Structural Constraints in the Evolution of the Tetrapod Skull Complexity: Williston’s Law Revisited Using Network Models

Albert, R., Jeong, H., & Barabási, A.-L. (2000). Error and attack tolerance of complex networks. Nature, 406, 378–381.

Aldridge, K., Marsh, J. L., Govier, D., & Richtsmeier, J. T. (2002). Central nervous system phenotypes in craniosynostosis. Journal of Anatomy, 201, 31–39.

Benton, M. J. (1990). Reptiles. In K. J. MacNamara (Ed.), Evolutionary trends (pp. 279–300). Tucson: Arizona University Press.

Bonner, J. T. (1988). The evolution of complexity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Boonstra, L. D. (1936). The cranial morpholgy of some titanosuchid deinocephalians. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 72, 99–116.

Cannatella, D. (2008). Living amphibians. Frogs and toads, salamanders and newts, and caecilians. Resource document. http://tolweb.org/Living_Amphibians/14997/2008.11.28 . Accessed 23 May 2012.

Carroll, R. L. (1988). Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.

Carroll, R. L., & Lindsay, W. (1985). Cranial anatomy of the primitive reptile Procolophon. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, 1571–1587.

Case, E. C. (1904). The osteology of the skull of the pelycosaurian genus, Dimetrodon. Journal of Geology, 12, 304–311.

Chernoff, B., & Magwene, P. M. (1999). Afterword. In E. C. Olson & P. L. Miller (Eds.), Morphological integration (pp. 319–353). Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Depew, M. J., Compagnucci, C., & Griffin, J. (2008). Suture neontology and paleontology: The bases for where, when, and how boundaries between bones have been established and have evolved. In D. P. Rice (Ed.), Craniofacial sutures. Development, disease, and treatment (pp. 57–78). Basel: Karger.

Dorogovtsev, S. N., & Mendes, J. F. F. (2003). Evolution of networks: From biological networks to the Internet and WWW. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Dunne, J. A., Williams, R. J., & Martínez, N. D. (2008a). Food-web structure and network theory: The role of connectance and size. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99, 12917–12922.

Dunne, J. A., Williams, R. J., Martínez, N. D., Wood, R. A., & Erwin, D. H. (2008b). Compilation and network analyses of Cambrian food webs. PLoS Biology, 6, e102.

Erdos, P., & Renyi, A. (1959). On random graphs. Publicationes mathematicae Debrecen, 6, 290–297.

Estes, R. (1961). Cranial anatomy of the cynodont reptile Thrinaxodon liorhinus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 125, 165–180.

Estes, R., Queiroz, K., & Gauthier, J. (1988). Phylogenetic relationships within Squamata. In R. Estes & G. Pregill (Eds.), Phylogenetic relationships of the lizard families: Essays commemorating Charles L. Camp (pp. 119–281). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Esteve-Altava, B., Marugán-Lobón, J., Botella, H., & Rasskin-Gutman, D. (2011). Network models in anatomical systems. Journal of Anathropological Sciences, 89, 1–10.

Felsenstein, J. (1985). Phylogenies and the comparative method. The American Naturalist, 125, 1–15.

Gabriel, K. R., & Sokal, R. R. (1969). A new statistical approach to geographic variation analysis. Systematic Zoology, 18, 259–270.

Gaffney, E. S. (1979). Comparative cranial morphology of recent and fossil turtles. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 164, 65–375.

Gaffney, E. S. (1990). The comparative osteology of the triassic turtle Proganochelys. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 194, 2–263.

Gardner, N. M., Holliday, C. M., & O’Keefe, F. R. (2010). The Braincase of Youngina capensis (Reptilia, Diapsida): New insights from high-resolution CT scanning of the Holotype. Palaeontologia Electronica, 13, 19A.

Giannini, N. P., Wible, J. R., & Simmons, N. B. (2006). On the cranial osteology of Chiroptera. 1, Pteropus (Megachiroptera, Pteropodidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 295, 1–134.

Gibbard, L. P., Head, M. J., & Walker, M. J. C. (2010). Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science, 25, 96–102.

Gilmore, C. W. (1914). Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 89, 2–159.

Girgis, F. G., & Pritchard, J. J. (1958). Effects of skull damage on the development of sutural patterns in the rat. Journal of Anatomy, 92, 39–61.

Goodrich, E. S. (1958). Studies on the structure and development of vertebrates. New York: Dover Publications.

Gradstein, F. M., Agterberg, F. P., Ogg, J. G., Hardenbol, J., Van Veen, P., Thierry, J., et al. (1995). A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special: Publication. 54.

Gray, H. (1918). Anatomy of the human body. Philadelphia: Lea, & Febiger.

Gregory, W. K. (1934). Polysomerism and anisomerism in cranial and dental evolution among vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 20, 1–9.

Gregory, W. K., Roigneau, M., Burr, E. R., Evans, G., Hellman, E., Jackson, F. A., et al. (1935). Williston’s law relating to the evolution of skull bones in the vertebrates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 20, 123–152.

Hall, B. K. (2005). Bones and cartilage. Developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology. San Diego: Elsevier.

Hildebrand, M. (1988). Analysis of vertebrate structure (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.

Horvath, S., & Dong, J. (2008). Geometric interpretation of gene coexpression network analysis. PLoS Computational Biology, 4, e1000117.

Hugall, A. F., Foster, R., & Lee, M. S. (2007). Calibration choice, rate smoothing, and the pattern of tetrapod diversification according to the long nuclear gene RAG-1. Systematic Biology, 56, 543–563.

Josse, S., Moreau, T., & Laurin, M. (2006). Stratigraphic tools for mesquite. Available at http://mesquiteproject.org/packages/stratigraphicTools/ .

Kardong, K. V. (2005). Vertebrates. Comparative anatomy, function, evolution. New York: Mcgraw Hill.

Knight, C. G., & Pinney, J. W. (2009). Making the right connections: Biological networks in the light of evolution. BioEssays, 31, 1080–1090.

Koyabu, D., Maier, W., & Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. (2012). Paleontological and developmental evidence resolve the homology and dual embryonic origin of a mammalian skull bone, the interparietal. Proceedings of the Natinal Academy of Science USA,. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1208693109 .

Laurin, M. (1996). A redescription of the cranial anatomy of Seymouria baylorensis, the best known Seymouriamorph (Veretebrata: Seymouriamorpha). PaleoBios, 17, 1–16.

Laurin, M. (2004). The evolution of body size, Cope’s rule and the origin of amniotes. Systematic Biology, 53, 594–622.

Laurin, M. (2010). Assessment of the relative merits of a few methods to detect evolutionary trends. Systematic Biology, 59, 689–704.

Laurin, M. (2011). Terrestrial vertebrates. Stegocephalians: Tetrapods and other digit-bearing vertebrates. Resource document. http://tolweb.org/Terrestrial_Vertebrates/14952/2011.04.21 . Accessed 23 May 2012.

Laurin, M., & Gauthier, J. A. (2011). Diapsida. Lizards, Sphenodon, crocodylians, birds, and their extinct relatives. Resource document. http://tolweb.org/Diapsida/14866/2011.04.20 . Accessed 23 May 2012.

Laurin, M., & Gauthier, J. A. (2012). Amniota. Mammals, reptiles (turtles, lizards, Sphenodon, crocodiles, birds) and their extinct relatives. Resource document. http://tolweb.org/Amniota/14990/2012.01.30 . Accessed 23 May 2012.

Laurin, M., & Reisz, R. R. (2011). Synapsida. Mammals and their extinct relatives. Resource document. http://tolweb.org/Synapsida/14845/2011.08.14 . Accessed 23 May 2012.

Le Guyader, H. (2004). Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire: A visionary naturalist. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Louys, J., Aplin, K., Beck, R. M. D., & Archer, M. (2009). Cranial anatomy of Oligo-Miocene koalas (Diprotodontia: Phascolarctidae): Stages in the evolution of an extreme leaf-eating specialization. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29, 981–992.

Mabbutt, L. W., & Kokich, V. G. (1979). Calvarial and sutural re-development following craniectomy in the neonatal rabbit. Journal of Anatomy, 129, 413–422.

Maddin, H. C., Sidor, C. A., & Reisz, R. R. (2008). Cranial anatomy of Ennatosaurus tecton (Synapsida: Caseidae) from the Middle Permian of Russia and the evolutionary relationships of Caseidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28, 160–180.

Maddison, D. R., & Schulz, K. S. (2007) The tree of life web project. Internet address: http://tolweb.org .

Maddison, W. P., & Maddison, D. R. (2011). Mesquite: A modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2.75. Available at http://mesquiteproject.org .

Magwene, P. M. (2008). Using correlation proximity graphs to study phenotypic integration. Evolutionary Biology, 35, 191–198.

Maisano, J. A., Kearney, M., & Rowe, T. (2006). Cranial anatomy of the spade-headed amphisbaenian Diplometopon zarudnyi (Squamata: Amphisbaenia) based on high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Journal of Morphology, 267, 70–102.

Mason, O., & Verwoerd, M. (2007). Graph theory and networks in biology. IET Systems Biology, 1, 89–119.

MATLAB version 7.10. (2010). The MathWorks Inc., Natick, Massachusetts.

McShea, D. W. (1991). Complexity and evolution: What everybody knows. Biology and Philosophy, 6, 303–324.

McShea, D. W. (1996). Metazoan complexity and evolution: Is there a trend? Evolution, 50, 477–492.

McShea, D. W. (1998). Possible largest-scale trends in organismal evolution: Eight “live hypotheses”. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 29, 293–318.

Mead, J. G., & Fordyce, R. E. (2009). The therian skull: A lexicon with emphasis on the odontocetes. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 627, 1–248.

Meylan, P. A. (2001). Testudines. Turtles, tortoises and terrapins. Resource document. http://tolweb.org/Testudines/14861/2001.05.31 . Accessed 23 May 2012.

Midford, P., Garland, T. J., & Maddison, W. P. (2008). PDAP Package for Mesquite. http://mesquiteproject.org/pdap_mesquite/index.html .

Moazen, M., Curtis, N., O’Higgins, P., Jones, M. E. H., Evans, S. E., & Fagan, M. J. (2009). Assessment of the role of sutures in a lizard skull: A computer modelling study. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276, 39–46.

Newman, M. E. J. (2003). The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Reviews, 45, 167–256.

Newman, M. E. J., Barabási, A.-L., & Watts, D. J. (2006). The structure and dynamics of networks. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Newman, S. A., & Forgacs, G. (2005). Complexity and self-organization in biological development and evolution. In D. Bonchev & D. H. Rouvray (Eds.), Complexity in chemistry, biology, and ecology (pp. 49–190). New York: Springer Science.

Nussbaum, R. A. (1977). Rhinatrematidae: A new family of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan, 682, 1–30.

Okajima, Y., & Kumazawa, Y. (2010). Mitochondrial genomes of acrodont lizards: Timing of gene rearrangements and phylogenetic and biogeographic implications. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 141e.

Olson, E. C., & Miller, R. L. (1958). Morphological Integration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Ostrom, J. H. (1961). Cranial morphology of the hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 122, 33–195.

Pace, J. K., Gilbert, C., Clark, M. S., & Feschotte, C. (2008). Repeated horizontal transfer of a DNA transposon in mammals and other tetrapods. Proceedings of the Natinal Academy of Science USA, 105, 17023–17028.

Padian, K. (1984). Pterosaur remains from the Kayenta Formation (? Early Jurassic) of Arizona. Paleobiology, 27, 407–413.

Payne, S. L., Holliday, C. M., & Vickaryous, M. K. (2011). An osteological and histological investigation of cranial joints in Geckos. Anatomical Records, 294, 399–405.

Phillips, M. J., Bennett, T., & Lee, M. S. Y. (2009). Molecules and morphology suggest a recent, amphibious ancestry for echidnas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 106, 17089–17094.

Proulx, S. R., Promislow, D. E., & Phillips, P. C. (2005). Network thinking in ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 20, 345–353.

Rasskin-Gutman, D. (2003). Boundary constraints for the emergence of form. In G. Müller & S. Newman (Eds.), Origination of organismal form (pp. 305–322). Cambridge: MIT Press.

Reisz, R. (1981). A diapsid reptile from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Special Publications, 7, 1–74.

Rice, D. P. (2008). Developmental anatomy of craniofacial sutures. In D. P. Rice (Ed.), Craniofacial sutures. Development, disease, and treatment (pp. 1–21). Basel: Karger.

Richtsmeier, J. T., Aldridge, K., DeLeon, V. B., Panchal, J., Kane, A. A., Marsh, J. L., et al. (2006). Phenotypic integration of neurocranium and brain. Journal of Experimental Zoology B, 306, 360–378.

Riedl, R. (1978). Order in living organisms: A systems analysis of evolution. New York: Wiley.

Rieppel, O. (1993). Patterns of diversity in the reptilian skull. In J. Hanken & B. K. Hall (Eds.), The Skull (Vol. 2, pp. 344–390). Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Roscher, M., & Schneider, J. W. (2006). Permo-Carboniferous climate: Early Pennsylvanian to Late Permian climate development of central Europe in a regional and global context. In G. Lucas, G. Cassinis, & J. W. Schneider (Eds.), Non-Marine Permian biostratigraphy and biochronology (pp. 95–136). London: Geological Society Special Publications.

Schoch, R. R. (2010). Riedl’s burden and the body plan: Selection, constraint, and deep time. Journal of Experimental Zoology B, 314, 1–10.

Sereno, P. C. (1997). The origin and evolution of dinosaurs. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 25, 435–489.

Sidor, C. A. (2001). Simplification as a trend in synapsid cranial evolution. Evolution, 55, 1419–1442.

Sporns, O. (2002). Network analysis, complexity, and brain function. Complexity, 8, 56–60.

Springer, M. S., Murphy, W. J., Eizirik, E., & O’Brien, J. (2003). Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 100, 1056–1061.

Sterli, J., & Joyce, W. G. (2007). The cranial anatomy of the Early Jurassic turtle Kayentachelys aprix. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52, 675–694.

Torres-Carvajal, O. (2003). Cranial osteology of the andean lizard Stenocercus guentheri (Squamata: Tropiduridae) and its postembryonic development. Journal of Morphology, 255, 94–113.

Trueb, L. (1993). Patterns of cranial diversity among the Lissamphibia. In J. Hanken & B. K. Hall (Eds.), The skull (Vol. 2, pp. 255–343). Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Valentine, J. W., Collins, A. G., & Meyer, C. P. (1994). Morphological complexity increase in metazoans. Paleobiology, 20, 131–142.

Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., & Osmólska, H. (1993). The Dinosauria. Los Angeles: California University Press.

Williams, G. C. (1966). Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Williston, S. W. (1914). Water reptiles of the past and present. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Xu, K., Bezakova, I., Bunimovich, L., & Yi, S. V. (2011). Path lengths in protein–protein interaction networks and biological complexity. Proteomics, 11, 1857–1867.