Stroke in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection undergoing transvenous lead removal

Greenspon, 2011, 16-year trends in the infection burden for pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in the United States 1993 to 2008, J Am Coll Cardiol, 58, 1001, 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.04.033 Baddour, 2010, Update on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections and their management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 121, 458, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192665 Lee, 2018, Mortality and cerebrovascular events after heart rhythm disorder management procedures, Circulation, 137, 24, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030523 Klug, 2007, Risk factors related to infections of implanted pacemakers and cardioverter-defibrillators: results of a large prospective study, Circulation, 116, 1349, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.678664 Grammes, 2010, Percutaneous pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead extraction in 100 patients with intracardiac vegetations defined by transesophageal echocardiogram, J Am Coll Cardiol, 55, 886, 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.034 Meier-Ewert, 2003, Endocardial pacemaker or defibrillator leads with infected vegetations: a single-center experience and consequences of transvenous extraction, Am Heart J, 146, 339, 10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00188-1 Kusumoto, 2017, 2017 HRS expert consensus statement on cardiovascular implantable electronic device lead management and extraction, Heart Rhythm, 14, e503, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.09.001 Silvestry, 2015, Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale: from the American Society of Echocardiography and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 28, 910, 10.1016/j.echo.2015.05.015 Kappetein, 2012, Updated standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus document, J Am Coll Cardiol, 60, 1438, 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.09.001 Streiner, 2011, Correction for multiple testing: is there a resolution?, Chest, 140, 16, 10.1378/chest.11-0523 Bongiorni, 2017, The European Lead Extraction ConTRolled (ELECTRa) study: a European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) Registry of Transvenous Lead Extraction Outcomes, Eur Heart J, 38, 2995, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx080 Wazni, 2010, Lead Extraction in the Contemporary Setting: the LExICon study. An observational retrospective study of consecutive laser lead extractions, J Am Coll Cardiol, 55, 579, 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.08.070 DeSimone, 2013, Stroke or transient ischemic attack in patients with transvenous pacemaker or defibrillator and echocardiographically detected patent foramen ovale, Circulation, 128, 1433, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003540 Allie, 2000, Septic paradoxical embolus through a patent foramen ovale after pacemaker implantation, Ann Thorac Surg, 69, 946, 10.1016/S0003-4975(99)01406-X Thompson, 2014, Paradoxical septic emboli secondary to pacemaker endocarditis: transvenous lead extraction with distal embolization protection, Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 7, 1271, 10.1161/CIRCEP.114.001702 Larsen, 2014, Paradoxical thromboembolic stroke during extraction of a recalled St Jude Medical Riata defibrillator lead with conductor externalization, Europace, 16, 240, 10.1093/europace/eut164 Narducci, 2017, Presence of ‘ghosts’ and mortality after transvenous lead extraction, Europace, 19, 432 Novaro, 2002, Images in cardiovascular medicine. Fate of intracardiac lead vegetations after percutaneous lead extraction, Circulation, 106, e46, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000033305.02137.31 Dickerman, 2007, The relationship between the initiation of antimicrobial therapy and the incidence of stroke in infective endocarditis: an analysis from the ICE Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS), Am Heart J, 154, 1086, 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.07.023 Polewczyk, 2017, Lead-related infective endocarditis: Factors influencing early and long-term survival in patients undergoing transvenous lead extraction, Heart Rhythm, 14, 43, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.10.007 del Rio, 2003, Hospital Clinic Endocarditis Study Group. Surgical treatment of pacemaker and defibrillator lead endocarditis: the impact of electrode lead extraction on outcome, Chest, 124, 1451, 10.1378/chest.124.4.1451 Camboni, 2008, Explantation of implantable defibrillator leads using open heart surgery or percutaneous techniques, Ann Thorac Surg, 85, 50, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.03.048 Guyer, 1998, Problem-solving in public health, 15 Hagen, 1984, Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts, Mayo Clin Proc, 59, 17, 10.1016/S0025-6196(12)60336-X Di Tullio, 2013, Patent foramen ovale, subclinical cerebrovascular disease, and ischemic stroke in a population-based cohort, J Am Coll Cardiol, 62, 35, 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.064 Sohail, 2007, Management and outcome of permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator infections, J Am Coll Cardiol, 49, 1851, 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.01.072