Study of microbes having potentiality for biodegradation of plastics

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 20 Số 7 - Trang 4339-4355 - 2013
Ghosh, Swapan Kumar1, Pal, Sujoy1, Ray, Sumanta1
1Mycopathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, India

Tóm tắt

Plastic is a broad name given to the different types of organic polymers having high molecular weight and is commonly derived from different petrochemicals. Plastics are generally not biodegradable or few are degradable but in a very slow rate. Day by day, the global demand of these polymers is sharply increasing; however, considering their abundance and potentiality in causing different environmental hazards, there is a great concern in the possible methods of degradation of plastics. Recently, there have been some debates at the world stage about the potential degradation procedures of these synthetic polymers and microbial degradation has emerged as one of the potential alternative ways of degradation of plastics. Alternatively, some scientists have also reported many adverse effects of these polymers in human health, and thus, there is an immediate need of a potential screening of some potential microbes to degrade these synthetic polymers. In this review, we have taken an attempt to accumulate all information regarding the chemical nature along with some potential microbes and their enzymatic nature of biodegradation of plastics along with some key factors that affect their biodegradability.

Tài liệu tham khảo

citation_journal_title=J Biotechnol; citation_title=Degradation of natural and synthetic polyesters under anaerobic conditions; citation_author=DM Abou-Zeid, RJ Muller, WD Deckwer; citation_volume=86; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=113-126; citation_doi=10.1016/S0168-1656(00)00406-5; citation_id=CR1 citation_journal_title=Appl Environ Microbiol; citation_title=Involvement of linear plasmids in aerobic biodegradation of vinyl chloride; citation_author=SD Anthony, L Meizhong, EB Christopher, LB Robin, LF David; citation_volume=70; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=6092-7; citation_doi=10.1128/AEM.70.10.6092-6097.2004; citation_id=CR2 citation_journal_title=Appl Environ Microbiol; citation_title=Purification and properties of a polyester polyurethane-degrading enzyme from Comamonas acidovorans TB-35; citation_author=H Akutsu, T Nakajima-Kambe, N Nomura, T Nakahara; citation_volume=64; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=62-67; citation_id=CR3 citation_journal_title=J Appl Polym Sci; citation_title=Fungal degradation of polycaprolactones; citation_author=CV Benedict, WJ Cook, P Jarrett, JA Cameron, SJ Huang, JP Bell; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=1983; citation_pages=327-334; citation_doi=10.1002/app.1983.070280128; citation_id=CR4 citation_journal_title=J Appl Polym Sci; citation_title=Polycaprolactone degradation by mixed and pure cultures of bacteria and a yeast; citation_author=CV Benedict, JA Cameron, SJ Huang; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=1983; citation_pages=335-342; citation_doi=10.1002/app.1983.070280129; citation_id=CR5 citation_journal_title=Polym Degrad Stab; citation_title=Synthesis and comparative biodegradability studies of three poly(alkylene succinate)s; citation_author=DN Bikiaris, GZ Papageorgiou, DS Achilias; citation_volume=91; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=31-43; citation_doi=10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.030; citation_id=CR6 citation_journal_title=J Appl Polym Sci; citation_title=LDPE/starch blends compatibilized with PE-g-MA copolymers; citation_author=D Bikiaris, C Panayiotou; citation_volume=70; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=1503-1521; citation_doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19981121)70:8<1503::AID-APP9>3.0.CO;2-#; citation_id=CR7 citation_journal_title=Arch Biochem Biophys; citation_title=Extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from Penicillium funiculosum: general characteristics and active site studies; citation_author=CL Brucato, SS Wong; citation_volume=290; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=497-502; citation_doi=10.1016/0003-9861(91)90572-Z; citation_id=CR8 citation_journal_title=Appl Environ Microbiol; citation_title=Isotactic polypropylene biodegradation by a microbial community: physicochemical characterization of metabolites produced; citation_author=I Cacciari, P Quatrini, G Zirletta, E Mincione, V Vinciguerra, P Lupatelli, GG Sermanni; citation_volume=59; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=3695-3700; citation_id=CR9 citation_journal_title=Biotechnol Lett; citation_title=A novel PHB depolymerase from a thermophilic Streptomyces sp; citation_author=BP Calabia, Y Tokiwa; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=383-388; citation_doi=10.1007/s10529-005-6063-5; citation_id=CR10 citation_journal_title=Biotechnol Lett; citation_title=Microbial degradation of poly (d-3-hydroxybutyrate) by a new thermophilic Streptomyces isolate; citation_author=BP Calabia, Y Tokiwa; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=15-19; citation_doi=10.1023/B:BILE.0000009453.81444.51; citation_id=CR11 Canada Gazette Part II (2010), Vol. 144, No. 21, page: 1807. http://beta.images.theglobeandmail.com/archive/00940/Read_the_goverment-940923a . Accessed 13 Oct 2010 citation_journal_title=J Am Chem Soc; citation_title=Studies of polymerization and ring formation. XV. Artificial fibers from synthetic linear condensation superpolymers; citation_author=WH Carothers, JW Hill; citation_volume=54; citation_publication_date=1932; citation_pages=1579-1596; citation_doi=10.1021/ja01343a051; citation_id=CR13 citation_journal_title=Prog Polym Sci; citation_title=Biodegradable polymers; citation_author=R Chandra, R Rustgi; citation_volume=23; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=1273-1335; citation_doi=10.1016/S0079-6700(97)00039-7; citation_id=CR14 citation_journal_title=Arch Microbiol; citation_title=Poly-β-hydroxybuttersaure abbauende Bakterien und exo-enzyme; citation_author=AA Chowdhury; citation_volume=47; citation_publication_date=1963; citation_pages=167-200; citation_id=CR15 citation_journal_title=J Polym Sci Polym Lett Ed; citation_title=Scanning electron microscopic visualization of biodegradation of polycaprolactones by fungi; citation_author=WJ Cook, JA Cameron, JP Bell, SJ Huang; citation_volume=19; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_pages=159-165; citation_doi=10.1002/pol.1981.130190402; citation_id=CR16 citation_journal_title=Int Biodeterior Biodegrad; citation_title=Biodegradation of a colloidal ester-based polyurethane by soil fungi; citation_author=JR Crabbe, JR Campbell, L Thompson, SL Walz, WW Schultz; citation_volume=33; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=103-113; citation_doi=10.1016/0964-8305(94)90030-2; citation_id=CR17 citation_journal_title=Appl Microbiol; citation_title=Fungal susceptibility of polyurethanes; citation_author=RT Darby, AM Kaplan; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=1968; citation_pages=900-905; citation_id=CR18 citation_journal_title=Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie; citation_title=The biodegradation of polymers: recent results; citation_author=C David, C Kesei, F Lefebvre, W Weiland; citation_volume=216; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=21-35; citation_doi=10.1002/apmc.1994.052160102; citation_id=CR19 European Commission DG ENV (2011) Revised final report—specific contract 07.0307/2009/545281/ETU/G2 under Framework contract ENV.G.4/FRA/2008/0112. citation_journal_title=Arch Microbiol; citation_title=Studies on the biodegradability of polythioester copolymers and homopolymers by polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-degrading bacteria and PHA depolymerases; citation_author=K Elbanna, T Lütke-Eversloh, D Jendrossek, H Luftmann, A Steinbüchel; citation_volume=182; citation_issue=2–3; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=212-25; citation_id=CR21 citation_journal_title=J Appl Polym Sci; citation_title=Microbial degradation of polyesters: polycaprolactone degraded by P. pullulans ; citation_author=RD Fields, F Rodriguez, RK Finn; citation_volume=18; citation_publication_date=1974; citation_pages=3571-3579; citation_doi=10.1002/app.1974.070181207; citation_id=CR22 citation_journal_title=Eur Polym J; citation_title=Synthesis of copoly(d, l-lactic acid) with relative low molecular weight and in vitro degradation; citation_author=H Fukuzaki, M Yoshida, M Asano, M Kumakura; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=1019-1026; citation_doi=10.1016/0014-3057(89)90131-6; citation_id=CR23 citation_journal_title=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol; citation_title=Colonization, biofilm formation and biodegradation of polyethylene by a strain of Rhodococcus ruber ; citation_author=I Gilan, Y Hadar, A Sivan; citation_volume=65; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=97-104; citation_id=CR24 citation_journal_title=Hydrobiologia; citation_title=Fungal degradation of the thermoplastic polymer poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) under simulated deep sea pressure; citation_author=KE Gonda, D Jendrossek, HP Molitoris; citation_volume=426; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=173-183; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1003971925285; citation_id=CR25 citation_journal_title=J Polym Sci Polym Symp; citation_title=Degradation of polyethylene in compost burial; citation_author=GJL Griffin; citation_volume=57; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=281-286; citation_doi=10.1002/polc.5070570133; citation_id=CR26 citation_journal_title=Inter Biodete Biodeg; citation_title=Microbiological deterioration and degradation of synthetic polymeric materials: recent research advances; citation_author=JD Gu; citation_volume=52; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=69-91; citation_doi=10.1016/S0964-8305(02)00177-4; citation_id=CR27 citation_journal_title=J Appl Microbiol; citation_title=Biodegradation of polyethylene by the thermophilic bacterium Brevibacillus borstelensis ; citation_author=D Hadad, S Geresh, A Sivan; citation_volume=98; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=1093-100; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02553.x; citation_id=CR28 citation_journal_title=Adv Polym Sci; citation_title=Environmental degradation of polyethylene; citation_author=M Hakkarainen, AC Albertsson; citation_volume=169; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=177-199; citation_doi=10.1007/b13523; citation_id=CR29 citation_journal_title=J Microbiol; citation_title=Purification and properties of extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase produced by Penicillium pinophilium ; citation_author=J-S Han, Y-J Son, C-S Chang, M-N Kim; citation_volume=36; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=67-73; citation_id=CR30 citation_journal_title=Wei Sheng Yan Jiu; citation_title=Effect of bisphenol A exposure on sex hormone level in occupational women. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; citation_author=J Hao, J Wang, W Zhao, L Ding, E Gao, W Yuan; citation_volume=40; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=312-319; citation_id=CR31 citation_journal_title=Int Biodeterior Biodegrad; citation_title=Biodegradation of polyurethane; citation_author=GT Howard; citation_volume=49; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=213; citation_doi=10.1016/S0964-8305(02)00051-3; citation_id=CR32 citation_journal_title=Polym Degrad Stab; citation_title=Fungal degradation of poly(ethylene succinate); citation_author=N Ishii, Y Inoue, K Shimada, Y Tesuka, H Mitomo, K Kasuya; citation_volume=92; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=44-52; citation_doi=10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.09.014; citation_id=CR33 citation_journal_title=Polym Degrad Stab; citation_title=Enzymatic degradation of plastics containing polycaprolactone; citation_author=A Iwamoto, Y Tokiwa; citation_volume=45; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=205-213; citation_doi=10.1016/0141-3910(94)90138-4; citation_id=CR34 citation_journal_title=J Appl Polym Sci; citation_title=Effect of the phase structure on biodegradability of polypropylene/poly(ε-caprolactone) blends; citation_author=A Iwamoto, Y Tokiwa; citation_volume=52; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=1357-1360; citation_doi=10.1002/app.1994.070520920; citation_id=CR35 citation_journal_title=J Polym Environ; citation_title=Purification of Aspergillus fumigatus (Pdf1) poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase using a new, single-step substrate affinity chromatography method: characterization of the PHB depolymerase exhibiting novel self-aggregation behavior; citation_author=S Iyer, R Shah, A Sharma, D Jendrossek, A Desai; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=197-203; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1015249811314; citation_id=CR36 citation_journal_title=Biotechnol Lett; citation_title=Degradation of poly(tetramethylene succinate) by thermophilic actinomycetes; citation_author=A Jarerat, Y Tokiwa; citation_volume=23; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=647-651; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1010314316103; citation_id=CR37 citation_journal_title=Macromol Biosci; citation_title=Degradation of poly(l-lactide) by fungus; citation_author=A Jarerat, Y Tokiwa; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=136-140; citation_doi=10.1002/1616-5195(20010601)1:4<136::AID-MABI136>3.0.CO;2-3; citation_id=CR38 citation_journal_title=Biotechnol Lett; citation_title=Poly(l-lactide) degradation by Saccharothrix waywayandensis ; citation_author=A Jarerat, Y Tokiwa; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=401-404; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1022450431193; citation_id=CR39 citation_journal_title=Biotechnol Lett; citation_title=Poly(l-lactide) degradation by Kibdelosporangium aridum ; citation_author=A Jarerat, Y Tokiwa; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=2035-2038; citation_doi=10.1023/B:BILE.0000004398.38799.29; citation_id=CR40 citation_journal_title=J Polym Environ; citation_title=Microbial poly(l-lactide) degrading enzyme induced by amino acids, peptides and poly(l-amino acids); citation_author=A Jarerat, Y Tokiwa, H Tanaka; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=139-146; citation_doi=10.1023/B:JOOE.0000038545.69235.f2; citation_id=CR41 citation_journal_title=J bacteriol; citation_title=Biochemical and molecular characterization of the Pseudomonas lemoignei polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerase system; citation_author=D Jendrossek, A Frisse, M Andermann, HD Kratzin, T Stanislawski, HG Schlegel; citation_volume=1773; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=596-607; citation_id=CR42 Joel F.R (1995) Polymer science and technology: introduction to polymer science, 3 edn. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, 07458, 4 – 9 citation_journal_title=Polym Degrad Stab; citation_title=Biodegradabilities of various aliphatic polyesters in natural waters; citation_author=K Kasuya, K Takagi, S Ishiwatari, Y Yoshida, Y Doi; citation_volume=59; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=327-332; citation_doi=10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00155-9; citation_id=CR44 citation_journal_title=J Biosci Bioeng; citation_title=Cloning and characterization of the bipA gene encoding ER chaperone BiP from Aspergillus oryzae ; citation_author=T Kasuya, H Nakajima, K Kitamoto; citation_volume=88; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=472-8; citation_doi=10.1016/S1389-1723(00)87661-6; citation_id=CR45 citation_journal_title=Rev Biol Trop; citation_title=Diversity and effectiveness of tropical mangrove soil microflora on the degradation of polythene carry bags; citation_author=K Kathiresan; citation_volume=51; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=629-634; citation_id=CR46 citation_journal_title=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol; citation_title=Characterization of an extracellular poly(3-hydroxy-5-phenylvalerate) depolymerase from Xanthomonas sp. JS02; citation_author=H Kim, H-S Ju, J Kim; citation_volume=53; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=323-327; citation_doi=10.1007/s002530050028; citation_id=CR47 citation_journal_title=J Biosci Bioeng; citation_title=Purification and characterization of extracellular medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerase from Pseudomonas sp. RY-1; citation_author=HM Kim, KE Ryu, K-S Bae, YH Rhee; citation_volume=89; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=196-198; citation_doi=10.1016/S1389-1723(00)88737-X; citation_id=CR48 citation_journal_title=Eur Polym J; citation_title=Biodegradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), Sky-Green and Mater-Bi by fungi isolated from soils; citation_author=M-N Kim, A-R Lee, J-S Yoon, I-J Chin; citation_volume=36; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=1677-1685; citation_doi=10.1016/S0014-3057(99)00219-0; citation_id=CR49 citation_journal_title=Bio macromolecules; citation_title=Characterization of an extracellular medium-chain-length poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) depolymerase from Pseudomonas alcaligenes LB19; citation_author=DY Kim, JS Nam, YH Rhee; citation_volume=3; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=291-296; citation_doi=10.1021/bm010113q; citation_id=CR50 citation_journal_title=J Microbiol; citation_title=Purification and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from a fungal isolate, Emericellopsis minima W2; citation_author=DY Kim, JH Yun, HW Kim, KS Bae, YH Rhee; citation_volume=40; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=129-133; citation_id=CR51 Kim DY, Shin DS, Nam JS, Rhee YH (2002) Molecular cloning of the gene encoding medium-chain-length poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) depolymerase from Pseudomonas alcaligenes LB19. Proc Int Meet Fed Korean Microbiol Soc 2002:206 citation_journal_title=Biochim Biophys Acta; citation_title=Cloning of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from a marine bacterium, Alcaligenes faecalis AE122, and characterization of its gene product; citation_author=K Kita, S Mashiba, M Nagita, K Ishimaru, K Okamoto, H Yanase, N Kato; citation_volume=1352; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=113-22; citation_doi=10.1016/S0167-4781(97)00011-0; citation_id=CR53 citation_journal_title=Appl Environ Microbiol; citation_title=Biodegradation of aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters by Thermomonospora fusca and other thermophilic compost isolates; citation_author=I Kleeberg, C Hetz, RM Kroppenstedt, RJ Muller, WD Deckwer; citation_volume=64; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=1731-1735; citation_id=CR54 citation_journal_title=Biomacromolecules; citation_title=Characterization of a new extracellular hydrolase from Thermobifida fusca degrading aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters; citation_author=I Kleeberg, K Welzel, J Vanden Heuvel, RJ Muller, WD Deckwer; citation_volume=6; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=262-270; citation_doi=10.1021/bm049582t; citation_id=CR55 citation_journal_title=Can J Microbiol; citation_title=Poly(β-l-malate) hydrolase from plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum ; citation_author=C Korherr, R Roth, E Holler; citation_volume=41; citation_issue=Suppl 1; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=192-199; citation_doi=10.1139/m95-187; citation_id=CR56 citation_journal_title=J Polym Environ; citation_title=Biochemical and genetic characterization of an extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from Acidovorax sp. strain TP4; citation_author=T Kobayashi, A Sugiyama, Y Kawase, T Saito, J Mergaert, J Swings; citation_volume=7; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=9-18; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1021885901119; citation_id=CR57 citation_journal_title=Polymer; citation_title=Miscibility of binary blends of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric and poly[(S)-lactic acid]; citation_author=N Koyama, Y Doi; citation_volume=38; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=1589-1593; citation_doi=10.1016/S0032-3861(96)00685-4; citation_id=CR58 citation_journal_title=Endocrinology; citation_title=Bisphenol-A: an estrogenic substance is released from polycarbonate flasks during autoclaving; citation_author=AV Krishnan, P Stathis, SF Permuth, L Tokes, D Feldman; citation_volume=132; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=2279-2286; citation_doi=10.1210/en.132.6.2279; citation_id=CR59 citation_journal_title=Polym Degrad Stab; citation_title=Enzymatic degradation and morphologies of binary blends of microbial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(1,4-butylene adipate) and poly(vinyl acetate); citation_author=Y Kumagai, Y Doi; citation_volume=36; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=241-248; citation_doi=10.1016/0141-3910(92)90062-A; citation_id=CR60 citation_journal_title=Biotechnol Bioeng; citation_title=Bacterial poly hydroxyalkanoates; citation_author=SY Lee; citation_volume=49; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=1-14; citation_doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19960105)49:1<1::AID-BIT1>3.3.CO;2-1; citation_id=CR61 citation_journal_title=Applied and Environmental Microbiology; citation_title=Biodegradation of degradable plastic polyethylene by Phanerochaete and Streptomyces species; citation_author=B Lee, LPIII Anthony, F Alfred, BB Theodore; citation_volume=57; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=678-685; citation_id=CR62 Lenz R W (1993) Biodegradable polymers. In: Advances in polymer science, vol 107. Springer, Berlin, 1–40 citation_journal_title=Biotechnol Lett; citation_title=Hydrolysis of polyesters by serine proteases; citation_author=HA Lim, T Raku, Y Tokiwa; citation_volume=27; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=459-464; citation_doi=10.1007/s10529-005-2217-8; citation_id=CR64 citation_journal_title=Biomacromolecules; citation_title=Selective enzymatic degradations of poly(l-lactide) and poly(ε-caprolactone) blend films; citation_author=L Liu, S Li, H Garreau, M Vert; citation_volume=3; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=350-359; citation_doi=10.1021/bm000046k; citation_id=CR65 citation_journal_title=Microbiol Res; citation_title=Degradation of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) and its copolymer poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by a marine Streptomyces sp. SNG9; citation_author=MM Mabrouk, SA Sabry; citation_volume=156; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=323-35; citation_doi=10.1078/0944-5013-00115; citation_id=CR66 citation_journal_title=Kobunshi Ronbunshu; citation_title=Synthesis and biodegradation of the copolymers of succinic anhydride with various oxiranes; citation_author=Y Maeda, A Nakayama, J Iyoda, K Hayashi, N Yamamoto; citation_volume=50; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=723-729; citation_doi=10.1295/koron.50.723; citation_id=CR67 Mittelstaedt M (2010) Canada first to declare bisphenol A toxic. The Globe and Mail (Canada). http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-first-to-declare-bisphenol-a-toxic/article1755272/ . Accessed 13 Oct 2010 citation_journal_title=FEMS Microbiol Rev; citation_title=Fungal degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates and a semi-quantitative assay for screening their degradation by terrestrial fungi; citation_author=M Matavulj, HP Molitoris; citation_volume=103; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=323-332; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05854.x; citation_id=CR69 citation_journal_title=Macromolecules; citation_title=Enzymatic degradability of poly(lactide): effects of chain stereochemistry and material crystallinity; citation_author=RT McDonald, S McCarthy, RA Gross; citation_volume=29; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=7356-7361; citation_doi=10.1021/ma960513j; citation_id=CR70 citation_journal_title=FEMS Microbiol Lett; citation_title=Acid-tolerant poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) hydrolases from moulds; citation_author=DW McLellan, PJ Halling; citation_volume=52; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=215-218; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02598.x; citation_id=CR71 citation_journal_title=FEMS Microbiol Rev; citation_title=Biodegradation of poly(hydroxyalkanoates); citation_author=J Mergaert, C Anderson, A Wouters, J Swings, K Kersters; citation_volume=103; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=317-322; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05853.x; citation_id=CR72 citation_journal_title=Appl Environ Microbiol; citation_title=Microbial degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3- hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in soils; citation_author=J Mergaert, A Webb, C Anderson, A Wouters, J Swings; citation_volume=59; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=3233-3238; citation_id=CR73 citation_journal_title=J Environ Polym Degrad; citation_title=Microbial degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in compost; citation_author=J Mergaert, C Anderson, A Wouters, J Swings; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=177-183; citation_doi=10.1007/BF02067443; citation_id=CR74 citation_journal_title=Can JMicrobiol; citation_title=In situ biodegradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in natural waters; citation_author=J Mergaert, A Wouters, C Anderson, J Swings; citation_volume=41; citation_issue=Suppl 1; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=154-159; citation_doi=10.1139/m95-182; citation_id=CR75 citation_journal_title=J Ind Microbiol; citation_title=Biodiversity of microorganisms that degrade bacterial and synthetic polyesters; citation_author=J Mergaert, J Swings; citation_volume=17; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=463-469; citation_doi=10.1007/BF01574777; citation_id=CR76 citation_journal_title=J Polym Environ; citation_title=Properties of a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from Penicillium funiculosum; citation_author=S Miyazaki, K Takahashi, M Shiraki, T Saito, Y Tezuka, KI Kasuya; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=175-182; citation_id=CR77 citation_journal_title=Prot Met; citation_title=Disruption of the protective properties of the polyvinyl chloride coating under the effect of microorganisms; citation_author=GM Mogil'nitskii, RT Sagatelyan, TN Kutishcheva, SV Zhukova, SI Kerimov, TB Parfenova; citation_volume=23; citation_issue=Engl.Transl; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=173-5; citation_id=CR78 citation_journal_title=Materials and Engineering; citation_title=Biofibers, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: an overview; citation_author=AK Mohanty, M Misra, G Hinrichsen; citation_volume=276; citation_issue=277; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=1-24; citation_id=CR79 citation_journal_title=Biodegradation; citation_title=Biofilm formation and partial biodegradation of polystyrene by the actinomycete Rhodococcus ruber: biodegradation of polystyrene; citation_author=R Mor, A Silvan; citation_volume=19; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=851-858; citation_doi=10.1007/s10532-008-9188-0; citation_id=CR80 citation_journal_title=Appl Environ Microbiol; citation_title=Fusarium polycaprolactone depolymerase is cutinase; citation_author=CA Murphy, JA Cameron, SJ Huang, RT Vinopal; citation_volume=62; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=456-460; citation_id=CR81 citation_journal_title=Eur Polym J; citation_title=Enzymatic degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) copolymers with aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and/or poly(ethylene glycol); citation_author=M Nagata, T Kiyotsukuri, S Minami, N Tsutsumi, W Sakai; citation_volume=33; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=1701-1705; citation_doi=10.1016/S0014-3057(97)00063-3; citation_id=CR82 citation_journal_title=FEMS Microbiol Lett; citation_title=Isolation and characterization of a bacterium which utilizes polyester polyurethane as a sole carbon and nitrogen source; citation_author=T Nakajima-Kambe, F Onuma, N Kimpara, T Nakahara; citation_volume=129; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=39-42; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07554.x; citation_id=CR83 citation_journal_title=J Environ Polym Degrad; citation_title=Distribution of poly (propiolactone) aerobic degrading microorganisms in different environments; citation_author=H Nishida, S Suzuki, Y Tokiwa; citation_volume=6; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=43-57; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1022878512743; citation_id=CR84 No Plastics in the Environment (NoPE) Imports versus surplus: a glut of plastics in India today, January 10, 2002. Bharati Chaturvedi, Director, Chintan Environmental Organization in New Delhi. citation_journal_title=J Ferment Bioeng; citation_title=Microbial degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and polycaprolactone by filamentous fungi; citation_author=Y Oda, H Asari, T Urakami, K Tonomura; citation_volume=80; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=265-269; citation_doi=10.1016/0922-338X(95)90827-M; citation_id=CR86 citation_journal_title=J App Polym Sci; citation_title=Thermal degradation and biodegradability of poly (lactic acid)/corn starch biocomposites; citation_author=T Ohkita, SH Lee; citation_volume=100; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=3009-3017; citation_doi=10.1002/app.23425; citation_id=CR87 citation_journal_title=Appl Environ Microbiol; citation_title=Degradation of polycarbonate by a polyester-degrading strain, Amycolatopsis sp. strain HT-6; citation_author=H Pranamuda, R Chollakup, Y Tokiwa; citation_volume=65; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=4220-4222; citation_id=CR88 citation_journal_title=Appl Environ Microbiol; citation_title=Microbial degradation of an aliphatic polyester with a high melting point, poly(tetramethylene succinate); citation_author=H Pranamuda, Y Tokiwa, H Tanaka; citation_volume=61; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=1828-1832; citation_id=CR89 citation_journal_title=Appl Environ Microbiol; citation_title=Polylactide degradation by an Amycolatopsis sp; citation_author=H Pranamuda, Y Tokiwa, H Tanaka; citation_volume=63; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=1637-1640; citation_id=CR90 citation_journal_title=Macromol Biosci; citation_title=Poly(l-lactide degrading enzyme produced by Amycolatopsis sp; citation_author=H Pranamuda, A Tsuchii, Y Tokiwa; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=25-29; citation_doi=10.1002/1616-5195(200101)1:1<25::AID-MABI25>3.0.CO;2-3; citation_id=CR91 Pilz H, Brandt B, and Fehringer R (2010) The impact of plastics on life cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in Europe, summary report. denkstatt GmbH, Vienna, Austria. citation_journal_title=Macromolecules; citation_title=Polylactide stereochemistry: effect on enzymatic degradability; citation_author=MS Reeve, SP McCarthy, MJ Downey, RA Gross; citation_volume=27; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=825-831; citation_doi=10.1021/ma00081a030; citation_id=CR93 citation_journal_title=Polym Degrad Stab; citation_title=The influence of processing induced differences in molecular structure on the biological and non-biological degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), P(3-HB-co-3-HV); citation_author=R Renstad, S Karlsson, A-C Albertsson; citation_volume=63; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=201-211; citation_doi=10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00092-5; citation_id=CR94 citation_journal_title=Arch Microbiol; citation_title=Thermotolerant poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-degrading bacteria from hot compost and characterization of the PHB depolymerase of Schlegelella sp. KB1a; citation_author=F Romen, S Reinhardt, D Jendrossek; citation_volume=182; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=157-64; citation_doi=10.1007/s00203-004-0684-2; citation_id=CR95 Sabir, I (2004) Plastic industry in Pakistan. http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/investors/nov2004/index.html . Accessed November 2004 citation_journal_title=Biotechnol Lett; citation_title=Degradation of poly caprolactone at 50 °C by a thermotolerant Aspergillus sp; citation_author=JG Sanchez, A Tsuchii, Y Tokiwa; citation_volume=22; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=849-853; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1005603112688; citation_id=CR97 citation_journal_title=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol; citation_title=Fungal contribution to in situ biodegradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) film in soil; citation_author=B-I Sang, K Hori, Y Tanji, H Unno; citation_volume=58; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=241-247; citation_doi=10.1007/s00253-001-0884-5; citation_id=CR98 citation_journal_title=Polym Degrad Stab; citation_title=Hydrolysis activity of an extracellular depolymerase from Aspergillus fumigatus with bacterial and synthetic polyesters; citation_author=TM Scherer, RC Fuller, RW Lenz, S Goodwin; citation_volume=64; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=267-275; citation_doi=10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00201-8; citation_id=CR99 citation_journal_title=Curr Opinion Biotechnol; citation_title=Biodegradation of plastics; citation_author=M Shimao; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=242-7; citation_doi=10.1016/S0958-1669(00)00206-8; citation_id=CR100 citation_journal_title=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol; citation_title=Biofilm development of the polyethylene-degrading bacterium Rhodococcus ruber ; citation_author=A Sivan, M Szanto, V Pavlov; citation_volume=72; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=346-52; citation_doi=10.1007/s00253-005-0259-4; citation_id=CR101 citation_journal_title=Environ Health Perspect; citation_title= p-Nonyl-phenol: an estrogenic xenobiotic released from “modified” polystyrene; citation_author=AM Soto, H Justicia, JW Wray, C Sonnenschein; citation_volume=92; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=167-173; citation_doi=10.1289/ehp.9192167; citation_id=CR102 citation_journal_title=Environ Health Perspect; citation_title=The E-SCREEN assay as a tool to identify estrogens: an update on estrogenic environmental pollutants; citation_author=AM Soto, C Sonnenschein, KL Chung, MF Fernandez, ON Serrano FO; citation_volume=103; citation_issue=Suppl 7; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=113-122; citation_doi=10.1289/ehp.95103s7113; citation_id=CR103 citation_journal_title=FEMS Microbiol Lett; citation_title=Bacterial isolates degrading aliphatic polycarbonates; citation_author=T Suyama, H Hosoya, Y Tokiwa; citation_volume=161; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=255-261; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12956.x; citation_id=CR104 citation_journal_title=Appl Environ Microbiol; citation_title=Phylogenetic affiliation of soil bacteria that degrade aliphatic polyesters available commercially as biodegradable plastics; citation_author=T Suyama, Y Tokiwa, P Oichanpagdee, T Kanagawa, Y Kamagata; citation_volume=64; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=5008-5011; citation_id=CR105 citation_journal_title=Enz Microb Technol; citation_title=Enzymatic degradation of aliphatic polycarbonate, poly(tetramethylene carbonate); citation_author=T Suyama, Y Tokiwa; citation_volume=20; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=122-126; citation_doi=10.1016/S0141-0229(96)00084-1; citation_id=CR106 citation_title=Development of polycaprolactone/gelatinized starch blends and their enzymatic degradation; citation_inbook_title=Biodegradable plastics and polymers; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=437-442; citation_id=CR107; citation_author=S Takagi; citation_author=M Koyama; citation_author=H Kameyama; citation_author=Y Tokiwa; citation_publisher=Elsevier citation_journal_title=World J Microbiol Biotechnol; citation_title=Thermophilic microbial degradation of polyethylene succinate; citation_author=ML Tansengco, Y Tokiwa; citation_volume=14; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=133-138; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1008897121993; citation_id=CR108 citation_journal_title=Polym Degrad Stab; citation_title=Degradation of poly(ethylene succinate) by mesophilic bacteria; citation_author=Y Tezuka, N Ishii, K Kasuya, H Mitomo; citation_volume=84; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=115-121; citation_doi=10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2003.09.018; citation_id=CR109 citation_journal_title=J Ferm Technol; citation_title=Degradation of polycaprolactone by a fungus; citation_author=Y Tokiwa, T Ando, T Suzuki; citation_volume=54; citation_publication_date=1976; citation_pages=603-608; citation_id=CR110 citation_journal_title=Polym Mats Sci Eng; citation_title=Development of biodegradable plastics containing polycaprolactone and/or starch; citation_author=Y Tokiwa, A Iwamoto, M Koyama; citation_volume=63; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_pages=742-746; citation_id=CR111 citation_journal_title=J Ferm Technol; citation_title=Degradation of poly(ethylene glycol) adipate by a fungus; citation_author=Y Tokiwa, T Suzuki; citation_volume=52; citation_publication_date=1974; citation_pages=393-398; citation_id=CR112 citation_journal_title=Agric Biol Chem; citation_title=Purification of polyethylene adipate-degrading enzyme produced by Penicillium sp. strain 14–3; citation_author=Y Tokiwa, T Suzuki; citation_volume=41; citation_publication_date=1977; citation_pages=265-274; citation_doi=10.1271/bbb1961.41.265; citation_id=CR113 citation_journal_title=Nature; citation_title=Hydrolysis of polyesters by lipases; citation_author=Y Tokiwa, T Suzuki; citation_volume=270; citation_publication_date=1977; citation_pages=76-78; citation_doi=10.1038/270076a0; citation_id=CR114 citation_journal_title=J Appl Polym Sci; citation_title=Hydrolysis of copolyesters containing aromatic and aliphatic ester blocks by lipase; citation_author=Y Tokiwa, T Suzuki; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_pages=441-448; citation_doi=10.1002/app.1981.070260206; citation_id=CR115 citation_journal_title=Agric Biol Chem; citation_title=Hydrolysis of polyesters by Rhizopus arrhizus lipase; citation_author=Y Tokiwa, T Suzuki, K Takeda; citation_volume=50; citation_publication_date=1986; citation_pages=1323-1325; citation_doi=10.1271/bbb1961.50.1323; citation_id=CR116 citation_journal_title=Makromol Chem Makromol Symp; citation_title=Biological recycling of plastics containing ester bonds; citation_author=Y Tokiwa, A Iwamoto, M Koyama, N Kataoka, H Nishida; citation_volume=57; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=273-279; citation_doi=10.1002/masy.19920570125; citation_id=CR117 citation_journal_title=Appl Microbiol; citation_title=Biodegradability and biodegradation of poly(lactide); citation_author=Y Tokiwa, BP Calabia; citation_volume=72; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=244-251; citation_doi=10.1007/s00253-006-0488-1; citation_id=CR118 citation_journal_title=Environ sci pollut Res; citation_title=Isolation of a novel Pseudomonas sp from soil; citation_author=P Tribedi, S Sarkar, K Mukherjee, AK Sil; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_id=CR119 citation_journal_title=Biodegradation; citation_title=Polyester-degrading thermophilic actinomycetes isolated from different environment in Taiwan; citation_author=M Tseng, KC Hoang, MK Yang, SF Yang, WS Chu; citation_volume=18; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=579-583; citation_doi=10.1007/s10532-006-9089-z; citation_id=CR120 citation_journal_title=Rep Ferment Res Inst; citation_title=Microbial degradation of polyethylene oligomers; citation_author=A Tsuchii, T Suzuki, S Fukuoka; citation_volume=55; citation_publication_date=1980; citation_pages=35-40; citation_id=CR121 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA). Update on bisphenol A for use in food contact applications: January 2010; 15 January 2010. Accessed 15 Jan 2010. citation_journal_title=Macromol Mater Eng; citation_title=Properties and biodegradability of polymer blends of poly(l-lactide)swith different optical purity of the lactate units; citation_author=H Uruyama, T Kanamori, Y Kimura; citation_volume=287; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=116-121; citation_doi=10.1002/1439-2054(20020201)287:2<116::AID-MAME116>3.0.CO;2-Z; citation_id=CR123 citation_journal_title=Enzyme Microb Technol; citation_title=Enzymatic degradation of a model polyester by lipase from Rhizophus delemar ; citation_author=T Walter, J Augusta, R-J Muller, H Widdecke, J Klein; citation_volume=17; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=218-224; citation_doi=10.1016/0141-0229(94)00007-E; citation_id=CR124 citation_journal_title=Bio-macromolecules; citation_title=Enzymatic hydrolysis of bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxypropionate)s by poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) depolymerase from Acidovorax sp. TP4; citation_author=Y Wang, Y Inagawa, T Saito, K Kasuya, Y Doi, Y Inoue; citation_volume=3; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=828-34; citation_doi=10.1021/bm020019p; citation_id=CR125 WWF-Australia. wwf.org.au. Accessed 16 Jul 2010. citation_journal_title=J Macromol Sci Pure Appl Chem; citation_title=Biodegradation of polyester copolymers containing aromatic compounds; citation_author=U Witt, RJ Muller, WD Deckwer; citation_volume=4; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=851-856; citation_doi=10.1080/10601329508010296; citation_id=CR127 citation_journal_title=Eng Med; citation_title=Enzymatic hydrolysis of polylactic acid; citation_author=DF Williams; citation_volume=10; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_pages=5-7; citation_doi=10.1243/EMED_JOUR_1981_010_004_02; citation_id=CR128 citation_journal_title=Poly Degrad Stab; citation_title=Degradation of polyethylene by a Fungus, Penicillium simplicissimum YK; citation_author=K Yamada-Onodera, H Mukumoto, Y Katsuyaya, A Saiganji, Y Tani; citation_volume=72; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=323-7; citation_doi=10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00027-1; citation_id=CR129 citation_journal_title=Cri Rev Biotechnol; citation_title=A review of plastic waste biodegradation; citation_author=Y Zheng, EK Yanful, AS Bassi; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=243-50; citation_doi=10.1080/07388550500346359; citation_id=CR130