1016/0009-2614(90)85408-5 Armstrong, 1962, Interactions between light waves in a nonlinear dielectric, Phys. Rev., 127, 1918, 10.1103/PhysRev.127.1918 Courtney, 2015, Two-dimensional vibrational-electronic spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 143, 154201, 10.1063/1.4932983 Raschke, 2002, Doubly-resonant sum-frequency generation spectroscopy for surface studies, Chem. Phys. Lett., 359, 367, 10.1016/S0009-2614(02)00560-2 Hayashi, 2002, A molecular theory for doubly resonant IR-UV-vis sum-frequency generation, J. Phys. Chem. A, 106, 2271, 10.1021/jp012633l Wu, 2009, Observation of the interference between the intramolecular IR-visible and visible-IR processes in the doubly resonant sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy of rhodamine 6G adsorbed at the air/water interface, J. Phys. Chem. A, 113, 6058, 10.1021/jp901655j Humbert, 2003, Probing a molecular electronic transition by two-colour sum-frequency generation spectroscopy, Appl. Surf. Sci., 212, 797, 10.1016/S0169-4332(03)00376-3 Yamaguchi, 2004, Precise electronic χ(2) spectra of molecules adsorbed at an interface measured by multiplex sum frequency generation, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 19079, 10.1021/jp045306x Li, 2015, Probing electronic structures of organic semiconductors at buried interfaces by electronic sum frequency generation spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. C, 119, 28083, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b10725 Yamaguchi, 2015, Development of electronic sum frequency generation spectroscopies and their application to liquid interfaces, J. Phys. Chem. C, 119, 14815, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b02375 Ding, 2007, Heterodyned 3D IR spectroscopy, Chem. Phys., 341, 95, 10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.06.010 Mukherjee, 2013, Fully absorptive 3D IR spectroscopy using a dual mid-infrared pulse shaper, J. Chem. Phys., 139, 144205, 10.1063/1.4824638 Pandey, 2016, Extracting the density of states of copper phthalocyanine at the SiO2 interface with electronic sum frequency generation, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 7, 1060, 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00178 Wu, 2006, An empirical approach to the bond additivity model in quantitative interpretation of sum frequency generation vibrational spectra, J. Chem. Phys., 125, 133203, 10.1063/1.2352746 Gan, 2007, Vibrational spectra and molecular orientation with experimental configuration analysis in surface sum frequency generation (SFG), J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 8716, 10.1021/jp067062h Gan, 2007, Spectral interference and molecular conformation at liquid interface with sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS), J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 8726, 10.1021/jp0670642 Hall, 2014, Molecular-level surface structure from nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy combined with simulations, J. Phys. Chem. B, 118, 5617, 10.1021/jp412742u Lane, 2007, The determination of an inhomogeneous linewidth for a strongly coupled adsorbate system, J. Chem. Phys., 126, 024707, 10.1063/1.2408413 Fayer, 2001 Sokolowsky, 2013, Dynamics in the isotropic phase of nematogens using 2D IR vibrational echo measurements on natural-abundance 13CN and extended lifetime probes, J. Phys. Chem. B, 117, 15060, 10.1021/jp4071955 Rosenfeld, 2011, Structural dynamics of a catalytic monolayer probed by ultrafast 2D IR vibrational echoes, Science, 334, 634, 10.1126/science.1211350 Zimdars, 1993, Picosecond infrared vibrational photon echoes in a liquid and glass using a free electron laser, Phys. Rev. Lett., 70, 2718, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.2718 Tokmakoff, 1995, Vibrational spectral diffusion and population dynamics in a glass-forming liquid: Variable bandwidth picosecond infrared spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 102, 3919, 10.1063/1.468568 Li, 2016, Solving the “Magic Angle” challenge in determining molecular orientation heterogeneity at interfaces, J. Phys. Chem. C Feng, 2014, Reorientation of the “free OH” group in the top-most layer of air/water interface of sodium fluoride aqueous solution probed with sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 141, 18c507, 10.1063/1.4895561 Dumas, 1999, Molecules at surfaces and interfaces studied using vibrational spectroscopies and related techniques, Surf. Rev. Lett., 6, 225, 10.1142/S0218625X99000263 Ni, 2015, IR and SFG vibrational spectroscopy of the water bend in the bulk liquid and at the liquid-vapor interface, respectively, J. Chem. Phys., 143, 10.1063/1.4923462 Bredenbeck, 2009, Interface-specific ultrafast two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy, Acc. Chem. Res., 42, 1332, 10.1021/ar900016c Bonn, 2015, Molecular structure and dynamics of water at the water-air interface studied with surface-specific vibrational spectroscopy, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 54, 5560, 10.1002/anie.201411188 Wei, 2016, Laser linewidth and spectral resolution in infrared scanning sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy system, Chin. J. Chem. Phys., 29, 171, 10.1063/1674-0068/29/cjcp1601001 Olivero, 1977, Empirical fits to the Voigt line width: a brief review, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 17, 233, 10.1016/0022-4073(77)90161-3 Bloembergen, 1965 Wong, 2012, Water dynamics in water/DMSO binary mixtures, J. Phys. Chem. B, 116, 5479, 10.1021/jp301967e Lotze, 2015, Femtosecond mid-infrared study of the dynamics of water molecules in water-acetone and water-dimethyl sulfoxide mixtures, J. Phys. Chem. B, 119, 5228, 10.1021/jp512703w Feng, 2011, Consistency in the sum frequency generation intensity and phase vibrational spectra of the air/neat water interface, J. Phys. Chem. A, 115, 6015, 10.1021/jp110404h Yamaguchi, 2015, Development of single-channel heterodyne-detected sum frequency generation spectroscopy and its application to the water/vapor interface, J. Chem. Phys., 143, 034202, 10.1063/1.4927067 Nihonyanagi, 2015, Accurate determination of complex χ(2) spectrum of the air/water interface, J. Chem. Phys., 143, 10.1063/1.4931485 Sun, 2016, Phase reference in phase-sensitive sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 144, 10.1063/1.4954824 Ni, 2016, Communication: vibrational sum-frequency spectrum of the air-water interface, revisited, J. Chem. Phys., 145, 031103, 10.1063/1.4958967 Chen, 2016, Local environment and interactions of liquid and solid interfaces revealed by spectral lineshape of surface selective nonlinear vibrational probe, J. Phys. Chem. C, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b10215 Andrews, 1988, Forbidden nature of multipolar contributions to second-harmonic generation in isotropic fluids, Phys. Rev. A, 38, 3113, 10.1103/PhysRevA.38.3113 Heinz, 1990, Comment on ‘‘Forbidden nature of multipolar contributions to second-harmonic generation in isotropic fluids’’, Phys. Rev. A, 42, 6249, 10.1103/PhysRevA.42.6249 Zhu, 1990, Multipolar contributions to optical second-harmonic generation in isotropic fluids, Phys. Rev. A, 41, 4549, 10.1103/PhysRevA.41.4549 Shen, 1999, Surface contribution versus bulk contribution in surface nonlinear optical spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. B, 68, 295, 10.1007/s003400050622 Wei, 2000, Evaluation of surface vs bulk contributions in sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy using reflection and transmission geometries, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 3349, 10.1021/jp9933929 Held, 2002, Bulk contribution from isotropic media in surface sum-frequency generation, Phys. Rev. B, 66, 205110, 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.205110 Byrnes, 2011, Ambiguities in surface nonlinear spectroscopy calculations, Chem. Phys. Lett., 516, 115, 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.08.027 Sun, 2015, Surface sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy of nonpolar media, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112, 5883, 10.1073/pnas.1505438112 Kawaguchi, 2012, Mechanisms of sum frequency generation from liquid benzene: symmetry breaking at interface and bulk contribution, J. Phys. Chem. C, 116, 13169, 10.1021/jp302684q Kundu, 2016, Bend vibration of surface water investigated by heterodyne-detected sum frequency generation and theoretical study: dominant role of quadrupole, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 7, 2597, 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00657 Maker, 1965, Study of optical effects due to an induced polarization third order in the electric field strength, Phys. Rev., 137, A801, 10.1103/PhysRev.137.A801 Levine, 1974, Molecular hyperpolarizabilities determined from conjugated and nonconjugated organic liquids, Appl. Phys. Lett., 24, 445, 10.1063/1.1655254 Zhao, 1993, Polarization of water-molecules at a charged interface – 2nd harmonic studies of charged monolayers at the air-water-interface, Chem. Phys. Lett., 202, 513, 10.1016/0009-2614(93)90041-X Ong, 1992, Polarization of water-molecules at a charged interface – 2nd harmonic studies of the silica water interface, Chem. Phys. Lett., 191, 327, 10.1016/0009-2614(92)85309-X Wang, 2000, Effects of monolayer density and bulk ionic strength on acid-base equilibria at the air/water interface, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 8855, 10.1021/jp0018091 Zhao, 1993, New method for determination of surface PK(A) using 2nd-harmonic generation, Chem. Phys. Lett., 214, 203, 10.1016/0009-2614(93)90082-C Mondal, 2012, Three distinct water structures at a zwitterionic lipid/water interface revealed by heterodyne-detected vibrational sum frequency generation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 7842, 10.1021/ja300658h Mondal, 2010, Structure and orientation of water at charged lipid monolayer/water interfaces probed by heterodyne-detected vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 10656, 10.1021/ja104327t Wen, 2016, Unveiling microscopic structures of charged water interfaces by surface specific vibrational spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett., 116, 016101, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.016101 Gonella, 2016, Second harmonic and sum-frequency generation from aqueous interfaces is modulated by interference, J. Phys. Chem. C, 120, 9165, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b12453 Ohno, 2016, Phase-referenced nonlinear spectroscopy of the alpha-quartz/water interface, Nat. Commun., 10.1038/ncomms13587 Darlington, 2016 Bethea, 1975, Electric field induced second harmonic generation in glass, Appl. Opt., 14, 2435, 10.1364/AO.14.002435 Ostroverkhov, 2005, New information on water interfacial structure revealed by phase-sensitive surface spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett., 94, 046102, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.046102 Okuno, 2015, Heterodyne-detected achiral and chiral vibrational sum frequency generation of proteins at air/water interface, J. Phys. Chem. C, 119, 9947, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b01937 Vanselous, 2016, Extending the capabilities of heterodyne-detected sum-frequency generation spectroscopy: probing any interface in any polarization combination, J. Phys. Chem. C, 120, 8175, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b01252 Wang, 2016, Measuring complex sum frequency spectra with a nonlinear interferometer, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 7, 1945, 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00792 Hishida, 2015, Salt-induced water orientation at a surface of non-ionic surfactant in relation to a mechanism of Hofmeister effect, J. Chem. Phys., 142, 10.1063/1.4919664 Myalitsin, 2016, Water structure at the buried silica/aqueous interface studied by heterodyne-detected vibrational sum-frequency generation, J. Phys. Chem. C, 120, 9357, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b03275 Verreault, 2012, From conventional to phase-sensitive vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy: probing water organization at aqueous interfaces, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 3, 3012, 10.1021/jz301179g Raymond, 2004, Probing the molecular structure and bonding of the surface of aqueous salt solutions, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 5051, 10.1021/jp037725k Sovago, 2009, Determining absolute molecular orientation at interfaces: a phase retrieval approach for sum frequency generation spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 6100, 10.1021/jp810123g Pool, 2011, Comparative study of direct and phase-specific vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy: advantages and limitations, J. Phys. Chem. B, 115, 15362, 10.1021/jp2079023 Wei, 2001, Motional effect in surface sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett., 86, 4799, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.4799 R. Lu, Y. Rao, W.K. Zhang, H.F. Wang, Phase measurement in nonlinear optics of molecules at air/water interface with femtosecond laser pulses, in: D.L. Andrews (Ed.) Nonlinear Spectroscopy, 2002, pp. 115–124. Kemnitz, 1986, The phase of 2nd-harmonic light generated at an interface and its relation to absolute molecular-orientation, Chem. Phys. Lett., 131, 285, 10.1016/0009-2614(86)87152-4 Superfine, 1990, Phase measurement for surface infrared visible sum-frequency generation, Opt. Lett., 15, 1276, 10.1364/OL.15.001276 Covert, 2012, Simultaneous measurement of magnitude and phase in interferometric sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 137, 014201, 10.1063/1.4731282 Jena, 2011, Phase measurement in nondegenerate three-wave mixing spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 134, 044712, 10.1063/1.3548840 Yamaguchi, 2016, Comment on “Phase reference in phase-sensitive sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy” [J. Chem. Phys. 144, 244711 (2016)], J. Chem. Phys., 145, 167101, 10.1063/1.4965437 Sun, 2016, Reply to the Comment on “Phase reference in phase-sensitive sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy” [J. Chem. Phys. 144, 244711 (2016)], J. Chem. Phys., 145, 167102, 10.1063/1.4965438 Liu, 2008, Surface vibrational modes of alpha-quartz(0001) probed by sum-frequency spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett., 101, 016101, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.016101 Hore, 2004, Mid-infrared second-order susceptibility of alpha-quartz and its application to visible-infrared surface sum-frequency spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 121, 12589, 10.1063/1.1826055 Lu, 2003, Rotational symmetry and absolute sign of second-order susceptibility of alpha-quartz, Chin. Phys. Lett., 20, 1269, 10.1088/0256-307X/20/8/325 Yang, 1997, Phase-retrieval problems in infrared-visible sum-frequency generation spectroscopy by the maximum-entropy method, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys., 14, 2443, 10.1364/JOSAB.14.002443 de Beer, 2011, Direct comparison of phase-sensitive vibrational sum frequency generation with maximum entropy method: Case study of water, J. Chem. Phys., 135, 224701, 10.1063/1.3662469 Giordmaine, 1965, Nonlinear optical properties of liquids, Phys. Rev., 138, A1599, 10.1103/PhysRev.138.A1599 Rentzepis, 1966, Coherent optical mixing in optically active liquids, Phys. Rev. Lett., 16, 792, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.16.792 Belkin, 2001, Sum-frequency generation in chiral liquids near electronic resonance, Phys. Rev. Lett., 87, 113001, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.113001 Fischer, 2000, Three-wave mixing in chiral liquids, Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 4253, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.4253 Belkin, 2004, Sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy of chiral liquids off and close to electronic resonance and the antisymmetric Raman tensor, J. Chem. Phys., 120, 10118, 10.1063/1.1724826 Belkin, 2003, Doubly resonant IR-UV sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy on molecular chirality, Phys. Rev. Lett., 91, 213907, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.213907 Han, 2002, Sum-frequency spectroscopy of electronic resonances on a chiral surface monolayer of bi-naphthol, Phys. Rev. B, 66, 165415, 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.165415 Wang, 2005, Detection of chiral sum frequency generation vibrational spectra of proteins and peptides at interfaces in situ, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102, 4978, 10.1073/pnas.0501206102 Okuno, 2014, Chirality discriminated by heterodyne-detected vibrational sum frequency generation, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 5, 2874, 10.1021/jz501158r Haupert, 2009, Chirality in nonlinear optics, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 60, 345, 10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093712 Champagne, 2000, Ab initio investigation of the sum-frequency hyperpolarizability of small chiral molecules, Chem. Phys. Lett., 331, 83, 10.1016/S0009-2614(00)01149-0 Belkin, 2000, Sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy on chiral liquids: a novel technique to probe molecular chirality, Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 4474, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.4474 Stokes, 2007, Making “Sense” of DNA, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 7492, 10.1021/ja071848r McDermott, 2015, Robust self-referencing method for chiral sum frequency generation spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. B, 119, 12417, 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b08176 Simpson, 2004, Molecular origins of the remarkable chiral sensitivity of second-order nonlinear optics, ChemPhysChem, 5, 1301, 10.1002/cphc.200300959 Gan, 2006, Identification of overlapping features in the sum frequency generation vibrational spectra of air/ethanol interface, Chem. Phys. Lett., 423, 261, 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.03.084 Yu, 2007, New C-H stretching vibrational spectral features in the Raman spectra of gaseous and liquid ethanol, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 8971, 10.1021/jp0675781 Upshur, 2016, Vibrational mode assignment of α-pinene by isotope editing: one down, seventy-one to go, J. Phys. Chem. A, 120, 2684, 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b01995 Tanaka, 1999, Sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy of a monolayer self-assembled on gold: interference between resonant and nonresonant contributions of nonlinear polarization, Appl. Phys. B, 68, 713, 10.1007/s003400050692 Tetsassi Feugmo, 2015, Theoretical Investigation of Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Signatures of Functionalized H-Si(111), J. Phys. Chem. C, 119, 3180, 10.1021/jp5119508 Ishibashi, 2004, Multiplex sum-frequency spectroscopy with electronic resonance enhancement, Chem. Lett., 33, 1404, 10.1246/cl.2004.1404 Singh, 2012, Ultrafast vibrational dynamics of water at a charged interface revealed by two-dimensional heterodyne-detected vibrational sum frequency generation, J. Chem. Phys., 137, 094706, 10.1063/1.4747828