Nội dung được dịch bởi AI, chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo
Cấu trúc, biến chất và địa hóa học của hệ thống vein thạch anh Charlotte, mỏ vàng Mt Charlotte, Kalgoorlie, Australia: giới hạn thời gian, zonation xuống dốc và nguồn chất lỏng
Tóm tắt
Khu vực Kalgoorlie trong Craton Yilgarn thời kỳ Archean, Tây Australia, bao gồm hai mỏ vàng đạt tiêu chuẩn thế giới: Mt Charlotte (144 t Au đã được khai thác đến năm 2013) ở phía tây bắc và Golden Mile (1,670 t Au) ở phía đông nam. Cả hai mỏ đều nằm trong một sườn gabbro ở giai đoạn biến chất greenschist bị gập lại, gần với Đứt gãy Golden Mile (D2) trong biến đổi propylitic có liên quan đến các dike porphyry. Tại Mt Charlotte, một dải shear của các vein lấp đầy đứt gãy trong đứt gãy Golden Mile cho thấy sự dịch chuyển trượt trái trong quá trình khoáng hóa kiểu Golden Mile với pyrite-telluride. Vein thạch anh dạng ống Charlotte, được khai thác chủ yếu hơn 1 km theo hướng tụt xuống, được tách biệt theo thời gian bởi các đứt gãy D3 không có khoáng vật từ khoáng hóa và biến chất Golden Mile, và nằm giữa hai đứt gãy trượt phải (D4). Chuyển động trên các đứt gãy này tạo ra một mạng lưới có tổ chức của các vết nứt kéo dài và shear được mở ra trong quá trình thâm nhập của chất lỏng giàu H2S áp suất cao vào khoảng thời gian 2,655±13 Ma (U–Pb xenotime). Vàng được lắng đọng trong quá trình sulfid hóa đá vách trong các cạnh vein giao thoa có phân vùng từ albite-pyrrhotite sâu (3 g/t Au) đến tổ hợp muscovite-pyrite trên (5 g/t Au độ tinh khiết). Thermometry của chlorite và các tạp chất lỏng chỉ ra rằng sự phân vùng theo cấp độ kilomet này là do chất lỏng nguội từ 410–440 °C ở đáy xuống 350–360 °C ở đỉnh của thân quặng, trong khi khu vực đá xanh duy trì nhiệt độ môi trường ở mức 250 °C và áp lực địa chất 300 MPa. Các vết nứt mở được lấp đầy bằng quặng thạch anh không có khoáng vật và scheelite trong giai đoạn hồi ngược (300 °C) của sự kiện thủy nhiệt. Trong quá trình đóng kín vết nứt, lưu lượng chất lỏng thỉnh thoảng bị hạn chế ở đứt gãy D3 thấp hơn. Các chu kỳ dòng chảy lên cao và thấp, được đại diện bởi chất lỏng H2O–CO2 vị thành niên và H2O–CO2–CH4 phát triển, lần lượt được ghi nhận bởi thành phần đồng vị REE và Sr của các vùng dao động scheelite. Độ chênh lệch nhiệt độ được đo trong hệ thống vein cho thấy nguồn chất lỏng nóng (>600 °C) nằm cách 2–4 km dưới các khu vực khai thác, và một vài kilomet trên đáy của dải đá xanh. Tính toán cân bằng khối lượng liên quan đến quặng tổng cho thấy sự phong phú hóa cả các phần tử felsic (K, Rb, Cs, Li, Ba, W) và mafic (Ca, Sr, Mg, Ni, V, Cr, Te), một chữ ký nguồn phù hợp với bộ porphyry giàu Mg địa phương nhưng không tương thích với đá chủ meta-gabbro. Tỷ lệ 87Sr/86Sr ban đầu của các scheelite trong vein (0.7014–0.7016) cao hơn tỷ lệ trong manti của meta-gabbro (0.7009–0.7011) và trùng với tỷ lệ của các xâm nhập monzodiorite giàu Mg cao (0.7016–0.7018) được đưa vào dọc theo đứt gãy Golden Mile vào khoảng 2,662 ± 6 Ma đến 2,658 ± 3 Ma.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Barton MD, Hanson RB (1989) Magmatism and the development of low-pressure metamorphic belts: Implications from the western United States and thermal modelling. Geological Society of America Bulletin 101:1051–1065
Barton PB, Skinner BJ (1979) Sulfide mineral stabilities. In: Barnes HL (ed) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 278–403
Bartram GD, McCall GJH (1971) Wall-rock alteration asspciated with auriferous lodes in the Golden Mile, Kalgoorlie. In: Glover JE (ed) Symposium on Archaean rocks, Geological Society of Australia, Special Publication no. 3 pp 191–199
Bateman RJ, Hagemann SG, McCuaig TC, Swager CP (2001) Protracted gold mineralization throughout Archaean orogenesis in the Kalgoorlie camp, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: structural, mineralogical, and geochemical evolution. Geological Survey of Western Australia, Record 2001/17, p. 63-98
Berthé D, Choukroune P, Jegouzo P (1979) Orthogneiss, mylonite and non coaxial deformation of granites: the example of the South Armorican shear zone. Journal of Structural Geology 1:31–42
Brugger J, Lahaye Y, Costa S, Lambert D, Bateman R (2000) Inhomogeneous distribution of REE in scheelite and dynamics of Archaean hydrothermal systems (Mt. Charlotte and Drysdale gold deposits, Western Australia). Contributions Mineralogy Petrology 139:251–264
Brugger J, Maas R, Lahaye Y, McRae C, Ghaderi M, Costa S, Lambert D, Bateman R, Prince K (2002) Origins of Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic variations in single scheelite grains from Archaean gold deposits, Western Australia. Chemical Geology 182:203–225
Brugger J, Etschmann B, Pownceby M, Liu W, Grundler P, Brewe D (2008) Oxidation state of europium in scheelite: tracking fluid-rock interaction in gold deposits. Chemical Geology 257:26–33
Bucher K, Frey M (2002) Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks, 7th edn. Springer, Berlin, 341 pp
Cassidy KF, Champion DC, Krapez B, Barley ME, Brown SJA, Blewett RS, Groenewald PB, Tyler IM (2006) A revised geological framework for the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Geological Survey of Western Australia, Record 2006/8, 8 pp
Cathelineau M (1988) Cation site occupancy in chlorites and illites as a function of temperature. Clay Minerals 23:471–485
Chang Z, Yang Z (2012) Evaluation of inter-instrument variations among short wavelength infrared devices. Economic Geology 107:1479–1488
Chatterjee ND, Flux S (1986) Thermodynamic mixing properties of muscovite-paragonite crystalline solutions at high temperatures and pressures, and their geological applications. Journal of Petrology 27:677–693
Claoué-Long JC, Compston W, Cowden A (1988) The age of the Kambalda greenstones resolved by ion-microprobe: implications for Archaean dating methods. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 89:239–259
Clark ME (1980) Localization of gold, Mt Charlotte, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia: Unpublished B.Sc. (Honours) thesis, Perth, University of Western Australia, 128 pp
Clout JMF, Cleghorn JH, Eaton PC (1990) Geology of the Kalgoorlie goldfield. In: Hughes FE (ed) Geology of the mineral deposits of Australia and Papua New Guinea: Melbourne, vol 14, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Monograph., pp 411–431
Faure G (2001) Origin of igneous rocks—the isotopic evidence. Springer, Berlin, 496 pp
Feldtmann FR (1916) Contributions to the study of the geology and ore deposits of Kalgoorlie, East Coolgardie Goldfield, Part 3. Geological Survey of Western Australia Bulletin 69:152
Gauthier L, Hagemann S, Robert F, Pickens G (2004) New constraints on the architecture and timing of the giant Golden Mile gold deposit, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. Perth, University of Western Australia, Geology Department & University Extension, Publication 33:353–356
Ghaderi M, Palin JM, Campbell IH, Sylvester PJ (1999) Rare earth element systematics in scheelite from hydrothermal gold deposits in the Kalgoorlie-Norseman region, Western Australia. Economic Geology 94:423–437
Goldfarb RJ, Baker T, Dubé B, Groves DI, Hart CJR, Gosselin P (2005) Distribution, character and genesis of gold deposits in metamorphic terranes. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, pp 407-450
Golding LY (1985) The nature of the Golden Mile Dolerite south-east of Kalgoorlie. Western Australia: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 32:55–63
Goleby BR, Korsch RJ, Fomin T, Bell B, Nicoll MG, Drummond BJ, Owen AJ (2002) Preliminary 3-D geological model of the Kalgoorlie region, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, based on deep seismic-reflection and potential-field data. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 49:917–933
Grant JA (1986) The isocon diagram—a simple solution to Gresen’s equation for metasomatic alteration. Economic Geology 81:1976–1982
Groves DI, Goldfarb RJ, Gebre-Mariam M, Hagemann SG, Robert F (1998) Orogenic gold deposits: a proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other deposit types. Ore Geology Reviews 13:7–27
Gustafson JK, Miller FS (1937) Kalgoorlie geology re-interpreted. Economic Geology 32:285–317
Hagemann SG, Brown PE (1996) Geobarometry in Archean lode-gold deposits. European Journal of Mineralogy 8:937–960
Hagemann SG, Cassidy KF (2000) Archean orogenic lode gold deposits. Reviews in Economic Geology 13:9–68
Haycraft JA (1965) Orebodies in the Mt. Charlotte-Hannan’s North area, Kalgoorlie: Proceedings Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 213: 49-64
Haycraft JA (1979) Estimation of gold ore reserves at Mt. Charlotte, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia: Estimation and statement of mineral reserves, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Sydney Branch, October 1979, Proceedings, pp. 155–165
Ho SE, Bennett JM, Cassidy KF, Hronsky JMA, Mikucki EJ, Sang JH (1990) Fluid inclusion studies. In: Ho SE, Groves DI, Bennett JM (eds) Gold deposits of the Archaean Yilgarn Block, Western Australia: Nature, genesis, and exploration guides, University of Western Australia, Publication no. 20 pp 198–211
Hobbs BE, Means WD, Williams PF (1976) An outline of structural geology. Wiley, New York, 571 pp
Holland HD, Malinin SD (1979) The solubility and occurrence of non-ore minerals. In: Barnes HL (ed) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 461–508
Kent AJR, Campbell IH, McCulloch MT (1995) Sm-Nd systematics of hydrothermal scheelite from the Mount Charlotte mine, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia: an isotopic link between gold mineralization and komatiites. Economic Geology 90:2329–2335
Kositcin N, Brown SJA, Barley ME, Krapez B, Cassidy KF, Champion DC (2008) SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age constraints on the Late Archaean tectonostratigraphic architecture of the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Precambrian Research 161:5–33
Krapez B, Hand JL (2008) Late Archaean deep-marine volcaniclastic sedimentation in an arc-related basin: the Kalgoorlie Sequence of the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Precambrian Research 161:89–113
Krauskopf KB, Bird DK (1995) Introduction to Geochemistry, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, Boston, 647 pp
Lister GS, Snoke AW (1984) S-C mylonites. Journal of Structural Geology 6:617–638
McDonough WF, Sun SS (1995) The composition of the Earth. Chemical Geology 120:223–253
Mengler F (1993) Structural and lithological context of stockwork-style gold mineralisation, Mount Charlotte, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia: Unpublished B.Sc. (Honours) thesis, Perth, The University of Western Australia, 73 pp.
Mernagh TP, Heinrich CA, Mikucki EJ (2004) Temperature gradients recorded by fluid inclusions and hydrothermal alteration at the Mount Charlotte gold deposit, Kalgoorlie, Australia. Canadian Mineralogist 42:1383–1403
Meyer C, Hemley JJ (1967) Wall rock alteration. In: Barnes HL (ed) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 1st edn. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, pp 166–235
Mikucki EJ (1998) Hydrothermal transport and depositional processes in Archean lode-gold systems: a review. Ore Geology Reviews 13:307–321
Mikucki EJ, Heinrich CA (1993) Vein- and mine-scale wall-rock alteration and gold mineralisation in the Archaean Mount Charlotte deposit, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. Australian Geological Survey Organisation, Record 1993/54, p. 135-140
Mueller AG (1990) The nature and genesis of high- and medium-temperature Archaean gold deposits in the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia, including a specific study of scheelite-bearing gold skarn deposits: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 144 pp.
Mueller AG (2007) Copper-gold endoskarns and high-Mg monzodiorite-tonalite intrusions at Mt. Shea, Kalgoorlie, Australia: implications for the origin of gold-pyrite-tennantite mineralization in the Golden Mile. Mineralium Deposita 42:737–769
Mueller AG, McNaughton NJ (2000) U-Pb ages constraining batholith emplacement, contact metamorphism, and the formation of gold and W-Mo skarns in the Southern Cross area, Yilgarn craton, Western Australia. Economic Geology 95:1231–1257
Mueller AG, Muhling JR (2013) Silver-rich telluride mineralization at Mount Charlotte and Au-Ag zonation in the giant Golden Mile deposit, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. Mineralium Deposita 48:295–311
Mueller AG, Harris LB, Lungan A (1988) Structural control of greenstone-hosted gold mineralization by transcurrent shearing—a new interpretation of the Kalgoorlie mining district, Western Australia. Ore Geology Reviews 3:359–387
Mueller AG, de Laeter JR, Groves DI (1991) Strontium isotope systematics of hydrothermal minerals from epigenetic Archean gold deposits in the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia. Economic Geology 86:780–809
Mueller AG, Lawrance LM, Muhling J, Pooley GD (2012) Mineralogy and PTX relationships of the Archean Hannan South Au-Cu (Co-Bi) deposit, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia: thermodynamic constraints on the formation of a zoned intrusion-related skarn. Economic Geology 107:1–24
Neall FB (1985) The application of thermodynamics to the study of two Archean hydrothermal gold deposits in Western Australia: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Perth, The University of Western Australia, 173 pp.
Nelson DR (1997) Evolution of the Archaean granite-greenstone terranes of the Eastern Goldfields, Western Australia: SHRIMP U-Pb zircon constraints. Precambrian Research 83:57–81
Polito PA, Bone Y, Clarke JDA, Mernagh TP (2001) Compositional zoning of fluid inclusions in the Archaean Junction gold deposit, Western Australia: a process of fluid-wall-rock interaction? Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 48:833–855
Purvis AC (1984) Metamorphosed altered komatiites at Mount Martin, Western Australia—Archaean weathering products metamorphosed at the aluminosilicate triple point: Australian Journal Earth Sciences 31: 91–106
Rasmussen B, Mueller AG, Fletcher IR (2009) Zirconolite and xenotime U-Pb constraints on the emplacement of the Golden Mile Dolerite sill and gold mineralization at the Mt Charlotte mine, Eastern Goldfields Province, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 157:559–572
Reed MR, Askew JE (1984) Innovative aspects of mining at Mount Charlotte: Regional conference on gold-mining, metallurgy and geology, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Perth and Kalgoorlie Branches, October 1984. Mining Section, p 1–9
Ridley J, Mengler F (2000) Lithological and structural controls on the form and setting of vein stockwork orebodies at the Mount Charlotte gold deposit, Kalgoorlie. Economic Geology 95:85–98
Robert F, Poulsen KH (2001) Vein formation and deformation in greenstone gold deposits. Reviews in Economic Geology 14:111–155
Sibson RH (2000) A brittle failure mode plot defining conditions for high-flux flow. Economic Geology 95:41–48
Spear FS (1993) Metamorphic phase equilibria and pressure-temperature-time paths. Mineralogical Society of America Monograph 1:799
Squire RJ, Allen CM, Cas RAF, Campbell IH, Blewett RS, Nemchin AA (2010) Two cycles of voluminous pyroclastic volcanism and sedimentation related to episodic granite emplacement during the late Archean: Eastern Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Precambrian Research 183:251–274
Stillwell FL (1929) Geology and ore deposits of the Boulder Belt, Kalgoorlie. Geol. Survey Western Australia, Bulletin no. 94, 110 pp.
Swager CP, Griffin TJ, Witt WK, Wyche S, Ahmat AL, Hunter WM, McGoldrick PJ (1995) Geology of the Archaean Kalgoorlie terrane—an explanatory note: Geological Survey of Western Australia. Report 48:26
Swager CP, Goleby BR, Drummond BJ, Rattenbury MS, Williams PR (1997) Crustal structure of granite-greenstone terranes in the Eastern Goldfields, Yilgarn Craton, as revealed by seismic reflection profiling. Precambrian Research 83:43–56
Sylvester AG (1988) Strike-slip faults. Geological Society of America Bulletin 100:1666–1703
Thomson JA (1913) On the petrology of the Kalgoorlie Goldfield, Western Australia. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 69:621–677
Travis GA, Woodall R, Bartram GD (1971) The geology of the Kalgoorlie Goldfield. In: Glover JE (ed) Symposium on Archaean Rocks, vol 3, Geological Society of Australia, Special Publication., pp 175–190
Utting EP (1953) The Hannan’s North gold mine. In: Edwards AB (ed) Geology of Australian ore deposits. Melbourne, Empire Mining and Metallurgy 5th Congress, p. 112–118
Vielreicher NM, Groves DI, Snee LW, Fletcher IR, McNaughton NJ (2010) Broad synchroneity of three gold mineralization styles in the Kalgoorlie Gold Field: SHRIMP U-Pb, and 40Ar–39Ar geochronological evidence. Economic Geology 105:187–227
Weinberg RF, Van der Borgh P, Bateman RJ, Groves DI (2005) Kinematic history of the Boulder-Lefroy shear zone system and controls on associated gold mineralization, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Economic Geology 100:1407–1426
Williams-Jones AE, Bowell RJ, Migdisov AA (2009) Gold in solution. Elements 5:281–287
Woodall R (1965) Structure of the Kalgoorlie goldfield. Melbourne, Commonwealth Mining and Metallurgy 8th Congress, p. 71–79