Quy Trình Nhận Diện Nhân Chứng Gợi Ý và Kiểm Tra Độ Tin Cậy của Tòa Án Tối Cao Dưới Góc Nhìn Khoa Học Về Nhân Chứng: 30 Năm Sau

Law and Human Behavior - Tập 33 - Trang 1-24 - 2008
Gary L. Wells1, Deah S. Quinlivan1
1Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, USA

Tóm tắt

Phán quyết của Tòa án Tối cao Hoa Kỳ liên quan đến quy trình nhận diện nhân chứng gợi ý (Manson v. Braithwaite, 1977, 432 U.S. 98) chưa được Tòa xem xét lại trong hơn 30 năm qua. Trong khi đó, các nghiên cứu khoa học về nhân chứng đã tiến bộ và các trường hợp miễn tội dựa vào DNA cho thấy nhận diện sai là nguyên nhân chính dẫn đến các bản án oan. Chúng tôi đã phân tích logic hai cuộc thẩm vấn trong vụ Manson dưới ánh sáng khoa học về nhân chứng. Một số vấn đề đã được thảo luận. Thật mỉa mai, chúng tôi lưu ý rằng các quy trình nhận diện gợi ý (được xác định trong cuộc thẩm vấn đầu tiên) lại làm tăng độ tin cậy của nhân chứng trong ba trên năm tiêu chí (được sử dụng trong cuộc thẩm vấn thứ hai) mà Tòa dựa vào để quyết định xem các quy trình gợi ý có vấn đề hay không. Tác động tổng thể làm suy yếu các biện pháp bảo vệ mà Tòa muốn đưa ra và phá hủy động lực để tránh các quy trình gợi ý.

Từ khóa

#nhân chứng #nhận diện gợi ý #Tòa án Tối cao #độ tin cậy #khoa học nhân chứng #oan sai #phán quyết pháp lý

Tài liệu tham khảo

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