Stratigraphic and volcanic signatures of Miaolingian-Late Ordovician rift pulses in the Alborz Mountains, northern Iran

Aharipour, 2010, Facies features and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Early to Middle Devonian syn-rift volcano-sedimentary succession (Padeha Formation) in the Eastern-Alborz Mountains, NE Iran, Facies, 56, 279, 10.1007/s10347-009-0200-x Ahlberg, 2019, Integrated Cambrian biostratigraphy and carbon isotope chemostratigraphy of the Grönhögen-2015 drill core, Öland, Sweden, Geological Magazine, 156, 935, 10.1017/S0016756818000298 Alavi, 1996, Tectonostratigraphic synthesis and structural style of the Alborz mountain system in northern Iran, Journal of Geodynamics, 21, 1, 10.1016/0264-3707(95)00009-7 Alavi-Naini, M., 1996. Palaeozoic stratigraphy of Iran. Treatise of Geology in Iran, v. 5, p. 1–492. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran [in Farsi]. Alavi-Naini, 2000, Devonian stages of Iran, 80 Alsharhan, 1986, Precambrian to Jurassic rocks of Arabian Gulf and adjacent areas: their facies, depositional setting, and hydrocarbon habitat, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 70, 977 Álvaro, 1998, Stratigraphic signature of a terminal Early Cambrian regressive event in the Iberian Peninsula, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 35, 402, 10.1139/e97-093 Álvaro, 2008, Carbon chemostratigraphy of the Cambrian–Ordovician transition in a midlatitude mixed platform, Montagne Noire, France, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 120, 962, 10.1130/B26243.1 Álvaro, 2003, Palaeogeographical controls on the Cambrian trilobite immigration and evolutionary patterns reported in the western Gondwana margin, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 195, 5, 10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00300-6 Álvaro, 1993, The paleogeography of the northern Iberia at the Lower–Middle Cambrian transition, Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 164, 843 Álvaro, 2000, Evaporitic constraints on the southward drifting of the western Gondwana margin during Early Cambrian times, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 160, 105, 10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00061-4 Álvaro, J.J., Ahlberg, P., Babcock, L.E., Bordonaro, O.L., Choi, D.K., Cooper, R.A., Ergaliev, G.K., Gapp, I.W., Ghobadi Pour, M., Hughes, N.C., Jago, J.B., Koronikov, I., Laurie, J.R., Lieberman, B.S., Paterson, J.R., Pegel, T.V., Popov, L.E., Rushton, A.W.A., Sukhov, S.S., Tortello, M.F., Zhou, Z., Żylińska, A., 2013. Global Cambrian trilobite palaeobiogeography assessed using parsimony analysis of endemicity. In: Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography (Harper, D.A.T., Servais, T., eds). Geological Society Memoir 38, 269–292. Álvaro, 2016, Ediacaran–Cambrian phosphorites from the western margins of Gondwana and Baltica, Sedimentology, 63, 350, 10.1111/sed.12217 Amin-Rasouli, 2014, Sequence stratigraphy of Members 1, 2, and 3 of the Mila Formation in Eastern Central Alborz, Scientific Quaterly Journal, Geosciences, 23, 1 Assereto, 1963, The Paleozoic formations in central Elburz (Iran) (Preliminary Note), Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 69, 503 Avigad, 2003, Origin of northern Gondwana Cambrian sandstone revealed by detrital zircon SHRIMP dating, Geology, 31, 227, 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0227:OONGCS>2.0.CO;2 Azizi, 2011, Isotopic dating of the Khoy metamorphic complex (KMC), northwestern Iran: a significant revision of the formation age and magma source, Precambrian Research, 185, 87, 10.1016/j.precamres.2010.12.004 Babcock, 2007, The global boundary stratotype section and point (GSSP) of the Drumian Stage (Cambrian) in the Drum Mountains, Utah, USA, Episodes, 30, 85, 10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i2/003 Bagheri, 2008, The Anarak, Jandaq and Posht-e-Badam metamorphic complexes in central Iran: new geological data, relationships and tectonic implications, Tectonophysics, 451, 123, 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.047 Balaghi, 2014, Zircon U-Pb ages, Hf isotopes and geochemistry of the schists, gneisses and granites in Delbar Metamorphic-Igneous Complex, SE of Shahrood (Iran): implications for Neoproterozoic geodynamic evolutions of Central Iran, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 92, 92, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.06.011 Barnes, 2004, Was there an Ordovician superplume event?, 77 Bayet-Goll, 2020, Palaecological, sedimentological and stratigraphical insights into microbially induced sedimentary structures of the lower Cambrian successions of Iran, Sedimentology, 10.1111/sed.12745 Bayet-Goll, 2014, Facies architecture, depositional environments and stratigraphy of the Middle Cambrian Fasham and Deh-Sufiyan formations in the central Alborz, Facies, 60, 815, 10.1007/s10347-014-0401-9 Bayet-Goll, 2015, Depositional processes of ribbon carbonates in Middle Cambrian or Iran (Deh-Sufiyan Formation, Central Alborz), Facies, 61, 9, 10.1007/s10347-015-0436-6 Berberian, 1981, Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 18, 210, 10.1139/e81-019 Berberian, 1973, 16 Bergeron, 1894, (for 1893). Notes paléontologiques I. Crustacés, Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 21, 333 Biernat, 1973, Ordovician inarticulate brachiopods from Poland and Estonia, Palaeontologia Polonica, 28, 1 Bond, 2017, On the causes of mass extinctions, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 478, 3, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.005 Breddin, 1970, Der Elburz im Iran, ein Schuppengebirge, Geologische Mitteilungen (Aachen), 10, 61 Brunet, 2003, The South Caspian Basin: a review of its evolution from subsidence modelling, Sedimentary Geology, 156, 119, 10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00285-3 Buatois, 2011 Cawood, 2007, Early Palaeozoic orogenesis along the Indian margin of Gondwana: tectonic response to Gondwana assembly, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 255, 70, 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.12.006 Cocks, 2013, The dynamic evolution of the Palaeozoic geography of eastern Asia, Earth-Science Reviews, 117, 40, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.12.001 Condie, 1982 2001 DeCelles, 2000, Tectonic implications of U-Pb zircon ages of the Himalayan orogenic belt in Nepal, Science, 288, 497, 10.1126/science.288.5465.497 DePaolo, 1981, Neodymiun isotopes in the Colorado Front Range and crust-mantle evolution in the Proterozoic, Nature, 291, 193, 10.1038/291193a0 DePaolo, D.J., 1988. Neodymium isotope geochemistry. An introduction. Minerals and Rocks Series 20, 1–187. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. DePaolo, 1976, Nd isotopic variations and petrogenetic models, Geophysical Research Letters, 3, 249, 10.1029/GL003i005p00249 Derakhshi, 2014, Ordovician–Devonian magmatism in the north of Shahrood: implication for long lived rifting of Paleotethys in Eastern Alborz, Petrology (University of Isfahan), 5, 105 Derakhshi, 2015, Soltan Maidan Complex (SMC) in the eastern Alborz structural zone, northern Iran: magmatic evidence for Paleotethys development, Arabian Journal of Geoscience, 8, 849, 10.1007/s12517-013-1180-2 Derakhshi, 2017, Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Soltan Maidan basalts (E Alborz, Iran): implications for asthenosphere-lithosphere interaction and rifting along the N margin of Gondwana, Chemie der Erde, 77, 131, 10.1016/j.chemer.2017.01.002 Djamour, 2010, GPS and gravity constraints on continental deformation in the Alborz mountain range, Iran. Geophysical Journal International, 183, 1287, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04811.x Domeier, 2018, Early Paleozoic tectonics of Asia: towards a full-plate model, Geoscience Frontiers, 9, 789, 10.1016/j.gsf.2017.11.012 Dong, 2010, Volcanism of the Nanpu Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin. Eastern China: geochemistry, petrogenesis and implications for tectonic setting, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 39, 173, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.03.003 Egenhoff, 2007, Graptolites as indicators of maximum flooding surfaces in monotonous deep-water shelf successions, Palaios, 22, 373, 10.2110/palo.2005.p05-096r Ergaliev, G.Kh., 1980. Middle and Upper Cambrian trilobites of the Malyi Karatau Range. Alma-Ata, Publishing House of Kazakhstan SSR, 211 pp. [in Russian]. Ergaliev, G. Kh., 1981. Upper Cambrian biostratigraphy of the Kyrshabakty section, Malyi Karatau, southern Kazakhstan. In: Short Papers for the Second International Symposium on the Cambrian System (Taylor, M.E., ed.). US Geological Survey Open-file Report 81–743, 82–88. Ergaliev, 2014, The auxiliary boundary Stratotype Section and Point (ASSP) of the Jiangshanian Stage (Cambrian: Furongian Series) in the Kyrshabakty section, Kazakhstan, Episodes, 37, 41, 10.18814/epiiugs/2014/v37i1/005 Ernst, 2009, Stenolaemate bryozoans from the Geirud Formation (Upper Devonian/Lower Carboniferous) of Central Alborz (Iran), Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 83, 439, 10.1007/s12542-009-0027-3 Ernst, 2020, Age correlation of Large Igneous Provinces with Devonian biotic crises, Global and Planetary Change, 185, 103097, 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.103097 Fitton, J.G., 2007. The OIB paradox. In: Plates, Plumes, and Planetary Processes (Foulger, G.R., Jurdy, D.M., eds.). Geological Society of America, Special Paper 430, 387–412. Fitton, 1997, Thermal and chemical structure of the Iceland plume, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 153, 197, 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00170-2 Fitton, 2003, Does depleted mantle form an intrinsic part of the Iceland plume? Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4 Fortey, R.A., Rushton, A.W.A., 1976. Chelidonocephalus trilobite fauna from the Cambrian of Iran. British Museum of Natural History (Geology) Bulletin 27, 321–340. Gehrels, 2003, Initiation of the Himalayan orogeny as an early Paleozoic thin-skinned thrust belt, GSA Today, 13, 4, 10.1130/1052-5173(2003)13<4:IOTHOA>2.0.CO;2 Gehrels, 2006, Geologic and U-Pb geochronologic evidence for early Paleozoic tectonism in the Dadeldhura thrust sheet, far-west Nepal Himalaya, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 28, 385, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.09.012 Gehrels, 2006, Geologic and U– Th–Pb geochronologic evidence for early Paleozoic tectonism in the Kathmandu thrust sheet, central Nepal Himalaya, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 118, 185, 10.1130/B25753.1 Geyer, 2019, A comprehensive Cambrian correlation chart, Episodes, 42, 321 Geyer, 2004, A unified Lower–Middle Cambrian chronostratigraphy for West Gondwana, Acta Geologica Polonica, 54, 179 Geyer, 2014, Lithostratigraphic revision of the middle Cambrian (Series 3) and upper Cambrian (Furongian) in northern and central Iran, Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 47, 21, 10.1127/0078-0421/2014/0039 Ghasemi, 2014, Ordovician–Devonian magmatism in the north of Shahrood: implication for long lived rifting of Paleotethys in Eastern Alborz, Petrology, 5, 105 Ghasemi, 2008, Mineralogy, geochemistry and role of olivine: mechanical separation in the generation of Lower Paleozoic igneous rocks in the Shirgesht area, NW of Tabas, Central Iran, Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 16, 207 Ghasemi, 2013, Tectonic setting, character and origin of the volcanic rocks of the Abarsaj Formation (Upper Ordovician), eastern Alborz, north of Shahrud, Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 21, 319 Ghasemi, 2011, Touyeh-Darvar A-type granitoid, southwest of Damghan: constrains on the Palaeotethyan extensional basin of Lower Paleozoic in the Alborz Mountains, Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 20, 3 Ghasemi, 2015, Comparison of the mafic igneous rocks from the Ghelli Formation (Upper Ordovician) and the Gorgan Schists in the Eastern Alborz Zone, Scientific Quaterly Journal, Geosciences, 24, 263 Ghavidel-Syooki, 1994, Upper Devonian acritarchs and miospores from the Geirud Formation in central Alborz Range, northern Iran, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A, Science, 5, 103 Ghavidel-Syooki, 2006, Palynostratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Cambro–Ordovician strata in southwest of Shahrud (Kuh-e-Kharbash), North Iran, Journal of Science (University of Tehran), 32, 13 Ghavidel-syooki, 2006, Palynostratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Cambro–Ordovician strata in southwest of Shahrud City (Kuh-e-Kharbash, near Deh-Molla), central Alborz Range, northern Iran, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 139, 81, 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2005.07.006 Ghavidel-Syooki, 2008, Palynostratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Upper Ordovician Gorgan Schists, Southeastern Caspian Sea, Eastern Alborz Mountain Ranges, Northern Iran, Comunicações Geológicas, 95, 123 Ghavidel-Syooki, 2017, Biostratigraphy of acritarchs and chitinozoans in Ordovician strata from the Fazel Abad area, southeastern Caspian Sea, Alborz Mountains, northern Iran: stratigraphic and paleogeographic implications, Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, 28, 37 Ghavidel-Syooki, 2013, Palinostratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Lashkarak and Ghelli formations in Abarsaj area, northwest of Shahrud, Journal of Stratigraphic Researches, University of Esfahan, 28, 35 Ghavidel-Syooki, 2011, Palynology and isotope geochronology of the Upper Ordovician–Silurian successions (Ghelli and Soltan-Maidan formations) in the Khoshyeilagh area, eastern Alborz Range, northern Iran; stratigraphic and palaeogeographic implications, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 164, 251, 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2011.01.006 Ghobadi Pour, M., 2006. Early Ordovician (Tremadocian) trilobites from Simeh-Kuh, Eastern Alborz, Iran. In: Studies in Palaeozoic Palaeontology (Bassett, M.G., Deisler, V.K., eds.). National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, Geological Series 25, 93–118. Ghobadi Pour, 2019, Ordovician trilobites from Deh-Molla, eastern Alborz, Iran. Alcheringa, 43, 381, 10.1080/03115518.2019.1616110 Ghobadi Pour, 2007, An Early Ordovician trilobite assemblage from the Lashkarak Formation, Damghan area, northern Iran, Geobios, 40, 489, 10.1016/j.geobios.2005.04.007 Ghobadi Pour, 2011, Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) brachiopods associated with the Neseuretus biofacies, eastern Alborz Mountains, Iran. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 42, 263 Ghobadi Pour, 2011, Early Ordovician (Tremadocian) brachiopods from the Eastern Alborz Mountains, Iran. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 60, 65, 10.3176/earth.2011.2.01 Ghobadi Pour, 2015, First reported Late Ordovician trilobites from the High Zagros Ranges, Iran: a biogeographic link between Gondwanan Chinese and Mediterranean faunas, Geobios, 48, 351, 10.1016/j.geobios.2015.07.005 Ghobadi Pour, 2011, New early ostracods from the Ordovician (Tremadocian) of Iran: systematic, biogeographical and palaeoecological significance, Alcheringa, 35, 517, 10.1080/03115518.2011.538909 Ghobadi Pour, 2015, Early Ordovician (Tremadocian) faunas and biostratigraphy of the Gerd-Kuh section, eastern Alborz, Iran. Stratigraphy, 12, 55 Guest, 2006, Late Cenozoic shortening in the west-central Alborz Mountains, northern Iran, by combined conjugate strike-slip and thin-skinned deformation, Geosphere, 2, 35, 10.1130/GES00019.1 Guo, 1996, 142 pp. Haghipour, 1985, Geological Map of Iran Hairapetian, 2017, Silurian stratigraphy of Central Iran – an update, Acta Geologica Polonica, 67, 201, 10.1515/agp-2017-0014 Hamdi, B., 1989. Stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Late Precambrian to early Cambrian in the Alborz Mountains, northern Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Report 59, 1–41 [in Farsi]. Hamdi, B., 1995. Precambrian–Cambrian deposits in Iran. Treatise on the Geology of Iran 20, 1–353 (Hushmandzadeh, A., ed.). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran [in Farsi]. Hassanzadeh, 2008, U-Pb zircon geochronology of late Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian granitoids in Iran: implications for paleogeography, magmatism, and exhumation history of Iranian basement, Tectonophysics, 451, 71, 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.062 Hofmann, 2012, Paleoecologic and biostratigraphic significance of trace fossils from shallow- to marginal-marine environments from the Middle Cambrian (Stage 5) of Jordan, Journal of Paleontology, 86, 931, 10.1666/11-129R1.1 Hollingsworth, J., Jackson, J., Walker, R., Nazari, H., 2008. Extrusion tectonics and subduction in the eastern South Caspian region since 10 Ma. Geology 36, 763–766. Holmer, 2001, Cambrian–early Ordovician brachiopods from Malyi Karatau, the western Balkhash Region, and northern Tien Shan, Central Asia, Special Papers in Palaeontology, 65, 1 Holmer, 2019, Cambrian rhynchonelliform nisusioid brachiopods: phylogeny and distribution, Papers in Palaeontology, 5, 559, 10.1002/spp2.1255 Honarmand, 2016, Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian tectono-magmatic evolution of the Central Iranian terrane, northern margin of Gondwana: constraints from detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf–O isotope studies, Gondwana Research, 37, 285, 10.1016/j.gr.2016.05.007 Horton, 2008, Detrital zircon provenance of Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic deposits in Iran: implications for chronostratigraphy and collisional tectonics, Tectonophysics, 451, 97, 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.063 Hosseini, 2015, Petrology, geochemistry and zircon U-Pb dating of Band-e-Hezarchah metabasites (NE Iran): an evidence for back-arc magmatism along the northern active margin of Gondwana, Chemie der Erde, 75, 207, 10.1016/j.chemer.2015.02.002 Hosseini-Nezhad, 2007, Stratigraphy of the Upper Devonian rocks in the Kalariz section, Scientific Quarterly Journal, Geosciences, 16, 78 Hsü, S.C., 1948. Part III, The I-Changian trilobites and other fossils. In: The Ichang Formation and the Ichangian fauna (Hsü, S.C., Ma, C.T., eds.). Contributions from the Institute of Geology, Academia Sinica 8, 1–51. Husseini, 1989, Tectonic and deposition model of Late Precambrian–Cambrian Arabian and adjoining plates, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 73, 1117 Jago, 2001, Late Middle Cambrian trilobites from Trial Ridge, southwestern Tasmania, Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 135, 1, 10.26749/rstpp.135.1 Jago, 2004, Late Middle Cambrian trilobites from St. Valentines Peak and Native Track Tier, northwestern Tasmania, Alcheringa, 28, 21, 10.1080/03115510408619273 Jahangir, 2016, Terminal Cambrian and Early Ordovician (Tremadocian) conodonts from Eastern Alborz, north-central Iran, Alcheringa, 40, 219, 10.1080/03115518.2016.1118298 Jamshidi Badr, 2013, The U-Pb age, geochemistry and tectonic significance of granitoids in the Soursat Complex, Northwest Iran, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, 1 Jones, 2017, A volcanic trigger for the Late Ordovician mass extinction? Mercury data from south China and Laurentia, Geology, 45, 631, 10.1130/G38940.1 Kaljo, 1986, The Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in the Baltic-Ladoga clint area, Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised. Geoloogia, 35, 97 Kang, 2007, Middle Cambrian trilobites and biostratigraphy of the Daegi Formation (Taebaek Group) in the Seokgaejae section, Taebaeksan Basin, Korea, Geosciences Journal, 11, 279, 10.1007/BF02857046 Kangi, 2010, Synsedimentary deformations in member 2 of the Mila Formation in the Central Alborz Mountains, Northern Iran, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 3, 33, 10.1007/s12517-009-0044-2 Kaz’min, 2011, Age and origin of the South Caspian Basin, Oceanology, 51, 131, 10.1134/S0001437011010073 Kebria-ee Zadeh, 2015, First record of the Ordovician fauna in Mila-Kuh, eastern Alborz, northern Iran, Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 64, 121, 10.3176/earth.2015.22 Khajrullina, I.T., 1970.Trilobites of the Mayan Stage in the Turkestan region. Biostratigrafiya osadochnykh obrazovanij Uzbekistana. Tashkentskij Geo1ogorazvedochnyj Trest “Tashkentgeologiya”, Kompleksnaya Geologos'emochnaya Ekspeditsiya 9, 5–30. Tashkent (Nedra) [in Russian]. King, 1937, Cambrian trilobites from Iran (Persia). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of lndia, Palaeontologia Indica (n. s.), 22, 1 Kolodner, 2006, Provenance of north Gondwana Cambrian–Ordovician sandstone: U-Pb SHRIMP dating of detrital zircon from Israel and Jordan, Geological Magazine, 143, 367, 10.1017/S0016756805001640 Kouchinsky, 2008, The SPICE carbon isotope excursion in Siberia: a combined study of the upper Middle Cambrian–lowermost Ordovician Kulyumbe River 412 section, northwestern Siberian Platform, Geological Magazine, 145, 609, 10.1017/S0016756808004913 Kröner, 1990, Early Pan-African evolution of the basement around Elat, Israel and the Sinai peninsula revealed by single-zircon evaporation dating, and implications for crustal accretion rates, Geology, 18, 545, 10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<0545:EPAEOT>2.3.CO;2 Kröner, 1992, Age of initial oceanic magmatism in the Late Proterozoic Arabian shield, Geology, 20, 803, 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0803:AOIOMI>2.3.CO;2 Kushan, 1973, Stratigraphie und Trilobiten fauna in der Mila-Formation (Mittelkambrium–Tremadoc) im Alborz-Gebirge (N-Iran), Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 144, 113 Kushan, 1978, Stratigraphy and trilobite fauna of the Mila Formation (Middle Cambrian–Tremadocian) of the Alborz Range, North Iran, Geological Survey of Iran, Report, 49, 1 Lasemi, 2001, Facies analysis, depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Pre-Cambrian and Paleozoic rocks of Iran, Geological Survery of Iran Publications, 1 Lasemi, 2003, Microfacies, depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of the shaly and Top Quartzite units of the Lalun Formation in the Yuyeh-Darvar area (southwest Damghan), Geological Survey of Iran, Geosciences, 11, 48 Lasemi, 2006, Interregional unconformity on Top Quartzite unit of the Lalun Formation (Lower and Middle Cambrian boundary): evidence indicating that the Top Quartzite is not the Base Quartzite of the Mila Formation, Geological Survey of Iran, Geosciences, 15, 128 Lasemi, 2007, Archaeocyathan buildups within a entirely siliciclastic succession: new discovery in the Toyonian Lalun Formation of northern Iran, the proto-Paleotethys passive margin of northern Gondwana, Sedimentary Geology, 201, 302, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.05.015 Lasemi, Y., Amin-Rasouli, H., 2016. The lower–middle Cambrian transition and the Sauk I–II unconformable boundary in Iran, a record of late early Cambrian global Hawke Bay regression. In: Tectonic, Evolution, Collision, and Seismicity of Southwest Asia: In Honor of Manuel Berberian’s Forty-Five Years of Research Contributions (Sorkhabi, R., ed.). Geological Society of America, Special Paper 525, 343–366. Lee, 2019 Lefebvre, 2010, Did a Katian large igneous province trigger the Late Ordovician glaciation? A hypothesis tested with a carbon cycle model, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 296, 310, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.04.010 Lerosey-Aubril, 2018, The Weeks Formation Konservat-Lagerstätte and the evolutionary transition of Cambrian marine life, Journal of the Geological Society, 175, 705, 10.1144/jgs2018-042 LeRoy, 2019, Evidence for the development of local anoxia during the Cambrian SPICE event in eastern North America, Geobiology, 17, 381, 10.1111/gbi.12334 Lindström, 1954, Conodonts from the lowermost Ordovician strata of south-central Sweden, Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 76, 517, 10.1080/11035895409453581 Lustrino, 2002, The transition from alkaline to tholeiitic magmas: a case study from the Orosei-Dorgali Pliocene volcanic district (NE Sardinia. Italy), Lithos, 63, 83, 10.1016/S0024-4937(02)00113-5 Lyberis, 1999, Oblique to orthogonal convergence across the Turan block in the post-Miocene, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 83, 1135 MackNaughgton, 2007, The application of trace fossils to biostratigraphy, 135 Mángano, 1996, Trace fossils and sedimentary facies from a Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician tide-dominated shelf (Santa Rosita Formation, northwest Argentina): implications for ichnofacies models of shallow marine successions, Ichnos, 5, 53, 10.1080/10420949609386406 Meinhold, 2020, Permian–Triassic magmatism in response to Palaeotethys subduction and pre–Late Triassic arrival of northeast Gondwana-derived continental fragments at the southern Eurasian margin: detrital zircon evidence from Triassic sandstones of Central Iran, Gondwana Research, 83, 118, 10.1016/j.gr.2020.02.001 McKenzie, 1988, The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere, Journal of Petrology, 29, 625, 10.1093/petrology/29.3.625 Meinhold, 2021, Detrital zircon provenance of north Gondwana Palaeozoic sandstones from Saudi Arabia, Geological Magazine, 158, 442, 10.1017/S0016756820000576 Meischner, 2020, Ordovician trace fossils from southern Jordan with particular consideration to the Cruziana rugosa group: taxonomy, stratigraphy and trans-regional correlation throughout the Middle East and northern Africa, Journal of African Earth Sciences, 164, 103595, 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103595 Merle, 2011, A simple continental rift classification, Tectonophysics, 513, 88, 10.1016/j.tecto.2011.10.004 Miller, 1969, Conodont faunas and biostratigraphy of the Upper Cambrian and lowest Ordovician, House Range, Utah, Journal of Paleontology, 43, 413 Miller, 2015, Proposed GSSP for the base of Cambrian Stage 10 at the lowest occurrence of Eoconodontus notchpeakensis in the House Range, Utah, USA, Annales de Paléontologie, 101, 199, 10.1016/j.annpal.2015.04.008 Mohammadi, 2010, The study of Chondroichtyan microremains in upper Famennian Geirud Formation, Central Alborz, Scientific Quarterly Journal, Geosciences, 19, 85 Müller, 1959, Kambrische Conodonten, Zeitschrift für deutsche geologische Gesellschaft, 111, 434, 10.1127/zdgg/111/1959/434 Muttoni, 2009, The drift history of Iran from the Ordovician to the Triassic, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 312, 7, 10.1144/SP312.2 Naderi, 2018, Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Tuyeh-Darvar Granitoid (Northern Iran): constraints from zircon U-Pb geochronology and Sr–Nd isotope geochemistry, Lithos, 318, 494, 10.1016/j.lithos.2018.08.034 Natal'in, 2005, Late Palaeozoic to Triassic evolution of the Turan and Scythian platforms: the pre-history of the Palaeo-Tethyan closure, Tectonophysics, 404, 175, 10.1016/j.tecto.2005.04.011 Neilson, 2016, Primary aragonite and high-Mg calcite in the late Cambrian (Furongian): potential evidence from marine carbonates in Oman, Terra Nova, 28, 306, 10.1111/ter.12222 Nesbitt, 1982, Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites, Nature, 299, 715, 10.1038/299715a0 Nestell, 2016, First Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) foraminifers from the Alborz Mountains, northern Iran, Micropaleontology, 62, 417 Niu, 2020, On the cause of continental breakup: a simple analysis in terms of driving mechanisms of plate tectonics and mantle plumes, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 194, 104367, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104367 Nielsen, 2015, The regressive early–mid–Cambrian “Hawke Bay event” in Baltoscandia: epeirogenic uplift in concert with eustasy, Earth-Science Reviews, 151, 288, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.09.012 Nowrouzi, 2014, Petrography and geochemistry of Silurian Niur sandstones, Derenjal mountains, East Central Iran: implications for tectonic setting, provenance and weathering, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7, 2793, 10.1007/s12517-013-0912-7 Palacios, 2021, Acritarch-based chronostratigraphic and radiometric calibration of the Cambrian volcanosedimentary Vallehondo and Playón formations in the Cambrian Ossa-Morena Rift, Spain, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 565, 110216, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110216 Palmer, A.R., James, N.P., 1980. The Hawke Bay event: a circum-Iapetus regression near the Lower–Middle Cambrian boundary. In: The Caledonides in the USA (Wones, D.R., ed.). Department of Geological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Memoir 2, 15–18. Pander, 1856, 91 Pearce, 1996, Sources and settings of granitic rocks, Episodes, 19, 120, 10.18814/epiiugs/1996/v19i4/005 Pearce, 2008, Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust, Lithos, 100, 14, 10.1016/j.lithos.2007.06.016 Pearce, 1979, Petrogenetic implications of Ti, Zr, Y, and Nb variations in volcanic rocks, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 69, 33, 10.1007/BF00375192 Peng, 1992, Upper Cambrian biostratigraphy and trilobite faunas of the Cili-Taouyan area, northwestern Hunan, China, Memoir of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 13, 1 Peng, 2000, Agnostoid biostratigraphy across the Middle–Upper Cambrian boundary in Hunan, China. Journal of Paleontology, 74, 1 Peng, 1999, Trilobites from the Shahmirzad section, Alborz Mountains, Iran: their taxonomy, biostratigraphy and bearing for international correlation, Beringeria, 25, 3 Peng, 2009, Cambrian trilobites from the Parahio and Zanskar valleys, Indian Himalaya, Journal of Paleontology, 83, 1, 10.1666/08-129.1 Peng, 2011, Recently ratified and proposed Cambrian global standard stratotype-section and points, Acta Geologica Sinica, 85, 296, 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00399.x Piercy, 2011, The setting, style, and role of magmatism in the formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, Mineralium Deposita, 46, 449, 10.1007/s00126-011-0341-z Pin, 1992, Mantle-derived early Paleozoic A-type metagranitoids from the NW Iberian massif: Nd isotope and trace-element constraints, Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 163, 483 Popov, 2017, The world’s second oldest strophomenoid-dominated benthic assemblage in the first Dapingian (Middle Ordovician) brachiopod fauna identified from Iran, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 140, 1, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.03.007 Popov, 2008, Early to Middle Ordovician lingulate brachiopods from the Lashkarak Formation, Eastern Alborz Mountains, Iran. Alcheringa, 32, 1, 10.1080/03115510701757126 Popov, 2009, Furongian linguliform brachiopods from the Alborz Mountains, Iran. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists., 37, 103 Popov, 2009, Billingsellide and orthide brachiopods: new insights into earliest Ordovician evolution and biogeography from northern Iran, Palaeontology, 52, 35, 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00833.x Popov, 2011, First record of silicified Cambrian (Furongian) rhynconelliform brachiopods from the Mila Formation, Alborz Range, Iran. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 42, 193 Popov, 2013, Cambrian (Furongian) rhynconelliform brachiopods from the Eastern Alborz Mountains, Iran. Bulletin of Geosciences, 88, 525, 10.3140/bull.geosci.1393 Popov, 2016, Emergence of the ‘Saucrorthis’ Fauna in the middle Ordovician of Northern Iran, Australasian Palaeontological Memoirs, 49, 485 Ramezani, 2003, The Saghand region, central Iran: U-Pb geochronology, petrogenesis and implications for Gondwana tectonics, American Journal of Science, 303, 622, 10.2475/ajs.303.7.622 Rudnick, 2003, Composition of the continental crust Rushton, 2021, The first Early Ordovician graptolites and marine incursions in eastern Alborz, Iran, Geological Magazine, 158, 1719, 10.1017/S0016756821000273 Ruttner, 1968, Geology of the Shirgesth area (Tabas area, East Iran), Geological Survey of Iran, Report, 4, 1 Safaei, 2012, Structural and petrological evidence for the continuation of the Isfahan Fault System across the Unimieh-Dokhtar Zone of Central Iran, Geotectonics, 46, 455, 10.1134/S0016852112060064 Salvador, A. (ed.), 1994. International Stratigraphic Guide. A Guide to Stratigraphic Classification, Terminology, and Procedure, 2nd ed. International Union of Geological Sciences and Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, 214 p. Saltzman, M.R., Runnegar, B., Lohmann, K.C., 1998. Carbon isotope stratigraphy of Upper Cambrian (Steptoean Stage) sequences of the eastern Great Basin: record of a global oceanographic event. Geological Society of America Bulletin 110, 285–297. Saltzman, 2000, A global carbon isotope excursion (SPICE) during the Late Cambrian: relation to trilobite extinctions, organic-matter burial and sea level, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 162, 211, 10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00128-0 Saltzman, 2004, The Late Cambrian SPICE (δ13C) event and the Sauk II–Sauk III regression: new evidence from Laurentian basins in Utah, Iowa, and Newfoundland, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 74, 366, 10.1306/120203740366 Saltzman, 2011, Pulse of atmospheric oxygen during the late Cambrian, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 3876, 10.1073/pnas.1011836108 Saunders, 2007, Regional uplift associated with continental large igneous provinces: the roles of mantle plumes and the lithosphere, Chemical Geology, 241, 282, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.01.017 Seilacher, A., 1970. Cruziana stratigraphy of “non-fossiliferous” Palaeozoic sandstones. In: Trace Fossils (Crimes, T.P., Harper, J.C., eds). Geological Journal Special Issue 3, 447-476. Seel House Press, Liverpool. Seilacher, 1991, An updated Cruziana stratigraphy of Gondwanan Palaeozoic sandstones Seilacher, 2007 Şengör, 1979, Mid-Mesozoic closure of Permo-Triassic Tethys and its implications, Nature, 279, 590, 10.1038/279590a0 Shafaii Moghadam, 2016, Age and nature of 560–520 Ma calc-alkaline granitoids of Biarjmand, northeast Iran: insights into Cadomian arc magmatism in northern Gondwana, International Geology Review, 58, 1492, 10.1080/00206814.2016.1166461 Shafaii Moghadam, 2014, Ophiolites of Iran: keys to understanding the tectonic evolution of SW Asia: (I) Paleozoic ophiolites, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 91, 19, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.04.008 Şengor, 1987, Tectonics of the Tethysides: orogenic collage development in a collisional setting, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 15, 213, 10.1146/annurev.ea.15.050187.001241 Shafaii Moghadam, 2015, Cadomian (Ediacaran–Cambrian) arc magmatism in the ChahJam-Biarjmand metamorphic complex (Iran): magmatism along the northern active margin of Gondwana, Gondwana Research, 27, 439, 10.1016/j.gr.2013.10.014 Shafaii Moghadam, 2017, Early Paleozoic tectonic reconstruction of Iran: tales from detrital zircon geochronology, Lithos, 268, 87, 10.1016/j.lithos.2016.09.008 Shakerardakani, 2021, New detrital zircon U-Pb insights on the palaeogeographic origin of the central Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, Iran. Geological Magazine, 158, 2165, 10.1017/S0016756821000728 Sobolev, 2011, Linking mantle plumes, large igneous provinces and environmental catastrophes, Nature, 477, 312, 10.1038/nature10385 Stampfli, 2000, Tethyan oceans, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 173, 1, 10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.173.01.01 Stampfli, 1991, Tethyan margins in space and time, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 87, 373, 10.1016/0031-0182(91)90142-E Stampfli, G.M., Mosar, J., Favre, P., Pillevuit, A., Vannay, J.C., 2001. Permo-Mesozoic evolution of the western Tethys realm: the Neo-Tethys East Mediterranean Basin connection. In: Peri-Tethys Memoir 6: Peri-Tethyan Rift/Wrench Basins and Passive Margins (Ziegler, P.A., Cavalza, W., Robertson, A.H.F., Crasquin-Soleau, S., eds). Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle 186, 51-108. Stampfli, 2013, The formation of Pangea, Tectonophysics, 593, 1, 10.1016/j.tecto.2013.02.037 Stern, 1994, Arc assembly and continental collision in the Neoproterozoic East African orogeny: implications for the consolidation of Gondwanaland, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 22, 319, 10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.001535 Stöcklin, 1968, Structural history and tectonics of Iran: a review, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 52, 1229 Stöcklin, 1974, Possible ancient continental margins in Iran, 873 Stöcklin, 1980, Geology of Nepal and its regional frame, Journal of the Geological Society of London, 137, 1, 10.1144/gsjgs.137.1.0001 Stöcklin, J., Setudehnia, A.O., 1991. Stratigraphic Lexicon of Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Report 18–1971, 3rd ed., 376 p. Stöcklin, 1964, New data on the Lower Paleozoic and pre–Cambrian of North Iran, Geological Survey of Iran, Report, 1, 1 Stöcklin, 1965, Geology and mineral resources of the Soltanieh Mountains (Northwest Iran), Geological Survey of Iran, 2, 1 Strelow, 1960, An ion exchange selectivity scale of cations based on equilibrium distributions coefficients, Analytical Chemistry, 32, 1185, 10.1021/ac60165a042 Sun, 1989, Cambrian agnostids from the North China Platform, Palaeontologia Cathayana, 4, 53 Sun, 1989, Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 42, 313, 10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19 Swart, 2010, The 13C Suess effect in scleractinian corals mirror changes in the anthropogenic CO2 inventory of the surface oceans, Geophysical Research Letters, 37, 10.1029/2009GL041397 Tabatabaeimanesh, 2008, Geochemistry and tectonic setting of Early Palaeozoic volcanic rocks in Jahagh valley (South of Kashan), Journal of Science (Kharazmi University), 8, 241 Tabatabaeimanesh, 2011, Geotectonic investigation of Early Paleozoic magmatism in Urumieh-Dokhtar Zone (Sotuh of Kashan), Journal of Geoscience, 20, 47 Talbot, 1996, The past of a future syntaxis across the Zagros, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100, 89, 10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.08 Thompson, 1982, Magmatism of the Bristish Terciary volcanic Province, Scottish Journal of Geology, 18, 50, 10.1144/sjg18010049 Torsvik, 2017 Veevers, 2004, Gondwanaland from 650–500 Ma assembly through 320 Ma merger I Pangea to 185–100 Ma breakup: supercontinental tectonics via stratigraphy and radiometric dating, Earth-Science Reviews, 68, 1, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.05.002 Wadleigh, 1992, 18O/16O and 13C/12C in lower Paleozoic brachiopods: implications for the isotopic composition of sea water, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 431, 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90143-7 Walcott, 1905, Cambrian brachiopoda with descriptions of new genera and species, United States National Museum, Proceedings, 28, 227, 10.5479/si.00963801.1395.227 Wendt, 2005, Devonian/Lower Carboniferous stratigraphy, facies patterns and palaeogeography of Iran. Part II: Northern and central Iran, Acta Geologica Polonica, 55, 31 Wilde, 2002, A re-evaluation of the origin and setting of the Late Precambrian Hammamat Group based on SHRIMP U-Pb dating of detrital zircons from Gebel Umm Tawar, North Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of the Geological Society, 159, 595, 10.1144/0016-764901-081 Winchester, 1963, Rare earth chromatography using bis-(2- ethylhexyl) (orthophosphoric acid), Journal of Chromatography, 10, 502, 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)92343-X Winchester, 1977, Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements, Chemical Geology, 20, 325, 10.1016/0009-2541(77)90057-2 Witke, 1984, Middle and Upper Cambrian trilobites from Iran: their taxonomy, stratigraphy and significance for provincialism, Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 183, 91 Woods, 2011, The Furongian (late Cambrian) Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion (SPICE) in Avalonia, Journal of the Geological Society, 168, 851, 10.1144/0016-76492010-111 Wyllie, 1981, Plate tectonics and magma genesis, Geologische Rundschau, 70, 128, 10.1007/BF01764318 Zanchetta, 2013, The record of the Late Palaeozoic active margin of the Paleothethys in NE Iran: constraints on the Cimmerian orogeny, Gondwana Research, 24, 1237, 10.1016/j.gr.2013.02.013 Zanchetta, 2018, Contrasting subduction-exhumation paths in the blueschists of the Anarak Metamorphic Complex (Central Iran), Geological Magazine, 155, 316, 10.1017/S0016756817000218 Zanchi, 2015, The Cimmerian accretionary wedge of Anarak, Central Iran, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 102, 45, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.08.030 Zhan, 2010, Late Cambrian brachiopods from Jingxi, Guangxi Province, South China, Alcheringa, 34, 99, 10.1080/03115510903522872 Zhang, 1980, Cambrian trilobite faunas of southwestern China, Palaeontological Sinica, 159, 1