Stroke

Alexander, 2009, Association between gait asymmetry and brain lesion location in stroke patients, Stroke, 40, 537, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.527374 Algurén, 2010, Functioning of stroke survivors--a validiation of the ICF core set for stroke in Sweden, Disabil Rehabil, 32, 551, 10.3109/09638280903186335 Alharbi, 2016, Effects of temporal asymmetry of gait on knee loading in stroke survivors Allet, 2009, Effect of different walking aids on walking capacity of paients with poststroke hemiparesis, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 90, 1408, 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.02.010 Alzahrani, 2012, Mood and balance are associated with free-living physical activity of people after stroke residing in the community, Stroke Res Treat, 2012, 470648 An, 2011, The effects of exercise-based rehabilitation on balance and gait for stroke patients: a systematic review, J Neurosci Nurs, 43, 298, 10.1097/JNN.0b013e318234ea24 Andersson, 2006, How to identify potential fallers in a stroke unit: validity indexes of four test methods, J Rehabil Med, 38, 186, 10.1080/16501970500478023 Anonymous. (2017) Retraction statement. Paper ‘Low-dose vitamin D prevents muscular atrophy and reduces falls and hip fractures in womena fter stroke: a randomized controlled trial' by Sato et al., Cerebrovasc Dis 2005;20:187-192. Cerebrovasc Dis 44: 240. Awad, 2015, Walking speed and step length asymmetry modify the energy cost of walking after stroke, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 29, 416, 10.1177/1545968314552528 Baccini, 2008, Scale for Contraversive Pushing: cutoff scores for diagnosing "pusher behavior" and construct validity, Phys Ther, 88, 947, 10.2522/ptj.20070179 Baetens, 2011, Prediction of falling among stroke patients in rehabilitation, J Rehabil Med, 43, 876, 10.2340/16501977-0873 Balaban, 2014, Gait disturbances in patients with stroke, PM R, 6, 635, 10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.12.017 Balasubramanian, 2007, Relationship between step length asymmetry and walking performance in subjects with chronic hemiparesis, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 88, 43, 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.10.004 Barclay RE, Stevenson TJ, Poluha WR, J., et al. (2015). Interventions for improving community ambulation in individuals with stroke (review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: CD010200. Barra, 2009, Asymmetric standing posture after stroke is related to a biased egocentric coordinate system, Neurology, 72, 1582, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a4123a Batchelor, 2010, What works in falls prevention after stroke? A systematic review and meta-analysis, Stroke, 41, 1715, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.570390 Batchelor, 2012, Falls after stroke, Int J Stroke, 7, 482, 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00796.x Bayona, 2005, The role of task-specific training in rehabilitation therapies, Top Stroke Rehabil, 12, 58, 10.1310/BQM5-6YGB-MVJ5-WVCR Beauchamp, 2009, Immediate effects of cane use in gait symmetry in individuals with subacute stroke, Physiother Can, 61, 154, 10.3138/physio.61.3.154 Benjamin, 2017, Heart disease and stroke statistics-2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 135, e146, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000485 Berg, 1997, Circumstances and consequences of falls in independent community-dwelling older adults, Age Ageing, 26, 261, 10.1093/ageing/26.4.261 Berkowitz, 2014, Worldwide reported use of IV tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke, Int J Stroke, 9, 349, 10.1111/ijs.12205 Bernhardt, 2017, Agreed definitions and shared vision for new standards in stroke recovery research: the stroke recovery and rehabilitation roundtable taskforce, Int J Stroke, 12, 444, 10.1177/1747493017711816 Beyaert, 2015, Gait post-stroke: pathophysiology and rehabilitation strategies, Clin Neurophysiol, 45, 335, 10.1016/j.neucli.2015.09.005 Bohannon, 1990, Correlation of knee extensor muscle torque and spasticity with gait speed in patients with stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 71, 330 Bohannon, 1995, Standing balance and function over the course of acute rehabilitation, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 76, 994, 10.1016/S0003-9993(95)81035-8 Bohannon, 1988, Rehabilitation goals of patients with hemiplegia, Int J Rehab Research, 11, 181, 10.1097/00004356-198806000-00012 Bolland MJ, Avenell AG, G.D. & Grey A (2016). Systematic review and statistical analysis of the integrity of 33 randomized controlled trial. Neurology 87: 2391-2402. Bonan, 2004, Reliance on visual information after stroke. Part I: balance on dynamic posturography, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 85, 268, 10.1016/j.apmr.2003.06.017 Bonan, 2013, Sensory reweighting in controls and stroke patients, Clin Neurophysiol, 124, 713, 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.09.019 Broderick, 2018, Mirror therapy for improving lower limb motor function and mobility after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Gait Posture, 63, 208, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.05.017 Brouns, 2009, The complexity of neurobiological processes in acute ischemic stroke, Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 111, 483, 10.1016/j.clineuro.2009.04.001 Brown, 2002, Attentional demands for static postural control after stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 83, 1732, 10.1053/apmr.2002.36400 Burpee, 2015, Biomechanical gait characteristics of naturally occurring unsuccessful foot clearance during swing in individuals with chronic stroke, Clin Biomech, 30, 1102, 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.08.018 Buurke, 2008, Recovery of gait after stroke: what changes?, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 22, 676, 10.1177/1545968308317972 Campbell, 2010, An integrative review of actors associated with falls during post-stroke rehabilitation, J Nurs Scholarsh, 42, 395, 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2010.01369.x Carr, 2010 Chen, 2005, Gait differences between individuals with post-stroke hemiparesis and non-disabled controls at matched speeds, Gait Posture, 22, 51, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2004.06.009 Cheng, 2001, Symmetrical body-weight distribution training in stroke patients and its effect on fall prevention, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 82, 1650, 10.1053/apmr.2001.26256 Chicchi Giglioli, 2015, Augmented reality: a brand new challenge for the assessment and treatment of psychological disorders, Comput Math Methods Med, 2015, 862942, 10.1155/2015/862942 Chieffo, 2016, Noninvasive neuromodulation in poststroke gait disoders: rationale, feasibility, and state of the art, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 30, 71, 10.1177/1545968315586464 Chisholm, 2011, Inter-limb centre of pressure symmetry during gait among stroke survivors, Gait Posture, 33, 238, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.11.012 Chollet, 2011, Fluoxetine for motor recovery after acute ischaemic stroke (FLAME): a randomised placebo-controlled trial, Lancet Neurol, 10, 123, 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70314-8 Clark, 2012, Responsiveness of 2 scales to evaluate lateropulsion or pusher syndrome recovery after stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 93, 149, 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.06.017 Corbetta, 2015, Rehabilitation that incorporates virtual reality is more effective than standard rehabilitation for improving walking speed, balance and mobility after stroke: a systematic review, J Physiother, 61, 117, 10.1016/j.jphys.2015.05.017 Czernuszenko, 2009, Risk factors for falls in stroke patients during inpatient rehabilitation, Clin Rehabil, 23, 176, 10.1177/0269215508098894 Danells, 2004, Poststroke pushing: natural history and relationship to motor and functional recovery, Stroke, 35, 2873, 10.1161/01.STR.0000147724.83468.18 Darekar, 2015, Efficacy of virtual reality-based intervention on balance and mobility disorders post-stroke: a scoping review, J Neuroeng Rehabil, 12, 46, 10.1186/s12984-015-0035-3 Dean, 2015, Foot placement control and gait instability among people with stroke, J Rehabil Res Dev, 52, 577, 10.1682/JRRD.2014.09.0207 Dean, 2000, Task-related circuit training improves performance of locomotor tasks in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled pilot trial, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 81, 409, 10.1053/mr.2000.3839 Dean, 2012, Exercise to enhance mobility and prevent falls after stroke: the community stroke club randomized trial, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 26, 1046, 10.1177/1545968312441711 De Bujanda, 2003, Associations between lower limb impairments, locomotor capacities and kinematic variables in the frontal plane during walking in adults with chronic stroke, J Rehabil Med, 35, 259, 10.1080/16501970310012428 de Haart, 2004, Recovery of standing balance in postacute stroke patients: a rehabilitation cohort study, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 85, 886, 10.1016/j.apmr.2003.05.012 de Kam, 2017, The next step in understanding impaired reactive balance control in people with stroke: the role of defective early automatic postural responses, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 31, 708, 10.1177/1545968317718267 de Oliveira, 2008, Balance control in hemiparetic stroke patients: main tools for evaluation, J Rehabil Res Dev, 45, 1215, 10.1682/JRRD.2007.09.0150 Desroisiers, 2002, Predictors of handicap situations following post-stroke rehabilitation, Disabil Rehabil, 24, 774, 10.1080/09638280210125814 Dickstein, 2000, Postural sway of the affected and nonaffected pelvis and leg in stance of hemiparetic patients, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 81, 364, 10.1016/S0003-9993(00)90085-6 DiFabio, 1987, Lower extremity antagonist muscle response following standing perturbation in subjects with cerebrovascular disease, Brain Res, 406, 43, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90767-0 DiFabio, 1986, Adapting human postural reflexes following localized cerebrovascular lesion: analysis of bilateral long latency responses, Brain Res, 363, 257, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)91010-3 Di Pino, 2014, Modulation of brain plasticity in stroke: a novel model for neurorehabilitation, Nat Rev Neurol, 10, 597, 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.162 Dobkin, 2015, The specific requirements for neural repair trials for stroke, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 30, 470, 10.1177/1545968315604400 Eng, 2007, Gait training strategies to optimize walking ability in people with stroke: a synthesis of the evidence, Expert Rev Neurother, 7, 1417, 10.1586/14737175.7.10.1417 Fong, 2001, Relationship of motor and cognitive abilities to functional performance in stroke rehabilitation, Brain Inj, 15, 443, 10.1080/02699050010005940 French, 2016, Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 11 Friedman, 2002, Falls and fear of falling: which comes first? A longitudinal prediction model suggests strategies for primary and secondary prevention, J Am Geriatr Soc, 50, 1329, 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50352.x Garland, 1997, Postural responses to unilateral arm perturbation in young, elderly, and hemiplegic subjects, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 78, 1072, 10.1016/S0003-9993(97)90130-1 Genthon, 2008, Posturography in patients with stroke: estimating the percentage of body weight on each foot from a single force platform, Stroke, 39, 489, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.493478 Genthon, 2008, Contribution of each lower limb to upright standing in stroke patients, Stroke, 39, 1793, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.497701 Gerards, 2017, Perturbation-based balance training for falls reduction among older adults: current evidence and implications for clinical practice, Geriatr Gerontol Int, 17, 2294, 10.1111/ggi.13082 Geurts, 2005, A review of standing balance recovery from stroke, Gait Posture, 22, 267, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2004.10.002 Graham, 2010, Foot drop: explaining the causes, characteristics and treatment, Br J Neurosci Nurs, 6, 168, 10.12968/bjnn.2010.6.4.47792 Gray, 2012, Retraining postural responses with exercises emphasizing speed poststroke, Phys Ther, 92, 924, 10.2522/ptj.20110432 Gray, 2017, Lateral perturbation-induced stepping: strategies and predictors in persons poststroke, J Neurol Phys Ther, 41, 222, 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000202 Hak, 2013, Stepping strategies used by post-stroke individuals to maintain margins of stability during walking, Clin Biomech, 28, 1041, 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.10.010 Hammer, 2008, Balance training in stroke patients - a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials, Adv Physiother, 10, 163, 10.1080/14038190701757656 Hamzat, 2004, Effects of walking with a cane on balance and social participation among community-dwelling post-stroke individuals, Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 44, 121 Hardie, 2004, Ten-year risk of first recurrent stroke and disability after first-ever stroke in the Perth community stroke study, Stroke, 35, 731, 10.1161/01.STR.0000116183.50167.D9 Harris, 2005, Relationship of balance and mobility to fall incidence in people with chronic stroke, Phys Ther, 85, 150, 10.1093/ptj/85.2.150 Heeren, 2013, Step by step: a proof of concept study of C-Mill gait adaptatbility training in the chronic phase after stroke, J Rehabil Med, 45, 616, 10.2340/16501977-1180 Helm, 2015, The split-belt walking paradigm: exploring motor learning and spatiotemporal asymmetry poststroke, Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 26, 703, 10.1016/j.pmr.2015.06.010 Hendricks, 2002, Motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review of the literature, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 83, 1629, 10.1053/apmr.2002.35473 Hendrickson, 2014, Relationship between asymmetry of quiet standing balance control and walking post-stroke, Gait Posture, 39, 177, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.06.022 Hesse, 2004, Recovery of gait and other motor functions after stroke: novel physical and pharmacological treatment strategies, Restor Neurol Neurosci, 22, 359 Hocherman, 1984, Platform training and postural stability in hemiplegia, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 65, 588 Holden, 2005, Virtual environments for motor rehabilitation: review, Cyberpsychol Behav, 8, 187, 10.1089/cpb.2005.8.187 Hollands, 2010, Kinematics of turning 180 degrees during the Timed Up and Go in stroke survivors with and without falls history, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 24, 358, 10.1177/1545968309348508 Hollands, 2012, Interventions for coordination of walking following stroke: systematic review, Gait Posture, 35, 349, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.10.355 Horak, 1997, Clinical asessment of balance disorders, Gait Posture, 6, 76, 10.1016/S0966-6362(97)00018-0 Horak, 1984, The effects of movement velocity, mass displaced, and task certainty on associated postural adjustments made by normal and hemiplegic individuals, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 47, 1020, 10.1136/jnnp.47.9.1020 Horak, 1989, Components of postural dyscontrol in the elderly: a review, Neurobiol Aging, 10, 727, 10.1016/0197-4580(89)90010-9 Hsu, 2003, Analysis of impairments influencing gait velocity and asymmetry of hemiplegic patients after mild to moderate stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 84, 1185, 10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00030-3 Hubbard, 2009, Task-specific training: evidence for and translation to clinical practice, Occup Ther Int, 16, 175, 10.1002/oti.275 Hung, 2014, Randomized comparison trial of balance traininig by using exergaming and convention weight-shift therapy in patients with chronic stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 95, 1629, 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.04.029 Huxham, 2001, Theoretical considerations in balance assessment, Aust J Physiother, 47, 89, 10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60300-7 Hyndman, 2002, Fall events among people with stroke living in the community: circumstances of falls and characteristics of fallers, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 83, 165, 10.1053/apmr.2002.28030 Ijmker, 2013, Effect of balance support on the energy cost of walking after stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 94, 2255, 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.04.022 Imam, 2014, Virtual reality rehabilitation from social cognitive and motor learning theoretical perspectives in stroke population, Rehabilitation Research and Practice, 2014, 594540, 10.1155/2014/594540 Inness, 2014, Impaired reactive stepping among patients ready for discharge from inpatient stroke rehabilitation, Phys Ther, 94, 1755, 10.2522/ptj.20130603 Inness, 2015, Clinical implementation of a reactive balance control assessment in a sub-acute stroke patient population using a ‘lean-and-release' methodology, Gait Posture, 41, 529, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.12.005 Inness, 2016, Reactive stepping after stroke: determinants of time to foot off in the paretic and non-paretic limbs, J Neurol Phys Ther, 40, 196, 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000132 Jeffers, 2018, Does stroke rehabilitation really matter? Part B: an algorithm for prescripting an effective intensity of rehabilitation, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 32, 73, 10.1177/1545968317753074 Jehkonen, 1998, How to detect visual neglect in acute stroke, Lancet, 351, 727, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78497-X Jeong, 2015, A randomized comparison of energy consumption when using different canes, inpatients after stroke, Clin Rehabil, 29, 129, 10.1177/0269215514543932 Jonkers, 2009, Capacity to increase walking speed is limited by impaired hip and ankle power generation in lower functioning persons post-stroke, Gait Posture, 29, 129, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.07.010 Jonsdottir, 2009, Functional resources to increase gait speed in people with stroke: strategies adopted compared to healthy controls, Gait Posture, 29, 355, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.01.008 Jørgensen, 2002, Higher incidence of falls in long-term stroke survivors than in population controls: depressive symptoms predict falls after stroke, Stroke, 33, 542, 10.1161/hs0202.102375 Kajrolkar, 2016, Falls-risk post-stroke: examining contributions from paretic versus non paretic limbs to unexpected forward gait slips, J Biomech, 49, 2702, 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.06.005 Kamphuis, 2013, Is weight-bearing asummetry associated with postural instability after stroke? A systematic review, Stroke Res Treat, 2013, 692137 Kang, 2011, Effects of treadmill training with optic flow on balance and gait in individuals following stroke: randomized controlled trials, Clin Rehabil, 26, 246, 10.1177/0269215511419383 Karnath, 2000, The origin of contraversive pushing: evidence for a second graviceptive system in humans, Neurology, 55, 1298, 10.1212/WNL.55.9.1298 Karnath, 2000, The neural representation of postural control in humans, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97, 13931, 10.1073/pnas.240279997 Kim, 2003, Symmetry in vertical ground reaction force is accompanied by symmetry in temporal but not distance variables of gait in persons with stroke, Gait Posture, 18, 23, 10.1016/S0966-6362(02)00122-4 Kirker, 2000, Stepping before standing: hip muscle function in stepping and standing balance after stroke, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 68, 458, 10.1136/jnnp.68.4.458 Knutsson, 1979, Different types of disturbed motor control in gait of hemiparetic patients, Brain, 102, 405, 10.1093/brain/102.2.405 Kottink, 2008, Therapeutic effect of an implantable peroneal nerve stimulator in subjects with chronic stroke and footdrop: a randomized controlled trial, Phys Ther, 88, 437, 10.2522/ptj.20070035 Krasovsky, 2013, Reduced gait stability in high-functioning poststroke individuals, J Neurophysiol, 109, 77, 10.1152/jn.00552.2012 Kunz, 2010, Acute pathophysiological processes after ischaemic and traumatic brain injury, Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 24, 495, 10.1016/j.bpa.2010.10.001 Kwakkel, 1999, Intensity of leg and arm training after primary middle-cerebral-artery stroke: a randomised trial, Lancet, 354, 191, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09477-X Kwakkel, 2004, Understanding the pattern of functional recovery after stroke: facts and theories, Restor Neurol Neurosci, 22, 281 Lafosse, 2005, Contraversive pushing and inattention of the contralesional hemispace, J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 27, 460, 10.1080/13803390490520463 Lakhani, 2011, Characterizing the determinants of limb preference for compensatory stepping in healthy young adults, Gait Posture, 33, 200, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.11.005 Lakhani, 2011, Compensatory stepping responses in individuals with stroke: a pilot study, Physiother Theory Pract, 27, 299, 10.3109/09593985.2010.501848 Lamontagne, 2000, Contribution of passive stiffness to ankle plantarflexor moment during gait after stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 81, 351, 10.1016/S0003-9993(00)90083-2 Langhorne, 2001, Does the organization of postacute stroke care really matter?, Stroke, 32, 268, 10.1161/01.STR.32.1.268 Latham, 2005, Physical therapy during stroke rehabilitation for people with different walking abilities, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 86, S41, 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.08.128 Laufer, 2002, Effects of one-point and fout-point canes on balance and weight distribution in patients with hemiparesis, Clin Rehabil, 16, 141, 10.1191/0269215502cr481oa Levac, 2017, Virtual reality and active videogame-based practice, learning needs, and preferences: a cross-Canada survey of physical therapists and occupational therapists, Games Health J, 6, 217, 10.1089/g4h.2016.0089 Li, 2017, Effects of motor imagery on walking function and balance in patients after stroke: a quantitative synthesis of randomized controlled trials, Complement Ther Clin Pract, 28, 75, 10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.05.009 Li, 2018, Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on walking and balance function after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000948 Liberson, 1961, Functional electrotherapy: stimulation of the peroneal nerve synchronized with the swing phase of the gait of hemiplegic patients, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 42, 101 Lim, 2012, Incidence and risk factors of poststroke falls after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation, PM R, 4, 945, 10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.07.005 Lin, 2001, Predicting long-term care institution utilization among post-rehabilitation stroke patients in Taiwan: a medical centre-based study, Disabil Rehabil, 23, 722, 10.1080/09638280110051376 Lin, 2006, The relation between ankle impairments and gait velocity and symmetry in people with stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 87, 562, 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.12.042 Lindén, 2004, Cognitive impairment and dementia 20 months after stroke, Neuroepidemiology, 23, 45, 10.1159/000073974 Lord, 2004, Community ambulation after stroke: how important and obtainable is it and what measures appear predictive?, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 85, 234, 10.1016/j.apmr.2003.05.002 Lubetzky-Vilnai, 2010, The effect of balance training on balance performance in inidividuals poststroke: a systematic review, J Neurol Phys Ther, 34, 127, 10.1097/NPT.0b013e3181ef764d Lund, 2017, Balance and walking performance are improved after resistance training in persons with chronic stroke, Disabil Rehabil Maeda, 2009, Predicting the probability for fall incidence in stroke patients using the Berg Balance Scale, J Int Med Res, 37, 697, 10.1177/147323000903700313 Maki, 1997, Gait changes in older adults: predictors of falls or indicators of fear?, J Am Geriatr Soc, 45, 313, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb00946.x Maki, 1997, The role of limb movements in maintaining upright stance: the "change-in-support" strategy, Phys Ther, 77, 488, 10.1093/ptj/77.5.488 Maki, 2000, Age-related differences in laterally directed compensatory stepping behavior, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 55A, M270, 10.1093/gerona/55.5.M270 Mancini, 2010, The relevance of clinical balance assessment tools to differentiate balance deficits, Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 46, 239 Mansfield, 2011, Between-limb synchronization for control of standing balance in individuals with stroke, Clin Biomech, 26, 312, 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.10.001 Mansfield, 2011, Training rapid stepping responses in an individual with stroke, Phys Ther, 91, 958, 10.2522/ptj.20100212 Mansfield, 2012, Determinants of limb preference for initiating compensatory stepping post-stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 93, 1179, 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.02.006 Mansfield, 2012, Clinical correlates of between-limb synchronization of standing balance control and falls during inpatient stroke rehabilitation, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 26, 627, 10.1177/1545968311429688 Mansfield, 2013, Determinants and consequences for standing balance of spontaneous weight-bearing on the paretic side among individuals with chronic stroke, Gait Posture, 38, 428, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.01.005 Mansfield, 2013, Is impaired control of reactive stepping related to falls during inpatient stroke rehabilitation?, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 27, 526, 10.1177/1545968313478486 Mansfield, 2015, Is perception of vertical impaired in individuals with chronic stroke with a history of ‘pushing'?, Neurosci Lett, 590, 172, 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.007 Mansfield, 2015, Does perturbation-based balance training prevent falls? A review and meta-analysis of preliminary randomized controlled trials, Phys Ther, 95, 700, 10.2522/ptj.20140090 Mansfield, 2015, Do measures of reactive balance control predict falls in people with stroke returning to the community?, Physiotherapy, 101, 373, 10.1016/j.physio.2015.01.009 Mansfield, 2017, Does perturbation training prevent falls after discharge from stroke rehabilitation? A prospective cohort study with historical control, J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 26, 2174, 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.04.041 Mansfield, 2018, Does perturbation-based balance training prevent falls among individuals with chronic stroke? A randomized controlled trial, BMJ Open, 8, 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021510 Marigold, 2006, Altered timing of postural reflexes contributes to falling in persons with chronic stroke, Exp Brain Res, 171, 459, 10.1007/s00221-005-0293-6 Marigold, 2004, Modulation of ankle muscle postural reflexes in stroke: influence of weight-bearing load, Clin Neurophysiol, 115, 2789, 10.1016/j.clinph.2004.07.002 Marigold, 2005, Exercise leads to faster postural reflexes, improved balance and mobility, and fewer falls in older persons with chronic stroke, J Am Geriatr Soc, 53, 416, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53158.x Marrocco, 2016, Knee loading patterns of the non-paretic and paretic legs during post-stroke gait, Gait Posture, 49, 297, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.07.019 Massion, 1994, Postural control system, Curr Opin Neurobiol, 4, 877, 10.1016/0959-4388(94)90137-6 Mayo, 2002, Activity, participation, and quality of life 6 months poststr, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 83, 1035, 10.1053/apmr.2002.33984 McIlroy, 1995, Adaptive changes to compensatory stepping responses, Gait Posture, 3, 43, 10.1016/0966-6362(95)90808-6 Mehrholz, 2017, Treadmill training and body weight support for walking after stroke (review), Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 8 Mehrholz, 2017, Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke (review), Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5 Michael, 2005, Reduced ambulatory activity after stroke: the role of balance, gait, and cardiovascular fitness, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 86, 1552, 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.12.026 Middleton, 2013, Physical activity in the prevention of ischemic stroke and improvement of outcomes: a narrative review, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 37, 133, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.011 Moore, 2008, Measurement of fall-related psychological constructs among independent-living older adults: a review of the research literature, Aging Ment Health, 12, 684, 10.1080/13607860802148855 Morris, 2017, Physical activity participation in community dwelling stroke survivors: synergy and dissonance between motivation and capability. A qualitative study, Physiotherapy, 103, 311, 10.1016/j.physio.2016.05.001 Moskowitz, 2010, The science of stroke: mechanisms in search of treatments, Neuron, 67, 181, 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.07.002 Murray, 2012, Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, Lancet, 380, 2197, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4 Nadeau, 1999, Plantarflexor weakness as a limiting factor of gait speed in stroke subjects and the compensating role of hip flexors, Clin Biomech, 14, 125, 10.1016/S0268-0033(98)00062-X Nadeau, 2013, Gait analysis for poststroke rehabilitation: the relevance of biomechanical analysis and the impact of gait speed, Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 24, 265, 10.1016/j.pmr.2012.11.007 Noskin, 2008, Ipsilateral motor dysfynction from unilateral stroke: implications for the functional neuroanatomy of hemiparesis, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 79, 401, 10.1136/jnnp.2007.118463 Nott, 2014, Relationships between frontal-plane angular momentum and clinical balance measures during post-stroke hemiparetic walking, Gait Posture, 39, 129, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.06.008 Nudo, 2006, Plasticity, NeuroRx, 3, 420, 10.1016/j.nurx.2006.07.006 Nyberg, 1995, Patient falls in stroke rehabilitation: a challenge to rehabilitation strategies, Stroke, 26, 838, 10.1161/01.STR.26.5.838 Olney, 1996, Hemiparetic gait following stroke. Part I: characteristics, Gait Posture, 4, 136, 10.1016/0966-6362(96)01063-6 O'Loughlin, 1993, Incidence of and risk factors for falls and injurious falls among the community-dwelling elderly, Am J Epidemiol, 137, 342, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116681 Paci, 2009, Pusher behaviour: a critical review of controversial issues, Disabil Rehabil, 31, 249, 10.1080/09638280801928002 Pardasaney, 2013, Conceptual limitations of balance measures for community-dwelling older adults, Phys Ther, 93, 1351, 10.2522/ptj.20130028 Patla, 1991, Visual control of locomotion: strategies for changing direction and for going over obstacles, J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 17, 603, 10.1037/0096-1523.17.3.603 Patterson, 2016, Arthritis and associated limitations in community-dwelling Canadians living with stroke, BMC Neurol, 16, 114, 10.1186/s12883-016-0636-x Patterson, 2008, Gait asymmetry in community-ambulating stroke survivors, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 89, 304, 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.08.142 Patterson, 2010, Changes in gait symmetry and velocity after stroke: a cross-sectional study from weeks to years after stroke, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 24, 783, 10.1177/1545968310372091 Patterson, 2012, Gait symmetry and velocity differ in their relationship to age, Gait Posture, 35, 590, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.11.030 Patterson, 2015, Longitudinal changes in poststroke spatiotemporal gait asymmetry over inpatient rehabilitation, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 29, 153, 10.1177/1545968314533614 Patterson, 2018, Rhythm perception and production abilities and their relationship to gait after stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 99, 945, 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.01.009 Pérennou, 2002, Understanding the pusher behavior of some stroke patients with spatial deficits: a pilot study, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 83, 570, 10.1053/apmr.2002.31198 Pérennou, 2008, Lateropulsion, pushing and verticality perception in hemisphere stroke: a causal relationship, Brain, 131, 2401, 10.1093/brain/awn170 Perry, 1995, Classification of walking handicap in the stroke population, Stroke, 26, 982, 10.1161/01.STR.26.6.982 Peterka, 2002, Sensorimotor integration in human postural control, J Neurophysiol, 88, 1097, 10.1152/jn.2002.88.3.1097 Phadke, 2014, The impact of post-stroke spasticity and botulinum toxin on standing balance: a systematic review, Expert Rev Neurother, 14, 319, 10.1586/14737175.2014.887443 Pollock, 2011, Clinical measurement of walking balance in people post stroke: a systematic review, Clin Rehabil, 25, 693, 10.1177/0269215510397394 Pollock, 2014, Top 10 research priorities relating to life after stroke - consensus from stroke survivors, caregivers, and health professionals, Int J Stroke, 9, 313, 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00942.x Pollock, 2014, Use of the challenge point framework to guide motor learning of stepping reactions in people with stroke: a case series, Phys Ther, 94, 562, 10.2522/ptj.20130046 Prenton, 2018, Functional electrical stimulation and ankle foot orthoses provide equivalent therapeutic effects on foot drop: a meta-analysis providing direction for future research, J Rehabil Med, 50, 129, 10.2340/16501977-2289 Ramnemark, 1998, Fractures after stroke, Osteoporos Int, 8, 92, 10.1007/s001980050053 Richards, 1996, Hemiparetic gait following stroke. Part II: recovery and physical therapy, Gait Posture, 4, 149, 10.1016/0966-6362(96)01064-8 Richards, 1993, Task-specific physical therapy for optimization of gait recovery in acute stroke patients, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 74, 612, 10.1016/0003-9993(93)90159-8 Richards, 2008, Movement-dependent stroke recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of TMS and fMRI evidence, Neuropsychologica, 46, 3, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.08.013 Robinovitch, 2013, Video capture of the circumstances of falls in elderly people residing in long-term care: an observational study, Lancet, 381, 47, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61263-X Roerdink, 2011, Understanding inconsistent step-length asymmetries across hemiplegic stroke patients: impairments and compensatory gait, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 25, 253, 10.1177/1545968310380687 Roerdink, 2009, On the relative contribution of the paretic leg to the control of posture after stroke, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 23, 267, 10.1177/1545968308323928 Sacco, 2013, An updated definition of stroke for the 21st century: a statement for the Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Stroke, 44, 2064, 10.1161/STR.0b013e318296aeca Sackley, 1991, Falls, sway, and symmetry of weight-bearing after stroke, Int Disabil Stud, 13, 1, 10.3109/03790799109166267 Salbach, 2004, A task-oriented intervention enhances walking distance and speed in the first year post stroke: a randomized controlled trial, Clin Rehabil, 18, 509, 10.1191/0269215504cr763oa Sale, 2012, Use of robot assisted gait therapy in rehabilitation of patients with stroke and spinal cord injury, Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 48, 111 Salot, 2016, Reactive balance in individuals with chronic stroke: biomechanical factors related to perturbation-induced backward falling, Phys Ther, 96, 338, 10.2522/ptj.20150197 Sand, 2013, Visual impairment in stroke patients--a review, Acta Neurol Scand Suppl, 52, 10.1111/ane.12050 Saver, 2006, Time is brain-quantified, Stroke, 37, 263, 10.1161/01.STR.0000196957.55928.ab Savitz SIC, S.C. & Wechsler L (2014). Stem cells as an emergying paradigm in stroke 3: enhancing the development of clinical trials. Stroke 45: 634-639. Schinkel-Ivy, 2016, Relationship between fear of falling, balance confidence, and control of balance, gait and reactive stepping in individuals with sub-acute stroke, Gait Posture, 43, 324, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.09.015 Schinkel-Ivy, 2017, Balance confidence is related to features of balance and gait in individuals with chronic stroke, J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 26, 237, 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.07.022 Schinkel-Ivy, 2018, Characterization of reactions to laterally directed perturbations in people with chronic stroke, Phys Ther, 98, 585, 10.1093/ptj/pzy039 Schmid, 2009, Consequences of poststroke falls: activity limitation, increased dependence, and the development of fear of falling, Am J Occup Ther, 63, 310, 10.5014/ajot.63.3.310 Schmid, 2007, Improvements in speed-based gait classifications are meaningful, Stroke, 37, 2096, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.475921 Schmid, 2011, Fear of falling among people who have sustained a stroke: a 6-month longitudinal pilot study, Am J Occup Ther, 65, 125, 10.5014/ajot.2011.000737 Schmid, 2012, Balance and balance self-efficacy are associated with activity and participation after stroke: a cross-sectional study in people with chronic stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 93, 1101, 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.01.020 Schmid, 2013, Balance is assocaited with quality of life in chronic stroke, Top Stroke Rehabil, 20, 340, 10.1310/tsr2004-340 Schmid, 2015, Fear of falling in people with chronic stroke, Am J Occup Ther, 69, 1, 10.5014/ajot.2015.016253 Schmidt, 2011 Sherrington, 2017, Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, Br J Sports Med, 51, 1750, 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096547 Sherzai, 2015, Advances in stroke prevention, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1338, 1, 10.1111/nyas.12723 Shumway-Cook, 2007 Sigrist, 2013, Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: a review, Psychon Bull Rev, 20, 21, 10.3758/s13423-012-0333-8 Simpson, 2011, Effect of stroke on fall rate, location and predictors: a prospective comparison of older adults with and without stroke, PLoS One, 6, e19431, 10.1371/journal.pone.0019431 Smulders, 2012, Community-dwelling people with chronic stroke need disproportionate attention while waking and negotiating obstacles, Gait Posture, 36, 127, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.02.002 Stanton, 2011, Biofeedback improves activities of the lower limb after stroke: a systematic review, J Physiother, 57, 145, 10.1016/S1836-9553(11)70035-2 Strong, 2007, Preventing stroke: saving lives around the world, Lancet Neurol, 6, 182, 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70031-5 Sullivan, 2008, Sensory dysfunction following stroke: incidence, significance, examination, and intervention, Top Stroke Rehabil, 15, 200, 10.1310/tsr1503-200 Suzuki, 1990, Determinants of maximum walking speed in hemiparetic stroke patients, Tohoku J Exp Med, 162, 337, 10.1620/tjem.162.337 Sze, 2001, Falls among Chinese stroke patients during rehabilitation, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 82, 1219, 10.1053/apmr.2001.25094 Taylor-Piliae, 2014, Effect of tai chi on physical function, fall rates and quality of life among older stroke survivors, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 95, 816, 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.01.001 Thaut, 2007, Rhythmic auditory stimulation improves gait more than NDT/Bobath training in near-ambulatory patients early poststroke: a single-blind, randomized trial, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 21, 455, 10.1177/1545968307300523 Thilarajah, 2017, Factors associated with post-stroke physical activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Arch Phys Med Rehabil Ticini, 2009, Perfusion imaging in pusher syndrome to investigate the neural substrates involved in controlling upright body position, PLoS One, 4, e5737, 10.1371/journal.pone.0005737 Timmermans, 2016, Walking adaptability therapy after stroke: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial, Trials, 17, 425, 10.1186/s13063-016-1527-6 Titianova, 1995, Asymmetry in walking performance and postural sway in patients with chronic unilateral cerebral infarction, J Rehabil Res Dev, 32, 236 Tsouli, 2009, Significance of aphasia after first-ever acute stroke: impact on early and late outcomes, Neuroepidemiology, 33, 96, 10.1159/000222091 Turnbull, 1995, Long-term changes in hemiplegic gait, Gait Posture, 34, 258, 10.1016/0966-6362(96)82856-6 Tyson, 2013, Effects of an ankle-foot orthosis on balance and walking after stroke: a systematic review and pooled meta-analysis, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 94, 1377, 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.12.025 van Asseldonk, 2006, Disentangling the contribution of the paretic and non-paretic ankle to balance control in stroke patients, Exp Neurol, 201, 441, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.04.036 van Duijhoven, 2016, Effects of exercise therapy on balance capacity in chronic stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis, Stroke, 47, 2603, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013839 van Swigchem, 2013, Deficits in motor response to avoid sudden obstacles during gait in functional walkers poststroke, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 27, 230, 10.1177/1545968312462070 Vellas, 1998, A two-year longitudinal study of falls in 482 community-dwelling elderly adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 53A, M264, 10.1093/gerona/53A.4.M264 Verheyden, 2013, Interventions for preventing falls in people after stroke, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 31 von Schroeder, 1995, Gait parameters following stroke: a practical assessment, J Rehabil Res Dev, 32, 25 Walsh, 2017, Fall-related experiences of stroke survivors: a meta-ethnography, Disabil Rehabil, 39, 631, 10.3109/09638288.2016.1160445 Watanabe, 2005, Fear of falling among stroke survivors after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation, Int J Rehabil Res, 28, 149, 10.1097/00004356-200506000-00008 Wee, 1999, The Berg balance scale as a predictor of length of stay and discharge destination in an acute stroke rehabilitation setting, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 80, 448, 10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90284-8 Weerdesteyn, 2008, Falls in individuals with stroke, J Rehabil Res Dev, 45, 1195, 10.1682/JRRD.2007.09.0145 Wong, 2016, The impact of falls on motor and cognitive ability after discharge from in-patient stroke rehabilitation, J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 27, 1613, 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.03.017 Wong, 2016, Do falls experienced during in-patient stroke rehabilitation affect length of stay and functional status?, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 97, 561, 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.12.005 World Health Organization, 2002, The world health report: reducing risks, promoting healthy life, France Wu, 2016, Effectiveness of botulinum toxin for lower limbs spasticity after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Top Stroke Rehabil, 23, 217, 10.1080/10749357.2016.1139294 Yang, 2008, Virtual reality-based training improves community ambulation in individuals with stroke: a randomized controlled trial, Gait Posture, 28, 201, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2007.11.007 Yates, 2002, Falls in community-dwelling stroke survivors: an accumulated impairments model, J Rehabil Res Dev, 39, 385 Yoo, 2016, Rhythmic auditory cueing in motor rehabilitation for stroke patients: systematic review and meta-analysis, J Music Ther, 53, 149, 10.1093/jmt/thw003 Zamparo, 1995, The energy cost of level walking in patients with hemiplegia, Scand J Med Sci Sports, 5, 348, 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1995.tb00057.x Zettel, 2002, Environmental constraints on foot trajectory reveal the capacity for modulation of anticipatory postural adjustments during rapid triggered stepping reactions, Exp Brain Res, 146, 38, 10.1007/s00221-002-1150-5 Zijlstra, 2010, Biofeedback for training balance and mobility tasks in older populations: a systematic review, J Neuroeng Rehabil, 7, 58, 10.1186/1743-0003-7-58