Stratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and history

Reviews of Geophysics - Tập 37 Số 3 - Trang 275-316 - 1999
Susan Solomon1
1Aeronomy Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder, Colorado

Tóm tắt

Stratospheric ozone depletion through catalytic chemistry involving man‐made chlorofluorocarbons is an area of focus in the study of geophysics and one of the global environmental issues of the twentieth century. This review presents a brief history of the science of ozone depletion and describes a conceptual framework to explain the key processes involved, with a focus on chemistry. Observations that may be considered as evidence (fingerprints) of ozone depletion due to chlorofluorocarbons are explored, and the related gas phase and surface chemistry is described. Observations of ozone and of chlorine‐related trace gases near 40 km provide evidence that gas phase chemistry has indeed currently depleted about 10% of the stratospheric ozone there as predicted, and the vertical and horizontal structures of this depletion are fingerprints for that process. More striking changes are observed each austral spring in Antarctica, where about half of the total ozone column is depleted each September, forming the Antarctic ozone hole. Measurements of large amounts of ClO, a key ozone destruction catalyst, are among the fingerprints showing that human releases of chlorofluorocarbons are the primary cause of this change. Enhanced ozone depletion in the Antarctic and Arctic regions is linked to heterogeneous chlorine chemistry that occurs on the surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds at cold temperatures. Observations also show that some of the same heterogeneous chemistry occurs on the surfaces of particles present at midlatitudes as well, and the abundances of these particles are enhanced following explosive volcanic eruptions. The partitioning of chlorine between active forms that destroy ozone and inert reservoirs that sequester it is a central part of the framework for our understanding of the 40‐km ozone decline, the Antarctic ozone hole, the recent Arctic ozone losses in particularly cold years, and the observation of record midlatitude ozone depletion after the major eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the early 1990s. As human use of chlorofluorocarbons continues to decrease, these changes throughout the ozone layer are expected to gradually reverse during the twenty‐first century.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1021/j100198a036

10.1029/93GL01304

10.1029/JD092iD07p08365

10.1029/95JD02029

10.1126/science.198.4316.501

10.1029/JD094iD09p11465

Andrews D. G., 1987, Middle Atmosphere Dynamics

10.1029/96JD03129

10.1002/bbpc.19920960321

10.1038/340290a0

10.1029/JD091iD05p05477

10.1038/360221a0

10.1029/93GL01938

10.1029/93GL02418

10.1086/126244

10.1029/1998GL900148

10.1029/97JD00134

10.1029/94JD00667

10.1029/93GL01206

10.1029/98JD00921

10.1029/97JD01623

10.1029/94GL00915

10.1029/93GL02846

10.1021/jp970466c

10.1126/science.274.5291.1340

10.1029/96JD00095

10.1029/93GL01309

10.1029/95JD02907

10.1029/96GL01957

10.1029/96JD02976

10.1029/97GL02053

10.1126/science.257.5074.1239

10.1126/science.240.4852.634

10.1007/978-94-009-4762-7

10.1029/96JD03398

10.1029/97JD00006

10.1002/qj.49707532603

10.1029/GL017i004p00385

10.1029/JD094iD14p16639

10.1029/GL017i004p00505

10.1126/science.252.5010.1260

10.1029/JC080i024p03381

10.1029/JD091iD10p10771

10.1029/JD095iD02p01883

10.1029/97GL01683

10.1029/94GL02799

10.1029/97RG00078

10.1029/97GL01684

10.1038/35589

10.1029/93GL00212

10.1080/14786443009461588

10.1029/95JD00275

10.1029/GL015i008p00875

10.1029/98JD01960

10.1029/93GL01679

10.1029/95GL03334

Chubachi S., 1984, Preliminary result of ozone observations at Syowa Station from February, 1982 to January, 1983, Mem. Natl. Inst. Polar Res. Jpn. Spec. Issue, 34, 13

10.1029/97JD00012

10.1029/93GL03151

10.1029/JD094iD14p16597

10.1029/94GL01713

10.1029/92JD02012

Cornu A., 1879, Observation de la limite ultraviolette du spectre solaire a` diverses altitudes, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 89, 808

10.1029/93GL03073

10.1029/97GL52832

10.1029/93GL02499

10.1002/qj.49709640815

10.1029/JC076i030p07311

10.1029/GL001i005p00205

10.1029/GL003i002p00073

10.1038/324651a0

10.1029/JC083iC01p00345

10.1029/98GL02778

10.1029/95JD00999

10.1029/97JD00764

10.1029/98JD01446

10.1029/92GL01943

10.1029/95GL01593

10.1029/96JD00695

10.1029/97GL01470

10.1029/97RG03549

10.1038/328408a0

10.1029/JD094iD09p11423

10.1029/93GL01677

10.1098/rspa.1930.0165

10.1364/AO.7.000387

10.1029/97GL52828

10.1029/95JD00698

10.1029/94GL02405

10.1139/v74-220

10.1029/91JD02740

10.1029/96GL01812

10.1038/364780a0

Fabry C., 1913, L'absorption de l'ultraviolet par l'ozone et la limite du spectre solaire, J. Phys., 3, 196

10.1029/JD094iD14p16665

10.1029/JD094iD09p11299

10.1029/GL017i004p00489

10.1038/344321a0

10.1038/363509a0

10.1021/jp971250d

10.1038/315207a0

10.1038/329126a0

10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<2265:SSTPIO>2.0.CO;2

10.1016/0273-1177(90)90386-E

10.1029/93JD01907

10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1619:IVOTOA>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/JD094iD09p11285

10.1029/GL017i004p00457

10.1029/98GL02505

10.1029/GL015i008p00901

10.1029/95GL01661

10.1029/93GL03018

10.1126/science.271.5255.1563

10.1126/science.260.5107.523

10.1029/98JD00280

10.1029/93GL02894

10.1029/93GL01783

10.1029/98JD01830

10.1038/279222a0

Hampson J. Photochemical behavior of the ozone layerTech. Note TN 1627/64Can. Armament Res. and Dev. Estab. Valcartier Que. Canada 1964.

10.1021/j100332a063

10.1029/93JD01929

10.1021/j100073a026

10.1029/94GL03379

10.1029/93JD02932

10.1029/96JD00347

10.1029/96JD02440

Assessment of trends in the vertical distribution of ozoneN.Harris R.Hudson C.Phillips SPARC Rep. 1 Ozone Res. and Monit. Proj. Rep. 43World Meteorol. Organ. GenevaMay 1998.

10.1038/35112

Hartley W. N., 1880, On the probable absorption of solar radiation by atmospheric ozone, Chem. News, 42, 268

10.1029/JD094iD14p16779

10.1126/science.197.4306.886

10.1029/92GL02493

10.1029/93JD02092

10.1029/JD094iD04p05029

10.1038/326059a0

10.1038/359283a0

10.1029/93GL02526

10.1029/96JD03749

10.1029/95GL00605

10.1029/95RG02097

10.1029/95JD01943

10.1029/97JD00423

Hunten D. M., 1977, The Upper Atmosphere and Magnetosphere, 156

10.1029/98JD00281

10.1029/GL013i012p01327

10.1029/GL014i001p00087

10.1088/0031-8949/1987/T18/031

10.1029/96JD03088

10.1007/BF00053863

10.1029/JD094iD14p16773

10.1126/science.173.3996.517

10.1146/annurev.pc.43.100192.000245

10.1029/RG016i004p00491

10.1029/JD094iD03p03473

10.1029/92GL00043

10.1038/376409a0

10.1029/95GL02943

10.1029/JD089iD04p05263

10.1029/JD094iD09p11529

10.1029/GL017i004p00541

10.1029/GL017i004p00545

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 1997, Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modelling, Evaluation number 12 of the NASA panel for data evaluation

10.1175/1520-0469(1961)018<0081:SA>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/GL017i004p00485

10.1029/91JD02016

10.1029/96JD01992

10.1029/96GL02593

10.1029/JD094iD09p11317

10.1029/93GL03559

10.1016/1352-2310(95)00362-2

10.1029/96JD03609

10.1029/97JD00276

10.1002/qj.49712454909

10.1029/GL010i004p00341

10.1029/JD094iD14p16705

10.1029/94GL00303

10.1029/GL013i012p01248

10.1029/93GL03071

10.1029/95GL00814

10.1029/97GL02148

10.1029/96GL01318

10.1029/97JD01666

10.1029/95JD02463

10.1029/95JD02839

10.1029/96JD02969

10.1029/92GL01443

10.1029/GL015i001p00017

10.1039/a701946g

10.1029/JD094iD09p11589

10.1029/93GL03046

10.1029/93GL03045

10.1029/96JD00698

10.1029/95JD00699

10.1029/JD101iD09p14505

10.1029/GL013i012p01316

10.1029/GL017i004p00473

10.1029/91GL02942

10.1038/370429a0

10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<2973:OTMOAT>2.0.CO;2

10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<3049:LTCUDP>2.0.CO;2

10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<3069:LTCUDP>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/95GL02229

10.1029/96GL02453

10.1029/97GL52827

10.1016/S0039-6028(97)00090-3

10.1029/97JD01069

10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<1387:PSCSBS>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/92GL00187

10.1038/373399a0

10.1038/321759a0

10.1016/0032-0633(92)90070-5

10.1029/94GL02350

10.1029/GL017i004p00553

10.1029/GL011i001p00073

10.1029/96GL03539

10.1029/96GL03540

10.1029/95GL03056

10.1029/JD094iD15p18429

10.1029/96GL00787

10.1029/1998GL900281

10.1029/95JD00632

10.1029/93GL01124

10.1021/j100286a035

10.1038/249810a0

10.1126/science.238.4831.1253

10.1126/science.261.5127.1418

10.1126/science.272.5266.1318

10.1029/JD092iD07p08320

10.1029/JD093iD12p15889

10.1029/95JD00220

10.1038/39564

10.1029/97GL52834

Müller R. R. J.Salawitch P. J.Crutzen W. A.Lahoz G. L.Manney R.Tuomi Upper stratospheric processes Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998Rep. 44 6.1–6.4World Meteorol. Organ./U. N. Environ. Programme Geneva 1999.

10.1029/GL002i006p00223

10.1029/90JD02712

10.1029/94GL02287

10.1126/science.282.5394.1664

10.1029/GL017i004p00333

10.1126/science.264.5158.543

10.1029/JD093iD10p12585

10.1029/97GL52831

10.1029/GL005i012p01021

10.1029/JC084iC08p05067

10.1029/93GL01303

Ozone Trends Panel (OTP) Report of the international ozone trends panelWMO Rep. 18World Meteorol. Organ. Geneva 1988.

10.1126/science.211.4487.1158

10.1038/332053a0

10.1029/93GL01871

10.1146/annurev.physchem.48.1.785

10.1029/93GL01870

10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<2931:SDITAS>2.0.CO;2

10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<3260:AEOTCA>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/91JD02148

10.1029/92JD00450

10.1029/94GL00390

10.1029/94GL00389

10.1029/JD093iD07p08423

10.1029/GL015i001p00021

10.1029/GL015i008p00867

10.1029/96JD02608

10.1038/355534a0

10.1029/92JD00845

10.1029/JD095iD04p03449

10.1038/381551a0

10.1126/science.269.5221.187

10.1126/science.261.5125.1150

10.1029/JD094iD09p11271

10.1098/rstb.1992.0141

10.1039/fd9950000371

10.1029/93JD03454

10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1467:COTAAA>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/97JD01655

10.1029/95JD03009

Ravishankara A. R. et al. Lower stratospheric processes Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998Rep. 44 7.1–7.76World Meteorol. Organ./U. N. Environ. Programme Geneva 1999.

10.1175/1520-0469(1950)007<0263:TROVMI>2.0.CO;2

10.1038/39849

10.1029/97JD03127

10.1029/JD092iD10p11919

10.1029/93JD03469

10.1029/96GL00048

10.1029/96JD03457

10.1029/98JD02085

10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<2877:OOLSCH>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/JD094iD14p16683

10.1029/GL017i003p00255

10.1038/352134a0

10.1029/93GL03537

10.1029/97GL00093

10.1126/science.278.5335.93

10.1029/GL016i008p00791

10.1029/RG013i001p00001

10.1021/j100565a019

10.1029/93GL00497

10.1038/379526a0

10.1038/339525a0

10.1029/GL017i004p00561

10.1126/science.261.5125.1146

10.1029/94GL02782

10.1126/science.245.4922.1095

10.1029/93JD00042

10.1126/science.267.5199.849

10.1029/96GL02454

10.1029/97GL52830

10.1029/98JD00365

10.1029/1998JD100089

10.1029/93GL02840

10.1029/GL017i004p00501

10.1029/91GL00022

10.1126/science.251.4989.46

10.1029/GL017i004p00469

10.1029/91JD02168

10.1029/92GL02637

10.1029/93GL01690

10.1029/93GL02954

10.1029/94JD02749

10.1029/96JD01707

Scott R. F., 1996, Scott's Last Expedition: The Journals

10.1029/97JD02468

10.1029/94JD02515

10.1038/33385

10.1029/GL013i012p01331

10.1029/97JD00359

10.1029/RG026i001p00131

10.1029/JD089iD07p11633

10.1038/321755a0

10.1029/JD092iD07p08329

10.1126/science.242.4878.550

10.1038/363245a0

10.1029/94JD02028

10.1029/95JD03353

10.1029/97JD01525

10.1029/98GL01293

Sornorjai G. A., 1994, Introduction to Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, 1

10.1029/92GL01884

10.1029/97JD02402

10.1029/97JD03650

10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<2055:TFOPSC>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/95GL02085

10.1029/94GL02373

10.1139/v74-233

10.1029/GL002i010p00443

10.1038/322808a0

10.1029/91GL01302

10.1029/GL005i009p00781

10.1029/JD094iD09p11521

10.1029/95GL01335

10.1029/96JD00062

10.1126/science.260.5111.1082

10.1029/94GL01368

10.1029/96GL01998

10.1029/96JD02962

10.1029/98GL00950

10.1029/95GL03057

10.1029/94JD01488

10.1029/97JD01556

10.1126/science.264.5158.527

10.1126/science.272.5268.1597

10.1126/science.238.4831.1258

10.1029/GL015i008p00847

Toohey D. W., 1995, A critical review of stratospheric chemistry research in the U.S.: 1991–1994, U.S. Natl. Rep. Int. Union Geod. Geophys. 1991–1994, Rev. Geophys., 33, 759

10.1029/GL017i004p00513

10.1126/science.261.5125.1134

10.1029/JD094iD14p16571

10.1029/94GL02078

10.1038/375218a0

10.1029/GL013i012p01284

10.1029/GL017i004p00393

10.1007/BF00702783

10.1029/94GL01324

10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002<1196:TTATSP>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/97GL02181

10.1029/JD094iD09p11687

10.1029/97JD02845

10.1029/91JD01932

10.1002/qj.49712353702

10.1038/322811a0

10.1002/bbpc.19920960319

Van der Leun J., 1995, Environmental effects of ozone depletion: 1994 assessment, Ambio, 14, 138

10.1021/ja00094a069

10.1029/93GL02433

10.1126/science.267.5194.82

10.1029/95JD01000

10.1029/93JD02261

10.1038/375131a0

10.1029/JD094iD09p11405

10.1029/GL017i004p00497

10.1029/92GL01112

10.1029/97JD02466

10.1126/science.214.4516.61

10.1038/362597a0

10.1029/95GL00083

10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0194:TUAEML>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/96JD02741

10.1029/93JD02556

10.1029/96JD03715

10.1126/science.261.5125.1130

10.1029/93GL03213

10.1029/98GL00548

10.1126/science.266.5184.398

10.1029/JC087iC11p08976

10.1126/science.261.5125.1140

10.1029/JC083iC01p00364

10.1029/GL002i006p00215

World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Atmospheric ozoneRep. 16 Geneva 1985.

World Meteorological Organization/United Nations Environment Programme (WMO/UNEP) Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1991Rep. 25 Geneva 1991.

World Meteorological Organization/United Nations Environment Programme (WMO/UNEP) Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994Rep. 37 Geneva 1994.

World Meteorological Organization/United Nations Environment Programme (WMO/UNEP) Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998 Rep. 44 in press Geneva 1999.

10.1126/science.259.5091.71

10.1029/JC088iC02p01444

10.1029/97JD00871

10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0339:ABAOPI>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/96GL01792

10.1029/94JD02142

10.1029/96JD02395

10.1029/95GL03336