Structural brain alterations associated with dyslexia predate reading onset

Ashburner, 2005, Unified segmentation, Neuroimage, 26, 839, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018 Beitchman, 1986, Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children with speech and language disorders, J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry, 25, 528, 10.1016/S0002-7138(10)60013-1 Benjamini, 1995, Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing, J. R. Stat. Soc., Ser. B, 57, 289 Blau, 2009, Reduced neural integration of letters and speech sounds links phonological and reading deficits in adult dyslexia, Curr. Biol., 19, 503, 10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.065 Blau, 2010, Deviant processing of letters and speech sounds as proximate cause of reading failure: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of dyslexic children, Brain, 133, 868, 10.1093/brain/awp308 Brambati, 2004, Regional reductions of gray matter volume in familial dyslexia, Neurology, 63, 742, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000134673.95020.EE Brown, A.L., Palincsar, A.S., Purcell, L., 1986. Poor readers: teach, don’t label. In: The school achievement of minority children: New perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hilsdale, NJ, pp. 105–143. Brown, 2001, Preliminary evidence of widespread morphological variations of the brain in dyslexia, Neurology, 56, 781, 10.1212/WNL.56.6.781 Chang, 2005, Reading impairment in the neuronal migration disorder of periventricular nodular heterotopias, Neurology, 64, 799, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000152874.57180.AF Chang, 2007, A structural basis for reading fluency: white matter defects in a genetic brain malformation, Neurology, 69, 2146, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000286365.41070.54 Cohen, 2003, Visual word recognition in the left and right hemispheres: anatomical and functional correlates of peripheral alexias, Cereb. Cortex, 13, 1313, 10.1093/cercor/bhg079 Cunningham, 1991, Tracking the unique effects of print exposure in children: association with vocabulary, general knowledge, and spelling, J. Educ. Psychol., 83, 264, 10.1037/0022-0663.83.2.264 De Jong, 1999, Specific contributions of phonological abilities to early reading acquisition: results from a Dutch latent variable longitudinal study, J. Educ. Psychol., 91, 450, 10.1037/0022-0663.91.3.450 Denney, 2001 Denton, K., Germino-Hausken, E., West, J., 2000. U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, DC. America's Kindergartners, NCES 2000-20070. Deutsch, 2005, Children's reading performance is correlated with white matter structure measured by diffusion tensor imaging, Cortex, 41, 354, 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70272-7 Eckert, 2003, Anatomical correlates of dyslexia: frontal and cerebellar findings, Brain, 126, 482, 10.1093/brain/awg026 Eckert, 2005, Anatomical signatures of dyslexia in children: unique information from manual and voxel based morphometry brain measures, Cortex, 41, 304, 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70268-5 Fisher, 2006, Genes, cognition and dyslexia: learning to read the genome, Trends Cogn. Sci., 10, 250, 10.1016/j.tics.2006.04.003 Flax, 2008, Using early standardized language measures to predict later language and early reading outcomes in children at high risk for language-learning impairments, J. Learn. Disabil., 42, 61, 10.1177/0022219408326215 Francis, 1996, Developmental lag versus deficit models of reading disability: a longitudinal, individual growth curves analysis, J. Educ. Psychol., 88, 3, 10.1037/0022-0663.88.1.3 Fulbright, 1999, The cerebellum's role in reading: a functional MR imaging study, AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., 20, 1925 Gabrieli, 2009, Dyslexia: a new synergy between education and cognitive neuroscience, Science, 325, 280, 10.1126/science.1171999 Galaburda, 1985, Developmental dyslexia: four consecutive cases with cortical anomalies, Ann. Neurol., 18, 222, 10.1002/ana.410180210 Galaburda, 2006, From genes to behavior in developmental dyslexia, Nat. Neurosci., 9, 1213, 10.1038/nn1772 Gallagher, 2000, Precursors of literacy delay among children at genetic risk of dyslexia, J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 41, 203, 10.1017/S0021963099005284 Guttorm, 2001, Event-related potentials and consonant differentiation in newborns with familial risk for dyslexia, J. Learn. Disabil., 34, 534, 10.1177/002221940103400606 Guttorm, 2003, Event-related potentials in newborns with and without familial risk for dyslexia: principal component analysis reveals differences between the groups, J. Neural Transm., 110, 1059, 10.1007/s00702-003-0014-x Hannula-Jouppi, 2005, The axon guidance receptor gene ROBO1 is a candidate gene for developmental dyslexia, PLoS Genet., 1, e50, 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010050 Hayasaka, 2004, Nonstationary cluster-size inference with random field and permutation methods, Neuroimage, 22, 676, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.041 Hoeft, 2007, Functional and morphometric brain dissociation between dyslexia and reading ability, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 4234, 10.1073/pnas.0609399104 Hoeft, 2007, Prediction of children's reading skills using behavioral, functional, and structural neuroimaging measures, Behav. Neurosci., 121, 602, 10.1037/0735-7044.121.3.602 Hollingshead, A. de B., 1975. Four factor index of social status. Department of Sociology, Yale University. Jobard, 2003, Evaluation of the dual route theory of reading: a metanalysis of 35 neuroimaging studies, Neuroimage, 20, 693, 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00343-4 Katzir, T., Lesaux, N.K., Kim, Y.-S., 2009. The role of reading self-concept and home literacy practices in fourth grade reading comprehension. Reading and Writing, An Interdisciplinary Journal. http://www.springerlink.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/content/l176180535083720/fulltext.html. Kaufman, 1997 Kirby, 2003, Naming speed and phonological awareness as predictors of reading development, J. Educ. Psychol., 95, 453, 10.1037/0022-0663.95.3.453 Klingberg, 2000, Microstructure of temporo-parietal white matter as a basis for reading ability: evidence from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging, Neuron, 25, 493, 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80911-3 Kobayashi, 2005, Effects of mora deletion, nonword repetition, rapid naming, and visual search performance on beginning reading in Japanese, Ann. Dyslexia, 55, 105, 10.1007/s11881-005-0006-7 Kronbichler, 2008, Developmental dyslexia: gray matter abnormalities in the occipitotemporal cortex, Hum. Brain Mapp., 29, 613, 10.1002/hbm.20425 Leppanen, 2002, Brain responses to changes in speech sound durations differ between infants with and without familial risk for dyslexia, Dev. Neuropsychol., 22, 407, 10.1207/S15326942dn2201_4 Marder, 1992 Maurer, 2009, Neurophysiology in preschool improves behavioral prediction of reading ability throughout primary school, Biol. Psychiatry, 66, 341, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.031 McCandliss, 2003, The development of reading impairment: a cognitive neuroscience model, Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev., 9, 196, 10.1002/mrdd.10080 McCandliss, 2003, The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus, Trends Cogn. Sci., 7, 293, 10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00134-7 Meng, 2005, DCDC2 is associated with reading disability and modulates neuronal development in the brain, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 17053, 10.1073/pnas.0508591102 Niogi, 2006, Left lateralized white matter microstructure accounts for individual differences in reading ability and disability, Neuropsychologia, 44, 2178, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.011 Oka, 1986, Patterns of motivation and reading skills in underachieving children, vol. 2, 220 Paracchini, 2006, The chromosome 6p22 haplotype associated with dyslexia reduces the expression of KIAA0319, a novel gene involved in neuronal migration, Hum. Mol. Genet., 15, 1659, 10.1093/hmg/ddl089 Pennington, 2001, Early reading development in children at family risk for dyslexia, Child Dev., 72, 816, 10.1111/1467-8624.00317 Pennington, 1988, Genetic influences on learning disabilities: an update, J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 56, 817, 10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.817 Pernet, 2009, When all hypotheses are right: a multifocal account of dyslexia, Hum. Brain Mapp., 7, 2278, 10.1002/hbm.20670 Pihko, 1999, Cortical responses of infants with and without a genetic risk for dyslexia: I. Age effects, NeuroReport, 10, 901, 10.1097/00001756-199904060-00002 Poldrack, 2009, Independence in ROI analysis: where is the voodoo?, Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci., 4, 208, 10.1093/scan/nsp011 Puolakanaho, 2008, Developmental links of very early phonological and language skills to second grade reading outcomes: strong to accuracy but only minor to fluency, J. Learn. Disabil., 41, 353, 10.1177/0022219407311747 Quinn, 2001 Raschle, 2009, Making MR imaging child's play—pediatric neuroimaging protocol, guidelines and procedure, J. Vis. Exp., 29 Rimrodt, 2009, White matter microstructural differences linked to left perisylvian language network in children with dyslexia, Cortex, 46, 739, 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.07.008 Scarborough, 1990, Very early language deficits in dyslexic children, Child Dev., 61, 1728, 10.2307/1130834 Schlaggar, 2007, Development of neural systems for reading, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 30, 475, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135645 Schumacher, 2007, Genetics of dyslexia: the evolving landscape, J. Med. Genet., 44, 289, 10.1136/jmg.2006.046516 Semel, 1986 Silani, 2005, Brain abnormalities underlying altered activation in dyslexia: a voxel based morphometry study, Brain, 128, 2453, 10.1093/brain/awh579 Smith, 1983, Specific reading disability: identification of an inherited form through linkage analysis, Science, 219, 1345, 10.1126/science.6828864 Snowling, 2003, Family risk of dyslexia is continuous: individual differences in the precursors of reading skill, Child Dev., 74, 358, 10.1111/1467-8624.7402003 Specht, 2009, Brain activation on pre-reading tasks reveals at-risk status for dyslexia in 6-year-old children, Scand. J. Psychol., 50, 79, 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00688.x 1999 Steinbrink, 2008, The contribution of white and gray matter differences to developmental dyslexia: insights from DTI and VBM at 3.0 T, Neuropsychologia, 46, 3170, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.015 Temple, 2002, Brain mechanisms in normal and dyslexic readers, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 12, 178, 10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00303-3 Torgesen, 1998, Consistency of reading-related phonological processes throughout early childhood: evidence from longitudinal-correlational and instructional studeis, 161 Turkeltaub, 2003, Development of neural mechanisms for reading, Nat. Neurosci., 6, 767, 10.1038/nn1065 Vaessen, 2010, Long-term cognitive dynamics of fluent reading development, J. Exp. Child Psychol., 105, 213, 10.1016/j.jecp.2009.11.005 Vaessen, 2009, Naming problems do not reflect a second independent core deficit in dyslexia: double deficits explored, J. Exp. Child Psychol., 103, 202, 10.1016/j.jecp.2008.12.004 Van Atteveldt, 2004, Integration of letters and speech sounds in the human brain, Neuron, 43, 271, 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.06.025 Van Atteveldt, 2007, The effect of temporal asynchrony on the multisensory integration of letters and speech sounds, Cereb. Cortex, 4, 962 Vinckier, 2007, Hierarchical coding of letter strings in the ventral stream: dissecting the inner organization of the visual word-form system, Neuron, 55, 143, 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.05.031 Vlachos, 2007, Cerebellum and reading, Folia Phoniatr. Logop., 59, 177, 10.1159/000102929 Vul, 2009, Puzzingly high correlation in fMRI studies of emotion, personality and social cognition, Perspect. Psychol. Sci., 4, 274, 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01125.x Wagner, 1993 Wagner, 1987, The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills, Psychol. Bull., 101, 192, 10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.192 Wagner, 1999 Wilke, 2008, Template-O-Matic: a toolbox for creating customized pediatric templates, Neuroimage, 41, 903, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.02.056 Wolf, 1986, Rapid alternating stimulus naming in the developmental dyslexias, Brain Lang., 27, 360, 10.1016/0093-934X(86)90025-8 Wolf, 2005 Wolf, 1986, Automaticity, retrieval processes, and reading: a longitudinal study in average and impaired readers, Child Dev., 57, 988, 10.2307/1130373 Woodcock, 1998 World Health Organization, 1992