Structural organization of microcystin biosynthesis in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806: an integrated peptide–polyketide synthetase system

Rinehart, 1994, Structure and biosynthesis of toxins from blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), J. Appl. Phycol., 6, 159, 10.1007/BF02186070

Sivonen, 1996, Cyanobacterial toxins and toxin production, Phycologia, 35, S12, 10.2216/i0031-8884-35-6S-12.1

Honkanen, 1990, Characterization of microcystin-LR, a potent inhibitor of type 1 and type 2A protein phosphatases, J. Biol. Chem., 265, 19401, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)45384-1

Eriksson, 1990, Hepatocellular uptake of 3H-dihydromicrocystin-LR, a cyclic peptide toxin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1025, 60, 10.1016/0005-2736(90)90190-Y

Beasley, 1989, Intoxication in livestock and water fowl, Food Animal Pract., 5, 345, 10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30980-4

Jochimsen, 1998, Liver failure and death after exposure to microcystins at a hemodialysis center in Brazil, New Engl. J. Med., 338, 873, 10.1056/NEJM199803263381304

Pouria, 1998, Fatal microcystin intoxication in haemodialysis unit in Caruaru, Brazil, Lancet, 352, 21, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)12285-1

Nishiwaki-Matsushima, 1992, Liver tumor promotion by the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-LR, J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 118, 420, 10.1007/BF01629424

Yu, 1995, Primary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma, J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 10, 674, 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1995.tb01370.x

Yu, S.Z. (1989). Drinking water and primary liver cancer. In Primary Liver Cancer. (Tang, Z.U., Wu, W.C.&Xia, S.S., eds.), pp. 30–37, Springer, Berlin.

Moore, 1991, Biosynthesis of microcystin-LR. Origin of the carbons in the Adda and Masp units, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 5083, 10.1021/ja00013a066

Dittmann, 1997, Insertional mutagenesis of a peptide synthetase gene that is responsible for hepatotoxin production in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806, Mol. Microbiol., 26, 779, 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.6131982.x

Arment, 1996, Evidence that microcystin is a thio-template product, J. Phycol., 32, 591, 10.1111/j.0022-3646.1996.00591.x

Nishizawa, 1999, Genetic analysis of the peptide synthetase genes for a cyclic heptapeptide microcystin in Microcystis spp, J. Biochem., 126, 520, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022481

Cane, 1998, Harnessing the biosynthetic code: Combinations, permutations and mutations, Science, 282, 63, 10.1126/science.282.5386.63

Marahiel, 1997, Modular peptide synthetases involved in nonribosomal peptide synthesis, Chem. Rev., 97, 26511, 10.1021/cr960029e

von Döhren, 1999, The nonribosomal code, Chem. Biol., 6, R273, 10.1016/S1074-5521(00)80014-9

Molnar, 2000, The biosynthetic gene cluster for the microtubule-stabilizing agents epothilones A and B from Sorangium cellulosum SO ce90, Chem. Biol., 7, 97, 10.1016/S1074-5521(00)00075-2

Paitan, 1999, The first gene in the biosynthesis of the polyketide antibiotic TA of Myxococcus xanthus codes for a unique PKS module coupled to a peptide synthetase, J. Mol. Biol., 286, 465, 10.1006/jmbi.1998.2478

Gehring, 1998, Iron acquisition in plague: Modular logic in enzymatic biogenesis of yersiniabactin by Yersinia pestis, Chem. Biol., 5, 573, 10.1016/S1074-5521(98)90115-6

Duitman, 1999, The mycosubtilin synthetase of Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633: A multifunctional hybrid between a peptide synthetase, an amino transferase, and a fatty acid synthase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 13294, 10.1073/pnas.96.23.13294

Neilan, 1999, Nonribosomal peptide synthesis and toxigenicity of cyanobacteria, J. Bacteriol., 181, 4089, 10.1128/JB.181.13.4089-4097.1999

Siebert, 1995, An improved PCR method for walking in uncloned genomic DNA, Nucleic Acids Res., 23, 1087, 10.1093/nar/23.6.1087

Neilan, 1997, rRNA sequences and evolutionary relationships among toxic and nontoxic cyanobacteria of the genus Microcystis, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 47, 693, 10.1099/00207713-47-3-693

Challis, 2000, Predictive, structure-based model of amino acid recognition by nonribosomal peptide synthetase adenylation domains, Chem. Biol., 7, 211, 10.1016/S1074-5521(00)00091-0

Stachelhaus, 1999, The specificity-conferring code of adenylation domains in nonribosomal peptide synthetases, Chem. Biol., 6, 493, 10.1016/S1074-5521(99)80082-9

Cosmina, 1993, Sequence and analysis of the genetic locus resposible for surfactin synthesis in Bacillus subtilis, Mol. Microbiol., 8, 821, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01629.x

Yakimov, 1998, A putative lichenysin A synthetase operon in Bacillus licheniformis: initial characterization, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1399, 141, 10.1016/S0167-4781(98)00096-7

Gutierrez, 1991, J. Bacteriol., 173, 2354, 10.1128/jb.173.7.2354-2365.1991

Schwecke, 1995, The biosynthetic gene cluster for the polyketide immunosuppressant rapamycin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 92, 7839, 10.1073/pnas.92.17.7839

Motamedi, 1998, The biosynthetic gene cluster for the macrolactone ring of the immunosuppressant FK506, Eur. J. Biochem., 256, 528, 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2560528.x

Kaneko, 1996, Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. II. Sequence determination of the entire genome and assignment of potential protein-coding regions, DNA Res., 3, 109, 10.1093/dnares/3.3.109

Shi, 1995, Immuno-gold localization of hepatotoxins in cyanobacterial cells, Arch. Microbiol., 163, 7, 10.1007/BF00262197

Smith, 1997, Complete genome sequence of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum delta-H: functional analysis and comparative genomics, J. Bacteriol., 179, 7135, 10.1128/jb.179.22.7135-7155.1997

Haydock, 1991, Cloning and sequence analysis of genes involved in erythromycin biosynthesis in Saccharopolyspora erythraea: sequence similarities between EryG and a family of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases, Mol. Gen. Genet., 230, 120, 10.1007/BF00290659

Weber, 1994, The peptide synthetase catalyzing cyclosporin production in Tolypocladium niveum is encoded by a giant 45.8-kilobase open reading frame, Curr. Genet., 26, 120, 10.1007/BF00313798

Haese, 1993, Molecular characterization of the enniatin synthetase gene encoding a multifunctional enzyme catalysing N-methyldepsipeptide formation in Fusarium scirpi, Mol. Microbiol., 7, 905, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01181.x

de Crecy-Lagard, 1997, Streptogramin B biosynthesis in Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and Streptomyces virginiae – Molecular characterization of the last structural peptide synthetase gene, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 41, 1904, 10.1128/AAC.41.9.1904

Rinehart, 1988, Nodularin, microcystin, and the configuration of Adda, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110, 8557, 10.1021/ja00233a049

Dierstein, 1990, Two closely related peptide toxins in axenically grown Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806, Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 13, 86, 10.1016/S0723-2020(11)80184-0

Mootz, 1997, The tyrocidine biosynthesis operon of Bacillus brevis: Complete nucleotide sequence and biochemical characterization of functional internal adenylation domains, J. Bacteriol., 179, 6843, 10.1128/jb.179.21.6843-6850.1997

Tillett, D., Parker, D.L.&Neilan, B.A. (2000). Population structure of the genus Microcystis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (submitted).

Martin, 1993, Cyanopeptolins, new depsipeptides from the cyanobacteruim Microcystis sp. PCC 7806, J. Antibiot., 46, 1550, 10.7164/antibiotics.46.1550

Wessels, 1996, Biosynthesis of acylpeptolactones of the daptomycin type: a comparitive analysis of peptide synthetases forming A21978C and A54145, Eur. J. Biochem., 242, 665, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0665r.x

Yu, 1999, Direct evidence that the rifamycin polyketide synthase assembles polyketide chains processively, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 9051, 10.1073/pnas.96.16.9051

Bolch, 1997, Plasmid content and distribution in the toxic cyanobacterial genus Microcystis Kuetzing ex Lemmermann (Cyanobacteria: Chroococcales), Phycologia, 36, 6, 10.2216/i0031-8884-36-1-6.1

Ruan, 1997, A second type-I PKS gene cluster isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus ATCC 29253, a rapamycin-producing strain, Gene, 203, 1, 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00450-2

Haydock, 1995, Divergent sequence motifs correlated with the substrate specificity of (methyl)malonyl-CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase domains in modular polyketide syntheses, FEBS Lett., 374, 246, 10.1016/0014-5793(95)01119-Y

Ikeda, 1999, Organization of the biosynthetic gene cluster for the polyketide anthelmintic macrolide avermectin in Streptomyces avermitilis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 9509, 10.1073/pnas.96.17.9509

Kagan, 1994, Widespread occurrence of three sequence motifs in diverse S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases suggests a common structure for these enzymes, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 310, 417, 10.1006/abbi.1994.1187

Schluckebier, 1995, Universal catalytic domain structure of AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases, J. Mol. Biol., 247, 16, 10.1006/jmbi.1994.0117

Cheng, 2000, A eukaryotic alanine racemase gene involved in cyclic peptide biosynthesis, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 4906, 10.1074/jbc.275.7.4906

Lambalot, 1996, A new enzyme superfamily – the phosphopantetheinyl transferases, Chem. Biol., 3, 923, 10.1016/S1074-5521(96)90181-7

Tillett, 2000, Xanthogenate nucleic acid isolation from cultured and environmental cyanobacteria, J. Phycol., 36, 251, 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.99079.x

Tillett, 1999, n-Butanol purification of Dye Terminator sequencing reactions, BioTechniques, 26, 606, 10.2144/99264bm02

An, 1994, Use of a colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the study of microcystins and nodularins, Toxicon, 32, 1495, 10.1016/0041-0101(94)90308-5